Social Studies for the Elementary and Middle Grades : A Constructivist Approach

by Sunal, Cynthia Szymanski; Haas, Mary Elizabeth

• ISBN13: 9780205412587
• ISBN10: 0205412580
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

Building on the success of the first edition, Social Studies for the Elementary and Middle Grades discusses flexible strategies for teaching today's diverse learner, the structure of the knowledge to be learned, how to help students reconstruct present ideas, and how to translate theory and recent research into lesson plans and units. Packed with activities, up-to-date technology, teaching strategies, and a constructivist approach, this text demonstrates how to use developmentally appropriate strategies to help students construct important social studies ideas and skills.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xv
chapter 1 Meaningful Social Studies and the Student	1	(22)
EXPLORATORY INTRODUCTION	1	(1)
CHAPTER OVERVIEW	2	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	2	(1)
SOCIAL STUDIES IN THE ELEMENTARY AND MIDDLE SCHOOL	3	(2)
BUILDING ON DIVERSITY: MEANINGFUL SOCIAL STUDIES	5	(3)
USING TECHNOLOGY: DECIDING WHETHER AND WHEN	8	(1)
EDUCATION FOR ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP	9	(1)
SOCIAL STUDIES IS ESSENTIAL	10	(1)
DEFINITION OF SOCIAL STUDIES	11	(1)
SOCIAL STUDIES CURRICULUM	12	(3)
CURRICULUM PATTERNS IN SOCIAL STUDIES	15	(3)
PLANNING POWERFUL SOCIAL STUDIES LESSONS	18	(1)
MAKING A LITERATURE CONNECTION: CONSIDERING QUALITY FOR SOCIAL STUDIES INSTRUCTION	19	(1)
LEARNING CYCLE: MAKING GOOD RULES	20	(2)
SUMMARY	22	(1)
EXPANDING ON THIS CHAPTER	22	(1)
RECOMMENDED WEBSITES TO VISIT	22	(1)
chapter 2 Teaching for Meaningful Learning in Social Studies	23	(25)
EXPLORATORY INTRODUCTION	23	(1)
CHAPTER OVERVIEW	24	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	24	(1)
HOW IS SOCIAL STUDIES BEST TAUGHT IN TODAY'S CLASSROOMS?	25	(1)
APPLYING WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT MEANINGFUL LEARNING TO SOCIAL STUDIES CURRICULUM	25	(2)
Using Constructivist Theory in Social Studies Instruction	25	(1)
Using Behavioral Learning Theory in Social Studies Instruction	26	(1)
AN EFFECTIVE STRATEGY TO ASSIST STUDENTS IN CONCEPTUAL CHANGE	27	(2)
LEARNING CYCLE: NATIONAL MEMORIALS AND THE DISPLAY OF POWER	29	(6)
MAKING A LITERATURE CONNECTION: PORTRAYING POWER	35	(1)
USING TECHNOLOGY TAKING: AN ELECTRONIC FIELD TRIP	35	(1)
PHASES OF A LEARNING CYCLE LESSON	36	(4)
Exploratory Introduction	36	(1)
Development	37	(1)
Expansion	38	(2)
LEARNING CYCLE: SEQUENCING SOCIAL STUDIES INSTRUCTION	40	(2)
BUILDING ON DIVERSITY: OPPORTUNITIES TO INCLUDE MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES	42	(1)
CHOOSING ACTIVITIES APPROPRIATE TO EACH PHASE OF THE LEARNING CYCLE LESSON	43	(2)
Elementary Lesson Activity Choices	43	(1)
Middle Childhood Lesson Activity Choices	44	(1)
WRITING YOUR OWN LEARNING CYCLE LESSON	45	(1)
PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING THAT SUPPORT THE CURRICULUM STANDARDS FOR SOCIAL STUDIES	46	(1)
SUMMARY	46	(1)
EXPANDING ON THIS CHAPTER	47	(1)
RECOMMENDED WEBSITES TO VISIT	47	(1)
chapter 3 Helping Students Develop Social Studies Inquiry Skills	48	(37)
EXPLORATORY INTRODUCTION	48	(1)
CHAPTER OVERVIEW	49	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	49	(1)
USING INQUIRY SKILLS TO DEVELOP STUDENTS' SOCIAL STUDIES IDEAS	50	(1)
