Social Welfare : Politics and Public Policy

by Dinitto, Diana M.

• ISBN13: 9780205294541
• ISBN10: 0205294545
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-07-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This is a leading text in social welfare policy in departments of social work, political science, administration and government; it is also used in some sociology departments. Originally written with Thomas Dye, subsequent editions by Diana DiNitto have been acknowledged as the most comprehensive orientation to social welfare available. DiNitto focuses on the political aspects of policymaking; she describes the major social welfare programs, including public assistance, Social Security, disability, health insurance, and more. She also addresses racism, sexism, gay rights, and immigration in the context of social welfare policies and programs. This new edition includes new and updated information on welfare reform (TANF), food stamps, managed care, disability, aging, the change from a budget deficit to a budget surplus, the latest figures on poverty, and the latest information on job training and employment. A full range of supplements includes an Instructor's Manual/Test Bank and a Computerized Test Bank. Student supplements include an Online Study Guide.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Politics, Rationalism, and Social Welfare	1	(31)
Politics and Social Welfare Policy	1	(9)
Scope of Social Welfare Policy	2	(2)
Social Welfare Policy: A Rational Approach	4	(3)
Social Welfare Policy: A Political Approach	7	(3)
Illustration 1-1. Special Tips for the Legislative Process	10	(2)
The Policymaking Process	12	(5)
Agenda Setting	13	(1)
Nondecisions	13	(1)
The Mass Media	14	(1)
The Budget	14	(2)
Implementation	16	(1)
The American Public and Social Welfare	17	(6)
America's Capacity for Giving	21	(1)
Political Ideology and Social Welfare	22	(1)
Illustration 1-2. We Can Take Care of Our Own ... Or Can We?	23	(6)
PACs and Social Welfare	26	(3)
Summary	29	(1)
Notes	30	(2)
Government and Social Welfare	32	(34)
Historical Perspectives on Social Welfare	32	(5)
Elizabethan Poor Law	33	(1)
Early Relief in the United States	34	(1)
The Great Depression and the New Deal	34	(2)
The Great Society and the War on Poverty	36	(1)
Illustration 2-1. The Revolution No One Noticed	37	(2)
The Expansion of Social Welfare	39	(3)
The Rural-to-Urban Migration	39	(1)
Residency Requirements Eliminated	40	(1)
Welfare Rights	40	(1)
Cost-of-Living Adjustments	41	(1)
The Graying of America	42	(1)
Increase in Single-Parent Families	42	(1)
Finances in the Welfare State	42	(4)
Illustration 2-2. Intelligence Report: Our Low Taxes	46	(1)
The Legacy of ``Reaganomics''	47	(3)
The Supply Side	48	(2)
Helping the ``Truly Needy''	50	(4)
The States as laboratories	52	(1)
The Privatization of Public Services	52	(2)
The Reagan-Bush Finale	54	(1)
The Presidential Years of Bill Clinton	54	(8)
Smoke? Mirrors? Or a Balanced Budget?	54	(5)
Line by Line	59	(1)
Money to Burn?	59	(1)
Starting to Look Back at the Clinton Years	60	(1)
The Big Tasks Ahead	61	(1)
Summary	62	(1)
Notes	63	(3)
Defining Poverty: Where to Begin?	66	(36)
What Is Poverty?	66	(19)
Poverty as Deprivation	67	(5)
In-Kind Benefits: How Much Are They Worth?	72	(1)
Who Are the Poor?	73	(3)
Poverty as Inequality	76	(2)
Why Are the Poor, Poor?	78	(2)
Poverty as Culture	80	(2)
Poverty as Exploitation	82	(1)
Poverty as Structure	83	(2)
Poor and Homeless: Not Invisible Anymore	85	(3)
Who Are the Homeless?	86	(2)
Illustration 3-1. Homeless in Paradise	88	(4)
Affordable Housing	89	(3)
Illustration 3-2. Pam Jackson's New Apartment	92	(1)
A Fundamental Shift	93	(4)
Doesn't Welfare Cause Poverty?	93	(2)
From Poverty to Dependency	95	(2)
Summary	97	(1)
Notes	98	(4)
Preventing Poverty: The Social Insurance Programs	102	(31)
Preventing Poverty through Compulsory Savings	102	(9)
The Social Security Act	103	(2)
Social Security: The World's Largest Social Welfare Program	105	(2)
Even the Best-Laid Plans	107	(4)
Illustration 4-1. Social Security---Who Qualifies, and How Much Do Beneficiaries Receive?	111	(3)
Achieving the Goals of Social Security: Adequacy and Equity	113	(1)
