Social Psychology

by Myers, David G.

Edition:

8th

ISBN13:

9780072916942

ISBN10:

007291694X

Format:

Hardcover

Pub. Date:

1/30/2005

Publisher(s):

McGraw-Hill College

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Author Biography

David G. Myers: Hope College Holland, Michigan

Preface	p. x
Introducing Social Psychology	p. 3
Social Psychology and Related Disciplines	p. 6
Social Psychology and Sociology	p. 6
Social Psychology and Personality Psychology	p. 6
Social Psychology and Biology	p. 7
Levels of Explanation	p. 7
Social Psychology and Human Values	p. 8
Obvious Ways in Which Values Enter Psychology	p. 9
Not-So-Obvious Ways in Which Values Enter Psychology	p. 9
I Knew It All Along: Is Social Psychology Simply Common Sense?	p. 13
How We Do Social Psychology	p. 17
Forming and Testing Hypotheses	p. 17
Correlational Research: Detecting Natural Associations	p. 19
Experimental Research: Searching for Cause and Effect	p. 25
Generalizing from Laboratory to Life	p. 31
Personal Postscript: Why I Wrote This Book	p. 32
Social Thinking
The Self in a Social World	p. 37
Self-Concept: Who Am I?	p. 38
At the Center of Our Worlds: Our Sense of Self	p. 39
Development of the Social Self	p. 41
Self and Culture	p. 43
Self-Knowledge	p. 46
Perceived Self-Control	p. 53
Self-Efficacy	p. 54
Locus of Control	p. 54
Learned Helplessness Versus Self-Determination	p. 55
Self-Serving Bias	p. 58
Explaining Positive and Negative Events	p. 58
Can We All Be Better than Average?	p. 61
Unrealistic Optimism	p. 62
False Consensus and Uniqueness	p. 64
Other Self-Serving Tendencies	p. 64
Self-Esteem Motivation	p. 66
The Dark Side of Self-Esteem	p. 68
Reflections on Self-Efficacy and Self-Serving Bias	p. 69
Self-Presentation	p. 73
False Modesty	p. 73
Self-Handicapping	p. 74
Impression Management	p. 75
Personal Postscript: Twin Truths--The Perils of Pride, the Power of Positive Thinking	p. 77
Social Beliefs and Judgments	p. 79
Explaining Others	p. 80
Attributing Causality: To the Person or the Situation	p. 80
The Fundamental Attribution Error	p. 84
Why Do We Make the Attribution Error?	p. 88
How Fundamental Is the Fundamental Attribution Error?	p. 91
Why We Study Attribution Errors	p. 93
Constructing Interpretations and Memories	p. 94
Perceiving and Interpreting Events	p. 94
Belief Perseverance	p. 97
Constructing Memories	p. 99
Judging Others	p. 103
Thinking Without Awareness	p. 104
Judgmental Overconfidence	p. 106
Heuristics	p. 110
Illusory Thinking	p. 113
Mood and Judgment	p. 116
Self-Fulfilling Beliefs	p. 118
Teacher Expectations and Student Performance	p. 118
Getting from Others What We Expect	p. 120
Conclusions	p. 123
Personal Postscript: Reflecting on Intuition's Powers and Limits	p. 126
Behavior and Attitudes	p. 129
Do Attitudes Determine Behavior?	p. 131
Are We All Hypocrites?	p. 131
When Do Attitudes Predict Behavior?	p. 132
Does Behavior Determine Attitudes?	p. 136
Role Playing	p. 137
Saying Becomes Believing	p. 139
The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon	p. 140
Evil Acts and Attitudes	p. 142
Interracial Behavior and Racial Attitudes	p. 144
Social Movements	p. 145
Why Do Actions Affect Attitudes?	p. 147
Self-Presentation: Impression Management	p. 147
Self-Justification: Cognitive Dissonance	p. 148
Self-Perception	p. 152
Comparing the Theories	p. 157
Personal Postscript: Changing Ourselves Through Action	p. 162
Social Influence
Genes, Culture, and Gender	p. 167
Human Nature and Cultural Diversity	p. 168
Evolution and Behavior	p. 168
Culture and Behavior	p. 169
Social Roles	p. 175
Gender Similarities and Differences	p. 178
Independence Versus Connectedness	p. 179
Social Dominance	p. 182
Aggression	p. 184
Sexuality	p. 184