EARLY INQUIRY SKILLS	50	(1)
BUILDING ON DIVERSITY: EARLY INQUIRY SKILLS	51	(1)
SOCIAL STUDIES INQUIRY SKILLS	51	(6)
Data-Gathering Skills	55	(1)
Data-Organizing Skills	55	(1)
Data-Processing Skills	56	(1)
Communicating Skills	56	(1)
OBSERVATIONS, INFERENCES, AND HYPOTHESES	57	(5)
Observations	58	(1)
Inferences	58	(1)
Hypotheses	59	(3)
DEVELOPING AND USING GUIDING HYPOTHESES	62	(1)
ATTITUDES AND DISPOSITIONS PROMOTING POWERFUL SOCIAL STUDIES	63	(3)
Curiosity	64	(1)
Respect for Evidence	64	(1)
Reserving judgment	64	(1)
Flexibility	65	(1)
Responsibility to Others and to the Environment	65	(1)
Values, Morals, and Aesthetics	66	(1)
MAKING A LITERATURE CONNECTION: DEMONSTRATING POWERFUL ATTITUDES AND DISPOSITIONS	66	(1)
TEACHING LESSONS IN WHICH STUDENTS USE INTEGRATIVE THINKING SKILLS	67	(4)
Critical Thinking	67	(2)
Problem Solving and Decision Making	69	(1)
Investigating	69	(1)
Creative Thinking	70	(1)
USING TECHNOLOGY FOSTERING INQUIRY SKILLS	71	(1)
CREATING AN ENVIRONMENT PROMOTING STUDENT THINKING IN SOCIAL STUDIES	72	(3)
Lesson Characteristics	73	(1)
Planning Activities to Teach Skills	73	(2)
USING TECHNOLOGY BROADCAST MEDIA AND COMPUTER COPYRIGHT LAW: WHAT YOU CAN AND CANNOT DO	75	(1)
IMPLEMENTING ACTIVITIES THAT TEACH INQUIRY SKILLS	75	(4)
Exploratory Introduction of a Skill	76	(1)
Lesson Development	76	(1)
Expansion	77	(2)
ASSESSING THE USE OF INQUIRY SKILLS	79	(1)
HIERARCHY OF INQUIRY SKILLS	80	(3)
SUMMARY	83	(1)
EXPANDING ON THIS CHAPTER	84	(1)
RECOMMENDED WEBSITES TO VISIT	84	(1)
chapter 4 Helping Students Construct Concepts	85	(32)
EXPLORATORY INTRODUCTION	85	(1)
CHAPTER OVERVIEW	86	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	87	(1)
CONCEPT TEACHING STARTS WITH REFLECTION AND PRACTICE	87	(1)
FACTS AS SOCIAL STUDIES CONTENT	88	(2)
FORMING CONCEPTS	90	(4)
Providing Examples and Nonexamples	91	(1)
Identifying All Important Characteristics of a Concept	91	(1)
Differentiating Concepts from Facts	92	(2)
TYPES OF CONCEPTS	94	(3)
BUILDING ON DIVERSITY: DEFINING CONCEPTS	97	(1)
INTERRELATIONSHIPS AMONG CONCEPTS	97	(5)
DIFFERENCES IN COMPLEXITY AND ABSTRACTNESS OF CONCEPTS	102	(2)
Sensory Concepts	104	(1)
Concrete Concepts	104	(1)
MAKING A LITERATURE CONNECTION: RECOGNIZING ITS LIMITATIONS	104	(4)
Formal Concepts	105	(1)
Powerful Concept Instruction	106	(2)
BUILDING ON DIVERSITY: CULTURAL FACTORS AND CONCEPTS	108	(2)
TEACHING CONCEPTS	110	(1)
LEARNING CYCLE: ACTIVE RESOURCES	111	(2)
USING TECHNOLOGY EXAMPLES OF RESOURCES FOR HELPING STUDENTS BUILD CONCEPTS	113	(1)
Concepts through Different Grade Levels	113	(1)
SUMMARY	114	(1)
EXPANDING ON THIS CHAPTER	115	(1)
RECOMMENDED WEBSITES TO VISIT	116	(1)
chapter 5 Helping Students Use Inquiry to Build Generalizations	117	(17)
EXPLORATORY INTRODUCTION	117	(1)
CHAPTER OVERVIEW	118	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	118	(1)
DEVELOPMENT OF GENERALIZATIONS	118	(4)
Defining Generalizations	119	(2)
Distinguishing Generalizations from Facts and Concepts	121	(1)
MAKING A LITERATURE CONNECTION: THE MESSAGE IS A GENERALIZATION	122	(3)
Using Generalizations to Make Predictions	122	(1)
Types of Generalizations	123	(1)
Teaching Powerful Generalizations	124	(1)
BUILDING ON DIVERSITY: USING RESOURCES TO SUPPORT LEARNING A GENERALIZATION	125	(1)
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXPLORATORY INTRODUCTION PHASE	126	(1)
