Soils In Construction

by Schroeder, W. L.; Dickenson, Stephen; Warrington, Don C., P.E.

• ISBN13: 9780130489173
• ISBN10: 0130489174
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-07-24
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This book uses only simple mathematics and emphasizes applications to explore the nature of soils and how they can influence certain construction operations. An introduction to soil materials is followed by a discussion of soils in the construction contract. Specifications from example contracts influenced by soil materials are discussed, as are the applications of soil behavior principles. For contractors, owners, technicians, lawyers, and engineers in the construction field.

Table of Contents

Part One SOIL MATERIALS	1	(86)
Physical Character of Soil Constituents	2	(11)
Rock, Soil and Weathering Processes	2	(2)
Character of the Coarse Soil Fraction	4	(4)
Particle Size and Sieve Analysis	4	(1)
Particle Shape and Angularity	5	(1)
Specific Gravity	5	(3)
Toughness and Durability	8	(1)
Character of the Fine Soil Fraction	8	(3)
Chemical Structure of Clays	8	(1)
Types of Clays	9	(2)
Cohesive and Cohesionless Soils	11	(1)
Summary	11	(2)
References	12	(1)
Problems	12	(1)
Natural Soil Deposits	13	(10)
Soil Structure	13	(2)
Sands	13	(1)
Clays	14	(1)
Soil Deposit Origins and Types	15	(6)
Residual Soils	16	(1)
Transported Soils	17	(4)
Summary	21	(2)
References	22	(1)
Problems	22	(1)
Soil Index Properties	23	(18)
Overview of Soils Testing	23	(1)
Coarse-Grained Constituents--Grain Size Distribution	24	(4)
Fine-Grained Constituents: Soil Plasticity	28	(4)
Indices for the Soil Mass	32	(7)
Summary	39	(2)
References	39	(1)
Problems	39	(2)
Soil Classification	41	(18)
Textural Classification	41	(2)
Unified Soil Classification System	43	(9)
Laboratory Classification	43	(6)
Field Classification	49	(3)
AASHTO Classification System	52	(2)
Summary	54	(5)
References	57	(1)
Problems	58	(1)
Stress Analysis and Engineering Properties	59	(28)
The Effective Stress Principle	60	(1)
Vertical Earth Pressure Calculations	61	(1)
Capillary Stresses	62	(3)
Permeability	65	(4)
Coefficient of Permeability and Darcy's Law	65	(2)
Laboratory Tests	67	(1)
Field Tests	67	(2)
Permeability in Fine Soils	69	(1)
Compressibility	69	(7)
Consolidation Settlement in Soils	69	(3)
Time Rate of Consolidation	72	(4)
Soil Strength	76	(6)
Strength of Sands and Gravels	79	(1)
Strength of Clays	80	(2)
Summary	82	(5)
References	82	(1)
Problems	82	(5)
Part Two EARTHWORK IN THE CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT	87	(183)
The Contract and Contract Documents	88	(13)
Parties to the Contract	89	(2)
Relationship of the Parties	89	(2)
Construction Management	91	(1)
Document Contents	91	(1)
Bid Preparation	92	(2)
Examination of Contract Documents	92	(1)
Itemization of Costs	92	(2)
Variation of Quantities	94	(1)
Contract Execution	94	(5)
Contract Specifications	94	(3)
Disputes	97	(1)
Changed Conditions	98	(1)
Summary	99	(2)
References	100	(1)
Interpretation of Soils Reports	101	(21)
Field Explorations	102	(13)
Direct Exploration	102	(1)
Semidirect Exploration	103	(6)
Indirect Exploration Methods	109	(6)
Groundwater Conditions	115	(1)
Soils Engineering Reports	115	(1)
Other Information Sources	116	(4)
Summary	120	(2)
References	120	(1)
Problems	121	(1)
Embankment Construction and Control	122	(41)
Moisture-Density Relationships	123	(2)
Cohesionless Soils	123	(1)
Cohesive Soils	124	(1)
Properties of Compacted Soils	125	(3)
Relative Density	125	(2)
Water Content	127	(1)
Laboratory Compaction Procedures	128	(2)