Illustration 4-2. Will You Reap What You Sow?	114	(8)
Keeping the Wolves from the Door	118	(4)
Unemployment Compensation	122	(5)
What Is Unemployment, and Who Gets Counted as Unemployed?	123	(3)
Reforming Unemployment Compensation	126	(1)
Workers' Compensation	127	(1)
Summary	128	(1)
Notes	129	(4)
Helping the ``Deserving Poor'': Aged, Blind, and Disabled	133	(35)
Public Assistance for the Deserving Poor	133	(4)
SSI: ``Federalizing'' Public Assistance	134	(1)
How SSI Works	135	(2)
Illustration 5-1. Example of What Happens When You Are Disabled and Work Under SSI	137	(7)
Disability Determination	138	(1)
SSI Recipients, Payments, and Cost	139	(3)
SSI Hot Spots	142	(2)
Rehabilitative Services for Individuals with Disabilities	144	(3)
The Vocational Rehabilitation Program	145	(1)
Creaming	146	(1)
The Era of Civil Rights for People with Disabilities	147	(2)
From Deinstitutionalization to Normalization and Inclusion	147	(1)
The Independent Living Movement	148	(1)
A New Bill of Rights for People with Disabilities	148	(1)
Illustration 5-2. What Is Reasonable Accommodation for People with Disabilities?	149	(4)
Disability Policy for Children	153	(2)
Building a Better Policy on Disability	155	(2)
A Fair Definition	155	(1)
A Fair Policy	156	(1)
Illustration 5-3. Guidance from the EEOC in Implementing the Americans with Disabilities Act in Cases of Psychiatric Impairment	157	(2)
General Assistance: The State and Community Response to Welfare	159	(3)
Federalism and Social Welfare	162	(1)
Summary	163	(1)
Notes	164	(4)
Ending Welfare as We Knew It: Temporary Assistance for Needy Families	168	(45)
From Mothers' Aid to AFDC	168	(3)
Mothers' Aid	168	(1)
Aid to Dependent Children	169	(1)
Keeping the Family Together	169	(1)
Man-in-the-House Rules	170	(1)
Trying to Make Parents Pay	171	(5)
Welfare and Work	176	(1)
Illustration 6-1. What Mothers and Fathers Think About Child Support Enforcement	177	(9)
Rehabilitation for Work	180	(1)
Job Training and WIN	181	(1)
Workfare	182	(2)
The JOBS Program	184	(2)
Why the Fuss about AFDC?	186	(1)
Recipients and Costs	186	(1)
Illustration 6-2. Why Mother Slapped Me	187	(5)
More Fact and Fiction in AFDC	190	(2)
Illustration 6-3. The Unreported Work of Mothers Receiving Public Assistance	192	(3)
An End to Welfare as We Knew It	195	(11)
Nonwelfare Approaches	195	(2)
The March to TANF Begins	197	(1)
Enter the Clinton Administration	198	(1)
Has Welfare as We Know It Ended?	199	(7)
Summary	206	(1)
Notes	207	(6)
Fighting Hunger: Nutrition Policy and Programs in the United States	213	(37)
Malnutrition Amid Plenty	213	(2)
Setting Nutritional Policy	215	(5)
Commodity Food Distribution	215	(1)
A New Food Stamp Program	216	(1)
Politics Discovers Hunger	216	(1)
Eliminating the Purchase Requirement	217	(1)
Politics Rediscovers Hunger	218	(2)
Tightening Food Stamps' Belt: The Welfare Reform of 1996	220	(1)
Food Stamp Program Operations	221	(4)
Determining Eligibility	222	(1)
Participants and Costs	223	(2)
Nutrition Programs for Younger, Older, and Disabled Americans	225	(1)
Meals for School Children	225	(1)
Illustration 7-1. A Client's View of the Food Stamp Program	226	(6)
WIC	229	(2)
Nutrition for Older Adults	231	(1)
More Nutrition Programs	231	(1)
Nutritional Politics	232	(2)
Rendering the Cash versus In Kind Debate Obsolete with EBT	233	(1)
Illustration 7-2. The Thrifty Food Plan---How Much Is It Worth?	234	(10)
How Much Fraud, Abuse, and Error in Welfare?	239	(4)
Who Should Administer Nutrition Programs?	243	(1)
Summary	244	(1)
Notes	244	(6)
Improving Health Care: Treating the Nation's Ills	250	(38)
Good Health or Medical Attention?	250	(1)
Health Care Policy Today	251	(11)
Medicaid: Health Care for Some of the Poor	252	(4)
Medicare: Health Care for Older Americans	256	(2)
Covering Medigaps	258	(4)
What Ails Medicine?	262	(11)
The Nation's Health Care Bill	263	(3)
Holding Down Public Health Care Costs	266	(3)
Is Managed Care Hazardous to Your Health?	269	(4)
Illustration 8-1. A Proposed Consumer Bill of Rights and Responsibilities	273	(1)
The Politics of Health Care for All	274	(7)
The Failed Health Security Act	275	(3)
Expanding Health Care Coverage the Incremental Way	278	(3)