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LESSON DEVELOPMENT PHASE	127	(1)
USING TECHNOLOGY: SUPPORTING STUDENTS' INQUIRY	128	(1)
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXPANSION PHASE	129	(1)
FORMATIVE EVALUATION AND THE INQUIRY PROCESS	130	(1)
INQUIRY TEACHING AND THE NATIONAL STANDARDS IN SOCIAL STUDIES	131	(1)
SUMMARY	132	(1)
EXPANDING ON THIS CHAPTER	132	(1)
RECOMMENDED WEBSITES TO VISIT	133	(1)
chapter 6 Using Instructional Strategies That Help Students Learn	134	(39)
EXPLORATORY INTRODUCTION	134	(1)
CHAPTER OVERVIEW	135	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	135	(1)
BECOMING AN EFFECTIVE PLANNER OF A SOCIAL STUDIES PROGRAM	136	(4)
Teaching Dimensions That Support Meaningful Learning	136	(1)
Teaching Strategies That Support Meaningful Learning	136	(4)
USING TECHNOLOGY: CREATING A COLLABORATIVE CLASSROOM	140	(1)
INTERVIEW WITH MIKE YELL ON COOPERATIVE LEARNING	141	(2)
A CONTINUUM OF KNOWLEDGE AND INSTRUCTION	143	(1)
MATCHING INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES TO STUDENT NEEDS	144	(4)
Expository, or Direct, Instructional Methods	145	(1)
Guided Discovery Instructional Methods	146	(1)
Inquiry and Problem-Solving/Decision-Making Instructional Methods	147	(1)
MATCHING TYPES OF INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITIES TO EACH PHASE OF THE LESSON	148	(11)
Useful Instructional Activities for the Exploratory Introduction Phase	149	(2)
Useful Instructional Activities for the Lesson Development Phase	151	(8)
MAKING A LITERATURE CONNECTION: READING LITERATURE	159	(1)
BUILDING ON DIVERSITY: PREREADING ACTIVITIES	160	(8)
Useful Instructional Activities for the Expansion Phase	167	(1)
Powerful Instructional Procedures: An Overview	168	(1)
CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR POWERFUL SOCIAL STUDIES	168	(3)
Advanced Planning	168	(1)
Giving Directions	169	(1)
Distributing Materials	169	(1)
Organized Beginning	170	(1)
Grouping Students	170	(1)
Using Classroom Rules	170	(1)
Lesson Smoothness	171	(1)
Being a Facilitator	171	(1)
SUMMARY	171	(1)
EXPANDING ON THIS CHAPTER	172	(1)
RECOMMENDED WEBSITES TO VISIT	172	(1)
chapter 7 Helping Students Relate to Individuals and Communities	173	(37)
EXPLORATORY INTRODUCTION	173	(1)
CHAPTER OVERVIEW	174	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	175	(1)
RESPECT FOR STUDENTS AND FOR ONESELF AS A TEACHER	175	(2)
The Classroom Environment	175	(1)
Curriculum	176	(1)
LEARNING CYCLE: SHARING AND NEGOTIATION	177	(5)
AREAS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-CONCEPT	182	(7)
Independence and Responsibility	182	(1)
Jealousy	183	(1)
Fears	184	(1)
Aggressive Feelings and Conflict Resolution	185	(2)
Friendship	187	(2)
Self-Esteem	189	(1)
MAKING A LITERATURE CONNECTION: SUPPORTING DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-RESPECT	189	(1)
VALUES AND MORAL EDUCATION	190	(12)
Three Aspects of Morality	190	(1)
Moral Development Theories	191	(3)
Teaching Approaches in Values Education	194	(8)
USING TECHNOLOGY: STIMULATING DISCUSSION	202	(1)
ATTITUDES	203	(5)
Curiosity	204	(1)
Open-Mindedness	205	(1)
Perseverance	205	(1)
Willingness to Consider Conflicting Evidence	206	(1)
Reserving Judgment	206	(1)
Flexibility	206	(1)
Critical Thinking	206	(1)
Responsibility to Others and Their Cultures	207	(1)
BUILDING ON DIVERSITY: LEARNING FROM THE VOICES OF OUR FAMILY AND COMMUNITY	208	(1)