Evolution and Gender: Doing What Comes Naturally?	p. 186
Gender and Mating Preferences	p. 186
Gender and Hormones	p. 189
Reflections on Evolutionary Psychology	p. 190
Culture and Gender	p. 192
Gender Roles Vary with Culture	p. 193
Gender Roles Vary Over Time	p. 194
Peer-Transmitted Culture	p. 195
Conclusions	p. 197
Biology and Culture	p. 197
The Great Lesson of Social Psychology	p. 199
Personal Postscript: Should We View Ourselves as Products or Architects of Our Social Worlds?	p. 200
Conformity	p. 203
Classic Studies	p. 205
Sherif's Studies of Norm Formation	p. 205
Asch's Studies of Group Pressure	p. 209
Milgram's Obedience Experiments	p. 211
What Breeds Obedience?	p. 214
Reflections on the Classic Studies	p. 217
When Do People Conform?	p. 223
Group Size	p. 224
Unanimity	p. 224
Cohesion	p. 225
Status	p. 226
Public Response	p. 227
No Prior Commitment	p. 227
Why Conform?	p. 229
Who Conforms?	p. 231
Personality	p. 231
Culture	p. 233
Resisting Social Pressure	p. 234
Reactance	p. 234
Asserting Uniqueness	p. 236
Personal Postscript: On Being an Individual Within Community	p. 238
Persuasion	p. 241
The Paths to Persuasion	p. 243
The Elements of Persuasion	p. 247
Who Says? The Communicator	p. 247
What Is Said? The Message Content	p. 251
How Is It Said? The Channel of Communication	p. 258
To Whom Is It Said? The Audience	p. 262
Case Studies in Persuasion: Cult Indoctrination	p. 268
Attitudes Follow Behavior	p. 269
Persuasive Elements	p. 270
Group Effects	p. 272
Resisting Persuasion: Attitude Inoculation	p. 274
Strengthening Personal Commitment	p. 274
Case Studies: Large-Scale Inoculation Programs	p. 275
Implications	p. 278
Personal Postscript: Being Open but not Naive	p. 278
Group Influence	p. 281
What Is a Group?	p. 282
Social Facilitation	p. 282
The Presence of Others	p. 282
Crowding: The Presence of Many Others	p. 285
Why Are We Aroused in the Presence of Others?	p. 287
Social Loafing	p. 289
Many Hands Make Light Work	p. 290
Social Loafing in Everyday Life	p. 292
Deindividuation	p. 294
Doing Together What We Would Not Do Alone	p. 295
Diminished Self-Awareness	p. 299
Group Polarization	p. 300
The Case of the "Risky Shift"	p. 300
Do Groups Intensify Opinions?	p. 302
Explaining Polarization	p. 304
Groupthink	p. 308
Symptoms of Groupthink	p. 309
Critiquing Groupthink	p. 311
Preventing Groupthink	p. 314
Groupthink and Group Influence	p. 315
Minority Influence	p. 317
Consistency	p. 318
Self-Confidence	p. 319
Defections from the Majority	p. 319
Is Leadership Minority Influence?	p. 320
Personal Postscript: Are Groups Bad for Us?	p. 322
Social Relations
Prejudice: Disliking Others	p. 327
The Nature and Power of Prejudice	p. 328
What Is Prejudice?	p. 328
How Pervasive Is Prejudice?	p. 330
Social Sources of Prejudice	p. 341
Social Inequalities	p. 341
Social Identity	p. 346
Conformity	p. 350
Institutional Supports	p. 350
Emotional Sources of Prejudice	p. 352
Frustration and Aggression: The Scapegoat Theory	p. 352
Personality Dynamics	p. 354
Cognitive Sources of Prejudice	p. 356
Categorization	p. 357
Distinctiveness	p. 359
Attribution: Is It a Just World?	p. 364
Cognitive Consequences of Stereotypes	p. 367
Personal Postscript: Can We Reduce Prejudice?	p. 372
Aggression: Hurting Others	p. 375
What Is Aggression?	p. 377
Theories of Aggression	p. 378
Is Aggression Biological?	p. 378
Is Aggression a Response to Frustration?	p. 382
Is Aggression Learned Social Behavior?	p. 385
Influences on Aggression	p. 390
Aversive Incidents	p. 390
Arousal	p. 394
Aggression Cues	p. 395
Media Influences: Pornography and Sexual Violence	p. 396
Media Influences: Television	p. 401
Group Influences	p. 409
Reducing Aggression	p. 413
Catharsis?	p. 413
A Social Learning Approach	p. 414
