Social Work and Social Welfare An Introduction

by Ambrosino, Rosalie; Heffernan, Joseph; Shuttlesworth, Guy; Ambrosino, Robert

• ISBN13: 9780495095125
• ISBN10: 0495095125
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-07-12
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

This popular text is designed to give you a broad understanding about the social work profession and the role that the profession plays in the social welfare system. The authors demonstrate that there are many reasons why social problems occur. You'll explore the history, values, economic, political and cultural factors that surround these issues, as well as the attempts to solve or address them. Throughout this thought-provoking text, you'll be challenged to think critically about issues in a new way, and gain a more in-depth comprehension and appreciation for this important profession.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. XV
Understanding Social Work and Social Welfare: Key Concepts and Perspectives	p. 1
Social Welfare, Past and Present	p. 4
A Definition of Social Welfare and Its Relationship to Social Work	p. 5
The Value Base of Social Welfare	p. 6
Our English Heritage	p. 7
Social Welfare in Colonial America	p. 9
Changing Patterns after the Revolution	p. 9
Caring for the Urban Poor	p. 10
Caring for Specific Populations	p. 10
The New Deal	p. 13
The Social Security Act	p. 14
Social Insurance	p. 14
Public Assistance	p. 15
Health and Welfare Services	p. 15
Social Welfare: The Post-Social Security and Welfare Reform Eras	p. 15
The Great Society Programs	p. 16
Conservatism in the Mid-1960s and Early 1970s	p. 17
Welfare Reform and the Late 1970s	p. 17
Cutbacks in the Reagan and Bush Years	p. 18
The Clinton Years	p. 19
The George W. Bush Years	p. 19
Summary	p. 22
Key Terms and InfoTrac College Edition	p. 22
Discussion Questions	p. 22
On the Internet	p. 23
References	p. 23
Suggested Further Readings	p. 23
Social Work and Other Helping Professions	p. 24
Why Do People Have Problems?	p. 25
Genetics and Heredity	p. 25
Socialization	p. 25
Cultural Differences	p. 26
Environmental Factors	p. 26
The Opportunity Structure	p. 26
Social Work Defined	p. 27
The Early Years of Social Work	p. 27
Underpinnings of the Profession	p. 31
Values	p. 31
Ethics	p. 31
Liberal Arts Base	p. 31
Knowledge That Builds on the Liberal Arts Base	p. 32
Practice Skills	p. 33
Planned Change	p. 33
Social Work Methods	p. 34
Social Work with Individuals and Families (Casework)	p. 34
Social Work with Groups (Group Work)	p. 34
Community Organization	p. 34
Social Work Research	p. 35
Social Work Administration and Planning	p. 35
Professional Issues in Social Work	p. 35
The Social Agency	p. 35
Education and Levels of Social Work Practice	p. 36
Bachelor of Social Work (BSW)	p. 36
Master of Social Work: Advanced Practice	p. 38
Doctorate in Social Work (DSW and PhD)	p. 38
Careers in Social Work	p. 38
Collaboration with Other Helping Professions	p. 40
Other Professionals Likely to Collaborate with Social Workers	p. 40
The Need for Professional Diversity	p. 43
The Baccalaureate Social Worker and Other Professions	p. 46
Summary	p. 45
Key Terms and InfoTrac College Edition	p. 47
Discussion Questions	p. 47
On the Internet	p. 48
References	p. 48
Suggested Further Readings	p. 48
The Systems/Ecological Perspective	p. 49
The Impact of Theoretical Frameworks on Intervention	p. 50
The Difference Between Causal Relationships and Association	p. 51
A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Social Welfare Problems	p. 52