SUMMARY	208	(1)
EXPANDING ON THIS CHAPTER	209	(1)
RECOMMENDED WEBSITES TO VISIT	209	(1)
chapter 8 Helping Students Become Citizens in a Democratic Society in an Ever More Interdependent World	210	(41)
EXPLORATORY INTRODUCTION	210	(1)
CHAPTER OVERVIEW	211	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	212	(1)
DEFINING CITIZENSHIP IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY	213	(1)
DEVELOPING POLITICAL AWARENESS	214	(2)
CITIZENSHIP AND STANDARDS	216	(1)
KEY CONCEPTS AND VALUES	217	(3)
LEARNING CYCLE: VOTING IS A WAY TO MAKE DECISIONS	220	(5)
ASSESSING CIVIC EDUCATION IN U.S. SCHOOLS	225	(2)
RESOURCES FOR CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION	227	(1)
INTERVIEW WITH A TEACHER: EMILY WOOD	227	(3)
MAKING A LITERATURE CONNECTION: SELECTING A TRADE BOOK THAT STRESSES SOCIAL STUDIES	230	(1)
MEDIA RESOURCES	231	(3)
LAW-RELATED EDUCATION	234	(2)
LEARNING CYCLE: PRESIDENTIAL OATH	236	(3)
PARTICIPATING IN DEMOCRACY	239	(5)
School-Based Community Service Projects	241	(2)
Participation in Student Government	243	(1)
USING TECHNOLOGY: DISCUSSIONS THAT PROMOTE GREATER UNDERSTANDING THROUGH COMBINING AND EVALUATING IDEAS AGAINST CRITERIA	244	(4)
Political Participation	246	(2)
SUMMARY	248	(1)
EXPANDING ON THIS CHAPTER	249	(1)
RECOMMENDED WEBSITES TO VISIT	250	(1)
chapter 9 Helping All Students Experience Meaningful Social Studies	251	(25)
EXPLORATORY INTRODUCTION	251	(1)
CHAPTER OVERVIEW	252	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	252	(1)
MEANINGFUL SOCIAL STUDIES FOR ALL STUDENTS	253	(1)
SOCIAL STUDIES EDUCATION FOR STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES	254	(10)
General Instructional Strategies for Inclusive Classrooms	255	(3)
General Curriculum Adaptation for Inclusive Classrooms	258	(3)
Factors to Be Considered in Adapting Social Studies Curricula and Instruction	261	(3)
SOCIAL STUDIES EDUCATION IN A CULTURALLY DIVERSE SOCIETY	264	(1)
BUILDING ON DIVERSITY: VARIATIONS IN BELIEF SYSTEMS	265	(4)
Sample Strategies for Multicultural Social Studies	267	(1)
Role Models and Relevancy	267	(2)
MAKING A LITERATURE CONNECTION: ROLE MODELS	269	(1)
CULTURE AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN STUDENT-TEACHER INTERACTIONS	270	(1)
HELPING THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNER PARTICIPATE IN SOCIAL STUDIES	271	(2)
ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL STUDIES LEARNING FOR ALL STUDENTS	273	(1)
USING TECHNOLOGY: ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT	274	(1)
SUMMARY	275	(1)
EXPANDING ON THIS CHAPTER	275	(1)
RECOMMENDED WEBSITES TO VISIT	275	(1)
chapter 10 Helping Students Interpret History	276	(38)
EXPLORATORY INTRODUCTION	276	(1)
CHAPTER OVERVIEW	277	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	277	(1)
DEFINITION OF HISTORY	278	(2)
HISTORY IN SCHOOLS	280	(1)
LEARNING CYCLE: THE FIRST THANKSGIVING IN THE UNITED STATES	281	(4)
STANDARDS FOR HISTORY	285	(6)
BENEFITS OF STUDYING HISTORY	291	(1)
STUDENTS AND THE LEARNING OF HISTORY	292	(2)
USING TIMELINES TO DEVELOP CHRONOLOGY	294	(1)
RESOURCES FOR TEACHING HISTORY	295	(5)
Locating and Using Historical Resources	296	(1)
People as Resources	296	(1)
Artifacts and Museums	296	(1)
The Community as a Resource	297	(1)
Documents as Resources	298	(1)
Diaries, Letters, and Pictures as Resources	299	(1)