Personal Postscript: Reforming a Violent Culture	p. 416
Attraction and Intimacy: Liking and Loving Others	p. 419
Friendships	p. 421
Proximity	p. 421
Physical Attractiveness	p. 426
Similarity Versus Complementarity	p. 436
Liking Those Who Like Us	p. 440
Relationship Rewards	p. 444
Love	p. 447
Passionate Love	p. 447
Companionate Love	p. 450
Maintaining Close Relationships	p. 453
Attachment	p. 453
Equity	p. 455
Self-Disclosure	p. 457
Ending Relationships	p. 462
Who Divorces?	p. 463
The Detachment Process	p. 464
Personal Postscript: Making Love	p. 466
Altruism: Helping Others	p. 469
Why Do We Help?	p. 470
Social Exchange	p. 471
Social Norms	p. 476
Evolutionary Psychology	p. 478
Comparing and Evaluating Theories of Altruism	p. 480
When Will We Help?	p. 481
Situational Influences: Number of Bystanders	p. 483
Situational Influences: Helping When Someone Else Does	p. 489
Situational Influences: Time Pressures	p. 491
Personal Influences: Feelings	p. 491
Personal Influences: Personality Traits	p. 496
Personal Influences: Religiosity	p. 497
Whom Do We Help?	p. 499
Gender	p. 499
Similarity	p. 500
How Can We Increase Helping?	p. 502
Undoing the Restraints on Helping	p. 502
Socializing Altruism	p. 505
Personal Postscript: Taking Social Psychology into Life	p. 509
Conflict and Peacemaking	p. 511
Conflict	p. 512
Social Dilemmas	p. 512
Competition	p. 520
Perceived Injustice	p. 522
Misperception	p. 524
Peacemaking	p. 531
Contact	p. 531
Cooperation	p. 533
Communication	p. 543
Conciliation	p. 549
Personal Postscript: Communitarianism	p. 552
Modules: Social Psychology Applied
Social Psychology in the Clinic	p. 557
Making Clinical Judgments	p. 558
Illusory Correlations	p. 558
Hindsight and Overconfidence	p. 559
Self-Confirming Diagnoses	p. 560
Clinical Versus Statistical Prediction	p. 562
Implications	p. 564
Social Cognition in Problem Behaviors	p. 566
Social Cognition and Depression	p. 566
Social Cognition and Loneliness	p. 571
Social Cognition and Anxiety	p. 573
Social Cognition and Illness	p. 575
Social-Psychological Approaches to Treatment	p. 581
Inducing Internal Change through External Behavior	p. 582
Breaking Vicious Cycles	p. 582
Maintaining Change through Internal Attributions for Success	p. 584
Social Support and Well-Being	p. 587
Close Relationships and Health	p. 587
Close Relationships and Happiness	p. 588
Personal Postscript: Enhancing Happiness	p. 592
Social Psychology in Court	p. 595
Eyewitness Testimony	p. 597
How Persuasive Is Eyewitness Testimony?	p. 597
How Accurate Are Eyewitnesses?	p. 599
The Misinformation Effect	p. 600
Retelling	p. 603
Feedback to Witnesses	p. 603
Reducing Error	p. 605
Other Influences on Judgments	p. 609
The Defendant's Characteristics	p. 610
The Judge's Instructions	p. 613
Other Issues	p. 615
The Jurors as Individuals	p. 617
Juror Comprehension	p. 617
Jury Selection	p. 620
"Death-Qualified" Jurors	p. 621
The Jury as a Group	p. 622
Minority Influence	p. 623
Group Polarization	p. 623
Leniency	p. 624
Are 12 Heads Better than 1?	p. 625
Are 6 Heads as Good as 12?	p. 625
From Lab to Life: Simulated and Real Juries	p. 626
Personal Postscript: Thinking Smart with Psychological Science	p. 628
Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future	p. 631
The Global Crisis	p. 632
Overshooting the Earth's Carrying Capacity	p. 633
Enabling Sustainable Lifestyles	p. 636
The Social Psychology of Materialism and Simplicity	p. 639
Increased Materialism	p. 639
Wealth and Well-Being	p. 640
Why Materialism Fails to Satisfy	p. 643
Toward Sustainable Consumption	p. 646
Personal Postscript: A Final Word	p. 648
Glossary	p. 1
References	p. 1
Acknowledgments	p. 1
Indexes	p. 1
Name	p. 1
Subject	p. 1
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