The Systems/Ecological Framework	p. 53
The Perspective of Systems Theory	p. 55
System	p. 55
Synergy	p. 55
Boundaries	p. 55
Steady State	p. 59
Equifinality	p. 60
Critiques of the Systems/Ecological Framework	p. 60
Levels of the Environment	p. 60
Problems in Living	p. 64
Utility of the Systems/Ecological Framework	p. 65
The Utility of Other Theories and Frameworks	p. 67
Psychosocial Frameworks	p. 67
Cognitive Behavioral Frameworks	p. 68
Political and Ideological Frameworks	p. 68
The Systems/Ecological Framework in Professional Practice	p. 69
Applying the Systems/Ecological Framework	p. 69
The Generalist Model	p. 71
The Strengths Perspective	p. 72
Empowerment	p. 74
Social and Economic Justice	p. 74
The Helping Process	p. 76
Applications with Juan and His Family	p. 77
Summary	p. 79
Key Terms and InfoTrac College Edition	p. 80
Discussion Questions	p. 80
On the Internet	p. 80
References	p. 80
Suggested Further Readings	p. 81
Diversity and Social Justice	p. 83
Social and Economic Justice	p. 84
Prejudice and Discrimination	p. 85
Social and Economic Justice for Women	p. 87
Income	p. 88
Education	p. 91
Social Work	p. 91
Religion	p. 91
Politics	p. 91
Institutional Sexism	p. 92
Issues Relating to Reproductive Rights	p. 93
Legal Issues	p. 93
Medical Issues	p. 94
Values Issues	p. 95
Social Reform: The Feminist Movement	p. 96
Social and Economic Justice: Sexual Orientation	p. 97
Social and Economic Justice: Class	p. 100
Social and Economic Justice: Race and Ethnicity	p. 101
African Americans	p. 102
Latino Populations	p. 103
Asians and Pacific Islanders	p. 104
Native Americans	p. 105
Efforts to Produce Social Justice for Populations at Risk	p. 106
School Desegregation	p. 106
Civil Rights Legislation	p. 107
Uneven Progress	p. 108
Affirmative Action	p. 108
Law Enforcement and Profiling	p. 110
Social Work and the Civil Rights Movement	p. 110
Summary	p. 112
Key Terms and InfoTrac College Edition	p. 113
Discussion Questions	p. 113
On the Internet	p. 114
References	p. 114
Suggested Further Readings	p. 115
Social Work Practice: Methods of Intervention	p. 117
Social Work Practice with Individuals, Families, and Groups	p. 120
Generalist Practice: Background	p. 121
Generalist Practice: A Definition	p. 122
Preparation for Generalist Practice with Individuals, Families, and Groups	p. 123
Social Study	p. 123
Assessment	p. 124
Goal Setting	p. 124
Contracting	p. 124
Intervention	p. 124
Evaluation	p. 125
The Social Worker-Client Relationship	p. 125
The Development of Practice Skills	p. 126
Conceptual Skills	p. 126
Interviewing Skills	p. 127
Recording	p. 127
Practice Theories and Skills: Individuals and Families	p. 128
Systems/Ecological Framework	p. 128
Ego Psychology	p. 128
Problem-Solving Approach	p. 129
Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches	p. 130
Task-Centered Social Work	p. 131
Social Work Intervention with Families	p. 132
Other Approaches	p. 132
Practice Theories and Skills: Groups	p. 133
Group Focus	p. 134
Effective Group Development	p. 135
Theory for Group Work Practice	p. 137
Group Work as a Practice	p. 138
Group Settings	p. 139
Group Termination	p. 139
Practice Effectiveness with Individuals, Families, and Groups	p. 139
Supervision of Generalist Practitioners	p. 140
Social Work Practice and the MSW Social Worker	p. 140
The BSW Social Worker in Practice with Individuals, Families, and Groups	p. 141
Summary	p. 142
Key Terms and InfoTrac College Edition	p. 142
Discussion Questions	p. 142
On the Internet	p. 143
References	p. 143
Suggested Further Readings	p. 143