LEARNING CYCLE: SKILLS IN PICTURE ANALYSIS	300	(2)
VISUAL LITERACY AND HISTORY	302	(2)
REENACTMENTS AND DRAMA	304	(1)
BIOGRAPHIES AND HISTORICAL LITERATURE	305	(3)
MAKING A LITERATURE CONNECTION: VARIOUS TYPES OF HISTORY BOOKS	308	(1)
EXPANDING YOUR SKILLS IN HISTORY	309	(1)
USING TECHNOLOGY: AN INTERVIEW WITH JIM SHIPP	309	(3)
SUMMARY	312	(1)
EXPANDING ON THIS CHAPTER	313	(1)
RECOMMENDED WEBSITES TO VISIT	313	(1)
chapter 11 Helping Students Interpret the Earth and Its People through Geography	314	(39)
EXPLORATORY INTRODUCTION	314	(1)
CHAPTER OVERVIEW	314	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	315	(1)
INTERVIEW WITH BILLY FITZHUGH, A SECOND-GRADE TEACHER	315	(3)
DEFINING GEOGRAPHY	318	(1)
STANDARDS FOR GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATION	319	(2)
Geography and the National Social Studies Standards	319	(1)
The Five Themes of Geography	319	(2)
LEARNING CYCLE: PEOPLE CHANGE THEIR ENVIRONMENTS	321	(5)
Geography Education Standards and the Six Elements of Geography Education	323	(3)
RESOURCES FOR TEACHING GEOGRAPHY	326	(1)
USING TECHNOLOGY: AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTOR TO LEARNING GEOGRAPHY	326	(1)
DEVELOPING GEOGRAPHIC CONCEPTS, GENERALIZATIONS, AND SKILLS	327	(7)
MAKING A LITERATURE CONNECTION: BOOKS PROVIDE DIFFERENT CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES	334	(4)
Research Findings on Geographic Education	334	(2)
Research on Map and Globe Skills	336	(2)
HELPING STUDENTS LEARN AND USE MAP AND GLOBE SKILLS	338	(8)
Shapes and Patterns	340	(1)
Symbols	340	(1)
Direction	340	(1)
Distance	341	(1)
Grid Systems	342	(1)
Numbers: The Amount or Quantity on Maps, in Atlases, and in Textbooks	342	(1)
Reading and Maps	343	(3)
LEARNING CYCLE: LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE	346	(5)
SUMMARY	351	(1)
EXPANDING ON THIS CHAPTER	352	(1)
RECOMMENDED WEBSITES TO VISIT	352	(1)
chapter 12 Helping Students Make Economic Decisions	353	(36)
EXPLORATORY INTRODUCTION	353	(1)
CHAPTER OVERVIEW	353	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	354	(1)
ECONOMIC LITERACY	354	(1)
INTERVIEW WITH NANCY BRADEN ABOUT TEACHING ECONOMICS	355	(2)
DEFINING ECONOMICS	357	(2)
NATIONAL SOCIAL STUDIES STANDARDS RELATED TO ECONOMICS	359	(1)
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL STANDARDS IN ECONOMICS	359	(4)
ECONOMICS CONCEPTS AND VALUES	363	(2)
Microeconomic Concepts	364	(1)
MAKING A LITERATURE CONNECTION: TRADE BOOKS ILLUSTRATING ECONOMIC CONCEPTS	365	(3)
Macroeconomic Concepts	366	(1)
International Economic Concepts	367	(1)
Measurement Concepts and Methods	367	(1)
LEARNING CYCLE: ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE	368	(4)
ECONOMIC DECISION-MAKING SKILLS	372	(3)
ECONOMIC GOALS AND VALUES	375	(2)
CHILDREN AND THE LEARNING OF ECONOMICS	377	(2)
APPROACHES TO TEACHING ECONOMICS	379	(2)
LEARNING CYCLE: ADVERTISEMENTS AND MAKING GOOD CHOICES	381	(4)
RESOURCES FOR TEACHING ECONOMICS	385	(1)
USING TECHNOLOGY: WEBQUESTS: AN INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGY USING THE INTERNET	385	(2)
SUMMARY	387	(1)
EXPANDING ON THIS CHAPTER	387	(1)
RECOMMENDED WEBSITES TO VISIT	387	(2)
chapter 13 Helping Students Understand Local and Global Societies	389	(27)
EXPLORATORY INTRODUCTION	389	(1)
CHAPTER OVERVIEW	390	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	390	(1)
GLOBAL EDUCATION: AN EVOLVING DEFINITION	390	(4)