Health Care---Some Ethical Dilemmas	281	(3)
Summary	284	(1)
Notes	285	(3)
Changing Paradigms in the Poverty Wars: Victories, Defeats, and Stalemates	288	(32)
The Curative Strategy in the 1960s War on Poverty	289	(1)
Illustration 9-1. Community Development: A Foundation Perspective	290	(4)
LBJ and the Economic Opportunity Act	294	(4)
Community Action	294	(1)
Youth Education	295	(1)
Legal Services	296	(1)
More Office of Economic Opportunity Projects	297	(1)
The Great Society	297	(1)
Politics Overtakes the War on Poverty	298	(2)
Why Hasn't Head Start ``Cured'' Poverty?	300	(3)
Politics, Evaluation, and Head Start	301	(1)
Years Later	302	(1)
Fueling Employment: Make-Work versus the Real Thing	303	(9)
The Job Training Partnership Act	305	(2)
Progress Towards One-Stop Shopping at the U.S. Employment Service	307	(1)
Should the Minimum Wage Get Another Raise?	308	(3)
Enterprise and Empowerment Zones	311	(1)
Illustration 9-2. Report Card on Empowerment Zones	312	(3)
Building Communities through Service	315	(1)
Summary	316	(1)
Notes	317	(3)
Providing Social Services: Help for Children, the Elderly, and People with Mental Illness	320	(40)
Social Services in the United States	320	(3)
Who Provides Social Services?	321	(1)
The Development of Social Services	322	(1)
Social Services for People with ADM Problems	323	(8)
Defining the Problems	324	(1)
Estimating Problems and Services	324	(2)
Achieving Treatment Parity	326	(1)
Finding Better Prevention and Treatment Approaches	327	(1)
Community Mental Health Centers	328	(1)
A War on Drugs or on Drug Addicts?	329	(2)
The Rights of Mental Health Service Consumers	331	(1)
Illustration 10-1. Needle-Exchange Programmes in the USA: Time to Act Now	332	(5)
Liberty or Neglect?	334	(1)
Too Much Access or Too Little?	335	(1)
From Deinstitutionalization to Recriminalization	335	(2)
Child Welfare Policy	337	(1)
Discovering Child Abuse	337	(1)
Illustration 10-2. What to Do About Helping People with Severe Mental Illness	338	(3)
Illustration 10-3. Little Mary Ellen	341	(9)
Extent of Child Maltreatment	342	(1)
Services for Abused and Neglected Children	343	(4)
Problems with the System	347	(3)
Social Services for Older Americans	350	(4)
Summary	354	(1)
Notes	355	(5)
Challenging Social Welfare: Racism and Sexism	360	(47)
Gender Inequities	360	(8)
The Feminization of Poverty	360	(3)
The Wage Gap	363	(4)
Equal Rights for Women	367	(1)
Illustration 11-1. Women in Federal and State Offices	368	(5)
Family Care	370	(1)
Sexual Harassment	371	(2)
Illustration 11-2. A Call for Lustiness: Just Say No to the Sex Police	373	(6)
No Consensus on Abortion Rights	374	(4)
Violence Against Women	378	(1)
Gay Rights	379	(4)
Blacks, Hispanics, and Social Welfare	383	(1)
Illustration 11-3. A Dialogue on Race	384	(11)
Separate But Not Equal	385	(3)
The Civil Rights Act	388	(1)
Housing and Racial Discrimination	389	(1)
Affirmative Action	390	(4)
Voting Rights	394	(1)
Native Americans and Social Welfare	395	(1)
Immigration and Social Welfare	396	(6)
Immigration Policy	396	(3)
How Much Immigration?	399	(3)
Summary	402	(1)
Notes	403	(4)
Implementing and Evaluating Social Welfare Policy: What Happens After a Law Is Passed	407	(26)
The Politics of Implementation	407	(7)
Communications	408	(2)
Resources	410	(1)
Attitudes	411	(1)
Bureaucracy	412	(2)
Evaluating Social Policy	414	(3)
Policy Evaluation as a Rational Activity	416	(1)
Illustration 12-1. Rational Evaluation: What Questions to Ask	417	(5)
The Many Faces of Program Evaluation	419	(1)
Public Hearings	419	(1)
Site Visits	419	(1)
Program Measures	419	(1)
Comparison with Professional Standards	420	(1)
Formal Research Designs	420	(2)
Illustration 12-2. Is Theory-Based Evaluation Better?	422	(4)
Policy Evaluation as a Political Activity	424	(1)
Unclear, Ambiguous Program Goals	424	(1)
Symbolic Goals	425	(1)
Unhappy Findings	425	(1)
Illustration 12-3. What to Do If Your Agency's Program Receives a Negative Evaluation	426	(4)
Program Interference	426	(1)
Usefulness of Evaluations	426	(1)
Evaluation by Whom?	427	(1)
Threats to Everyone	427	(1)
Politics at Work: Evaluating the Guaranteed Annual Income Experiments	427	(3)
Summary	430	(1)
Notes	431	(2)
Name Index	433	(2)
Subject Index	435