Social Work Practice with Agencies and the Community	p. 144
Social Work with Communities	p. 145
Community: Definition and Social Work Roles	p. 146
Roles of Social Workers in Communities	p. 146
Community Practice Models and Approaches	p. 148
Profile of an Effective Community Organizer	p. 149
Policy Practice	p. 149
The Development of Social Welfare Policy	p. 149
Models of Policy Analysis	p. 150
The Practitioner's Role in Social Welfare Policy	p. 151
Administration and Delivery of Social Welfare Services	p. 151
Meeting the Challenge	p. 151
Weighing the Client's Best Interests	p. 152
Social Welfare Agencies	p. 152
A Historical Perspective	p. 152
Contemporary Structures	p. 153
Research Practice	p. 154
Disciplinary Research	p. 154
Policy Research	p. 155
Evaluative Research	p. 156
Demonstrating a Causal Connection	p. 156
The Status of Social Work in Communities, Policy, Administration, and Research	p. 156
Career Opportunities in Agency Administration, Community Social Work, Policy, and Research	p. 157
Summary	p. 159
Key Terms and InfoTrac College Edition	p. 160
Discussion Questions	p. 160
On the Internet	p. 161
References	p. 161
Suggested Further Readings	p. 162
Fields of Practice and Populations Served by Social Workers	p. 163
Poverty, Income Assistance, and Homelessness	p. 167
Views on Poverty and How to Help	p. 169
Conceptualizations of Poverty	p. 170
Definitions of Poverty	p. 171
Who Are America's Poor?	p. 172
Welfare Reform-An End to Welfare as We Knew It	p. 174
Relevant Legislation	p. 175
Revisions to the Law	p. 176
Current Strategies for Addressing Poverty	p. 179
A Strong Market and Family System	p. 179
Social Insurance Programs	p. 179
Public Assistance Programs	p. 182
In-Kind Benefits and Tax Credits	p. 183
Other Anti-Poverty Programs	p. 183
Basic Political Perspectives	p. 183
The New Millennium: 2000 and Beyond	p. 185
Homelessness	p. 189
Composition of the Homeless Population	p. 190
Policies and Programs That Address Homelessness	p. 199
The Roles of Social Workers in the Fight against Poverty	p. 200
Summary	p. 201
Key Terms and InfoTrac College Edition	p. 201
Discussion Questions	p. 202
On the Internet	p. 202
References	p. 202
Suggested Further Readings	p. 206
Mental Health, Substance Abuse, and Developmental Disabilities	p. 208
Mental Health	p. 211
Mental Health and Mental Illness: Definitions	p. 212
Categorizing Mental Illness	p. 213
Mental Health: A Matter of Viewpoint	p. 215
The Development of Mental Health Problems	p. 215
Types of Mental Health Problems	p. 219
Depression	p. 219
Bipolar Disorder	p. 220
Schizophrenia	p. 220
Anxiety Disorders	p. 220
Suicide	p. 221
Impacts of Mental Health Status on At-Risk Populations	p. 222
Alcoholism and Substance Abuse	p. 223
Commonly Abused Substances	p. 225
Social and Economic Costs of Substance Abuse	p. 227
At-Risk Populations and Substance Abuse	p. 228
Developmental Disabilities	p. 232
Factors Associated with Developmental Disabilities	p. 235
Changing Views Toward Mental Health Problems, Substance Abuse and Developmental Disabilities	p. 236
The First Revolution: From Inhumane to Moral Treatment	p. 236
The Second Revolution: The Introduction of Psychoanalysis	p. 238
The Third Revolution: A Shift to Community Mental Health Programs	p. 238
The Fourth Revolution: Legal Rights of Clients and Consumer Advocacy	p. 240
Neurobiology and Implications for Mental Health, Substance Abuse, and Developmental Disabilities	p. 243
Availability of Resources and Responsibility for Care	p. 244
Deinstitutionalization	p. 244
Wide-Ranging Program Alternatives	p. 246