APPROACHES TO GLOBAL EDUCATION	394	(3)
The Cultural Approach to Global Education	394	(1)
The Problems Approach to Global Education	395	(2)
INTERDISCIPLINARY CONNECTIONS	397	(1)
TEACHING GLOBAL EDUCATION	398	(3)
LEARNING CYCLE: TEACHING ABOUT WAR TO HELP CREATE A MORE HUMANE WORLD	401	(10)
MAKING A LITERATURE CONNECTION: WHAT ARE THE PEOPLE OF THE WORLD LIKE?	411	(1)
RESOURCES FOR TEACHING GLOBAL EDUCATION	411	(1)
Computers and the Internet	411	(1)
USING TECHNOLOGY: CIVICS IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES	412	(2)
Book Series	413	(1)
Resources for Current Events	413	(1)
SUMMARY	414	(1)
EXPANDING ON THIS CHAPTER	414	(1)
RECOMMENDED WEBSITES TO VISIT	415	(1)
chapter 14 Helping Students Learn through Multiple Assessments and Evaluation	416	(31)
EXPLORATORY INTRODUCTION	416	(3)
CHAPTER OVERVIEW	419	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	420	(1)
ASSESSING AND EVALUATING SOCIAL STUDIES LEARNING	420	(8)
Times When Evaluation and Assessment Are Needed	421	(1)
Guiding Principles for Assessment and Evaluation	422	(1)
National Testing of Social Studies	423	(1)
Assessment and Evaluation beyond Testing	424	(4)
USING TECHNOLOGY: IMPROVING THE USE OF GRAPHIC INFORMATION	428	(9)
INTERVIEW WITH MARK HIGH ABOUT HOW HE USES ASSESSMENTS TO HELP IMPROVE INSTRUCTION	437	(4)
BUILDING ON DIVERSITY: PROMOTING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS	441	(1)
MODES OF ASSESSMENT	442	(3)
ACTION RESEARCH CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT FOR REFORM	445	(1)
SUMMARY	445	(1)
EXPANDING ON THIS CHAPTER	446	(1)
RECOMMENDED WEBSITES TO VISIT	446	(1)
chapter 15 Planning Units of Various Lengths and Formats	447	(34)
EXPLORATORY INTRODUCTION	447	(1)
CHAPTER OVERVIEW	447	(1)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES	448	(1)
PLANNING THE APPROPRIATE FOCUS FOR SOCIAL STUDIES UNITS	449	(4)
Descriptive-Focused Units	450	(1)
Thinking Skills-Focused Units	450	(2)
Conceptual and Thinking Skills-Focused Units	452	(1)
UNITS THAT INTEGRATE SCHOOL SUBJECTS	453	(6)
Theme Units	453	(1)
Issue and Problem-Solving Units	454	(2)
How to Choose Appropriate Topics for Integrated Units	456	(1)
Planning Integrated Units	457	(2)
BUILDING ON DIVERSITY: UNITS INCORPORATE DIVERSITY	459	(1)
DEVELOPING INTEGRATED UNITS	459	(10)
Step 1: Generating Ideas for the Topic of a Unit	460	(1)
Step 2: Researching the Topic	461	(1)
Step 3: Developing Focus Questions	461	(1)
Step 4: Identifying Special Needs among Students and Making Accommodations	461	(1)
Step 5: Naming the Unit	462	(1)
Step 6: Developing Intended Learning Outcomes	462	(1)
Step 7: Categorizing Intended Learning Outcomes	462	(1)
Step 8: Creating an Idea Web	463	(1)
Step 9: Developing a Rationale and Goals	464	(2)
Step 10: Beginning the KWL Chart	466	(1)
Step 11: Developing Learning Objectives	466	(3)
Step 12: Developing an Assessment Plan	469	(1)
MAKING A LITERATURE CONNECTION: INCORPORATING SOCIAL STUDIES TRADE BOOKS INTO UNITS	469	(5)
Step 13: Developing Lesson Plans	473	(1)
Step 14: Developing Accommodations for Technology	474	(1)
USING TECHNOLOGY: DATABASES AND SPREADSHEETS	474	(5)
Step 15: Implementing the Unit	476	(1)
Step 16: Evaluating Student Learning	476	(1)
Step 17: Reflecting on the Unit	476	(3)
SUMMARY	479	(1)
EXPANDING ON THIS CHAPTER	480	(1)
RECOMMENDED WEBSITES TO VISIT	480	(1)
REFERENCES	481	(20)
INDEX	501