Interventions for Substance Abusers and Their Families	p. 247
Interventions for Persons with Developmental Disabilities and Their Families	p. 248
The Americans with Disabilities Act	p. 248
Other Disabilities Legislation	p. 252
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act	p. 252
Prevention versus Treatment	p. 253
Trends in Services and Treatment	p. 254
Managed Care	p. 254
Insurance Legislation	p. 254
Deficit Reduction Act	p. 255
Evolving Therapies	p. 256
Roles and Opportunities for Social Workers	p. 258
Historical Background	p. 258
Career Opportunities in Mental Health, Substance Abuse, and Disability Services	p. 259
Summary	p. 261
Key Terms and InfoTrac College Edition	p. 261
Discussion Questions	p. 261
On the Internet	p. 262
References	p. 262
Suggested Further Readings	p. 265
Health Care	p. 266
The State of Health in the United States	p. 267
Moral and Ethical Issues	p. 268
A Systems/Ecological Approach to Health Care	p. 269
Factors Affecting Health	p. 270
Applying a Systems/Ecological Perspective	p. 275
The Evolution of Health Care in America	p. 275
Critical Issues in Current Health-Care Delivery	p. 277
Funding and Costs of Health Care	p. 277
Health Insurance Plans and Managed Care	p. 279
Comparing Health-Care Costs to Outcomes	p. 283
Reasons for Rising Health-Care Costs	p. 284
Current Major Health Problems	p. 288
HIV and AIDS	p. 288
Other Illnesses and Health Problems	p. 290
Catastrophic Illness	p. 292
Teen Pregnancy	p. 294
Environmental Factors	p. 294
Prevention and Wellness Programs	p. 295
Ethical Issues	p. 295
Baby Doe Cases	p. 297
Right-to-Die Cases	p. 297
Bioethics	p. 299
Alternative Medicine	p. 300
Health Planning	p. 300
Hill-Burton Act	p. 300
Medicare and Medicaid	p. 300
Maternal and Child Health Act	p. 303
Healthy Steps for Young Children Program	p. 303
Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP)	p. 303
Other Child Health Provisions under the Balanced Budget Act of 1997	p. 304
Comprehensive Health Planning Act	p. 304
Health Maintenance Organization Legislation	p. 305
CARE Act	p. 305
Future Legislation: Health-Care Reform	p. 305
Social Work Roles in the Delivery of Health Services	p. 308
Historical Background	p. 308
Contemporary Roles in Health-Care Settings	p. 309
Hospital Settings	p. 310
Long-Term Care Facilities and Nursing Homes	p. 310
Community-Based Health Care Programs	p. 310
Home Health Care	p. 311
State Department of Health and Health-Planning Agencies	p. 311
Other Health-Care Settings	p. 312
Summary	p. 313
Key Terms and InfoTrac College Edition	p. 313
Discussion Questions	p. 314
On the Internet	p. 314
References	p. 314
Suggested Further Readings	p. 319
The Needs of Children, Youth, and Families	p. 320
What Is a Family?	p. 322
How Are Families of Today Viewed?	p. 323
What Is a Healthy Family?	p. 323
How Are Family Problems Defined?	p. 323
What Causes Families to Have Problems?	p. 325
How Do Cultural and Gender Differences Affect Family Problems?	p. 325
Changing Family Situations	p. 327
Divorce and Separation	p. 328
Single Parenting	p. 330
Gay and Lesbian Parenting	p. 332
Stepparenting and Blended Families	p. 332
Family Problems Affecting Children	p. 334
Substance Abuse	p. 334
Spouse Abuse	p. 337
Child Maltreatment	p. 340
Problems Associated with Adolescents	p. 349
Summary	p. 353
Key Terms and InfoTrac College Edition	p. 354
Discussion Questions	p. 354
On the Internet	p. 354
References	p. 355
Suggested Further Readings	p. 357
Services to Children, Youth, and Families	p. 358
Current Philosophical Issues	p. 359
The Right to a Permanent, Nurturing Family	p. 359
Best Interests of the Child	p. 360
Considerations before State Intervention	p. 360
Preventing Family Disruption and Dysfunction	p. 361
How Accountable Are Parents?	p. 361
Defining Services to Children, Youth, and Families	p. 362
The History of Services to Children, Youth, and Families	p. 364
Colonial Times	p. 364
The 19th Century	p. 364
The Early 20th Century	p. 365
The 1960s and 1970s	p. 366
The Mid-1980s and the 1990s	p. 368
Moving into the 21st Century	p. 370
Preventive Services to Children	p. 374
Natural Support Systems	p. 374
Home-Based Services	p. 374
Parent Education	p. 375
Child Development and Child-Care Programs	p. 375
Recreational, Religious, and Social Programs	p. 376
Health and Family-Planning Programs	p. 376
Educational Opportunities	p. 376
School Social Work	p. 377
Services to Children and Families at Risk	p. 378
Health and Hospital Outreach Programs	p. 379
Child Care	p. 380
Homemaker Services	p. 382
Crisis Intervention Programs	p. 382
Counseling	p. 382
Support and Self-Help Groups	p. 383
Volunteer and Outreach Programs	p. 383
Child Protective Services	p. 386
Investigations of Child Maltreatment	p. 386
Determination of Intervention	p. 386
Typical Services Provided	p. 387
Family Preservation Services	p. 388
Substitute Care	p. 389
Foster Care	p. 390
Residential Treatment	p. 392
Adoption	p. 392
Child Welfare and Cultural Diversity	p. 395
Child Welfare and the Future	p. 397
The Role of Social Workers in Providing Services to Children, Youth, and Families	p. 398
Summary	p. 400
Key Terms and InfoTrac College Edition	p. 400
Discussion Questions	p. 400
On the Internet	p. 401
References	p. 401
Suggested Further Readings	p. 404
Older Adults: Needs and Services	p. 405
Physiological Aging	p. 407
Behavior and Adaptation to Old Age	p. 408
Theories of Aging	p. 408
Continuity Theory	p. 409
Activity Theory	p. 409
Developmental Theory	p. 409
Exchange Theory	p. 409
Attitudes toward Growing Old	p. 410
Retirement	p. 410
The Families of Older Adults	p. 414
Dying and Death	p. 416
Aging and Mental Health	p. 417
Income Security	p. 418
Health and Health-Care Services	p. 421
Abuse and Neglect	p. 421
Long-Term Care	p. 423
Housing	p. 426
Transportation	p. 427
Older People of Color	p. 427
Services for Older Adults	p. 428
Social Work with Older Adults	p. 429
Summary	p. 430
Key Terms and InfoTrac College Edition	p. 430
Discussion Questions	p. 430
On the Internet	p. 431
References	p. 431
Suggested Further Readings	p. 432
Criminal Justice	p. 433
The Criminal Justice System	p. 434
Legislative Component	p. 434
Law Enforcement Component	p. 435
Judicial Component	p. 435
Corrections Component	p. 438
The Juvenile Justice System	p. 440
The Gault Decision	p. 440
Juvenile Justice Agencies	p. 441
Juvenile Courts	p. 441
Juvenile Corrections	p. 441
Dual System of Justice	p. 442
Differential Treatment of Minority Youth in the Justice System	p. 444
Alternatives to Get-Tough Policies	p. 446
Rehabilitation	p. 448
Vocational Training	p. 449
Work Release	p. 449
Financial Assistance	p. 449
Prison Industries	p. 449
Treatment	p. 450
Issues in Rehabilitation	p. 450
Crime Prevention	p. 450
Views of Criminal Behavior	p. 452
Psychological Views of the Criminal Personality	p. 452
Social Views of Criminal Behavior	p. 452
Economic Rationale of Crime	p. 453
Program Alternatives	p. 453
The Role of Social Work in the Criminal Justice System	p. 454
Summary	p. 455
Key Terms and InfoTrac College Edition	p. 455
Discussion Questions	p. 455
On the Internet	p. 456
References	p. 456
Suggested Further Readings	p. 458
Social Work in Rural Settings	p. 459
Operational Definitions	p. 450
Limitations of Rural and Urban Classification Systems	p. 460
Defining What Is Rural	p. 461
Characteristics of Rural Populations	p. 461
Social Organization of Rural Communities	p. 463
Support Services in Rural Communities	p. 464
Social Problems and Needs in Rural Areas	p. 465
Mental Health	p. 466
Health Care	p. 468
Poverty	p. 469
Older Adults	p. 469
Ethnic Composition	p. 469
The Rural Family	p. 471
The Crisis of the Small Farmer	p. 471
Social Welfare in Rural Communities	p. 472
Social Work in Rural Settings	p. 473
Rural Social Work as Generalist Practice	p. 475
The Baccalaureate Social Worker and Rural Social Work Practice	p. 476
Summary	p. 478
Key Terms and InfoTrac College Edition	p. 478
Discussion Questions	p. 478
On the Internet	p. 479
References	p. 479
Suggested Further Readings	p. 480
Social Work in the Workplace	p. 481
A Historical Perspective on Work and Family Relationships	p. 483
The Current Workforce	p. 484
More Women in the Workforce	p. 484
Single-Parent Families	p. 485
Emerging Issues	p. 485
Greater Ethnic Diversity within the Workforce	p. 486
Types of Jobs Available	p. 487
The Changing Nature of Work and the Workplace	p. 488
Unemployment and Underemployment	p. 489
Changing Attitudes and Values toward Work	p. 490
The Impact of Changes on Employees and Their Families	p. 492
Balancing Work and Family Life	p. 493
Increased Stress	p. 494
Relocation	p. 494
Financial Problems	p. 495
Family and Medical Leave Act	p. 496
Accidents and Other Occupational Hazards	p. 496
Violence in the Workplace	p. 497
Sexual Harassment	p. 498
Child Care for Working Parents	p. 499
Care of Elderly Parents	p. 500
Changing Expectations about Work and Family Life	p. 501
Implications for the Mental Health of Employees and Their Families	p. 501
Implications for the Workplace	p. 501
Increased Demands on Employers	p. 502
Affiliation Needs	p. 502
Addressing Work and Family Problems: Whose Responsibility?	p. 502
Employee Assistance Programs	p. 503
Dependent-Care Programs	p. 505
Social Work in the Workplace	p. 507
Industrial Social Work	p. 507
Occupational Social Work	p. 509
Social Work in the Changing Workplace	p. 510
Applying a Systems/Ecological Perspective	p. 511
Service Models	p. 511
Summary	p. 513
Key Terms and Infotrac College Edition	p. 513
Discussion Questions	p. 514
On the Internet	p. 514
References	p. 514
Suggested Further Readings	p. 517
The Globalization of Social Work	p. 518
A Changed World	p. 519
International Social Welfare and Globalization	p. 520
Responding to the Challenge of Globalization	p. 521
Children and Human Rights	p. 526
Poverty	p. 527
Armed Conflict	p. 527
HIV/AIDS	p. 527
Other Risks Faced by Children	p. 527
International Efforts to Alleviate the Plight of Children	p. 528
The Plight of World Refugees	p. 529
Immigration in the United States	p. 530
Lawful Entry	p. 530
Unlawful Entry	p. 531
A Brief History of U.S. Immigration Policy and Legislation	p. 531
The International Federation of Social Workers	p. 534
International Social Work Organizations and Agencies	p. 536
A Look to the Future	p. 538
The Past as Prologue	p. 538
The Challenges of Today	p. 539
Trends in Social Work Careers	p. 542
Summary	p. 544
Key Terms and Infotrac College Edition	p. 545
Discussion Questions	p. 545
On the Internet	p. 546
References	p. 546
Suggested Further Readings	p. 548
A Final Word to Our Readers	p. 549
Glossary	p. 550
Index	p. 568
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