Compaction Specifications	130	(4)
Relative Compaction	130	(1)
Prescriptive Specifications	130	(3)
Performance Specifications	133	(1)
Shrink and Swell from Borrow to Fill	134	(3)
Compaction Equipment for Shallow Lifts	137	(5)
Compaction Control Testing	142	(6)
Chemical Stabilization of Fills	148	(2)
Stabilization of Fill Foundations	150	(2)
Surcharge Loading	151	(1)
Vertical Drains	152	(1)
Deep Compaction of Sands	152	(6)
Summary	158	(5)
References	159	(1)
Problems	160	(3)
Dewatering	163	(22)
Specifications	163	(1)
Underwater Excavations	164	(3)
Caissons	164	(3)
Cofferdams	167	(1)
Seepage Barriers	167	(3)
Slurry Trench Methods	168	(2)
Freezing	170	(1)
Grouting	170	(1)
Open Sumps	170	(4)
Cohesive Soils	172	(1)
Cohesionless Soils	173	(1)
Wells and Well-Point Systems	174	(5)
Single Wells	174	(1)
Multiple Wells	174	(2)
Well Points	176	(3)
Electroosmosis	179	(1)
Planning Dewatering Operations	180	(2)
Summary	182	(3)
References	182	(1)
Problems	183	(2)
Excavations and Excavation Supports	185	(26)
Specifications	186	(1)
Design of Excavation Slopes	186	(6)
Slope Stability	186	(5)
Slope Protection	191	(1)
Shallow Trenches and Excavation Safety	192	(4)
Support for Shallow Trenches	196	(3)
Support for Deep Cuts	199	(8)
Lateral Earth Pressure Calculations	199	(2)
Excavation Support Methods	201	(6)
Planning for Excavation Supports	207	(2)
Summary	209	(2)
References	209	(1)
Problems	209	(2)
Foundation Construction	211	(49)
Settlement Analysis	212	(3)
Footings on Cohesive Soils	212	(2)
Footings on Cohesionless Soils	214	(1)
Foundation Bearing Failure	215	(10)
Shallow Foundations	216	(2)
Deep Foundations	218	(7)
Footing and Raft Construction	225	(1)
Foundation Piling	225	(27)
Pile Types	227	(1)
Pile Hammers	228	(11)
Jetting, Spudding, and Predrilling	239	(1)
Pile Dynamics	239	(3)
Contract Provisions	242	(8)
Driving Effects	250	(2)
Drilled Piers	252	(4)
Applications	252	(1)
Construction	253	(2)
Problems in Construction	255	(1)
Summary	256	(4)
References	257	(1)
Problems	258	(2)
Construction Access and Haul Roads	260	(10)
Pavement Components and Their Functions	260	(1)
Subgrade Materials and Strength Requirements	261	(3)
Subgrade Improvement	264	(3)
Maintenance Requirements	267	(1)
Summary	268	(2)
References	268	(1)
Problems	269	(1)
Appendix A Laboratory Testing Exercises	270	(54)
A.1 Calibration of Sand-Cone Device and Density Testing-Sand, and Determination of Field Unit Weight of Soils	270	(5)
A.1.1 Determine Volume of Sand-Cone Jar	273	(1)
A.1.2 Calibration of Density Testing Sand	274	(1)
A.1.3 Calibration of Sand Cone and Plate	274	(1)
A.1.4 Determination of Field Unit Weight	274	(1)
A.2 Preparation of Soil Samples and Performance of Particle-Size Analyses	275	(8)
A.2.1 Sieve Analysis	275	(6)
A.2.2 Hydrometer Analysis	281	(2)
A.3 Specific Gravity of Soils	283	(4)
A.4 Soil Consistency Tests	287	(5)
A.4.1 Plastic Limit Test	287	(3)
A.4.2 Liquid Limit Test	290	(2)
A.5 Compaction Tests	292	(4)
A.6 Relative Density	296	(4)
A.6.1 Maximum Density Procedure (Dry Method)	297	(2)
A.6.2 Minimum Density Procedures	299	(1)
A.7 Permeability Tests	300	(6)
A.7.1 Falling-Head Test	300	(3)
A.7.2 Constant-Head Test	303	(3)
A.8 Direct-Shear Test on Sand	306	(3)
A.9 Unconfined Compression Test for Cohesive Soils	309	(4)
A.10 Triaxial-Compression Test on Sand	313	(2)
A.11 Consolidation Test	315	(9)
Appendix B Pile Hammer Specifications	324	(24)
B.1 Air/Steam Hammers	324	(6)
B.2 Diesel Hammers	330	(5)
B.3 Hydraulic Impact Hammers	335	(6)
B.4 Vibratory Hammers	341	(7)
Nomenclature	348	(4)
Problem Solutions	352	(2)
Index	354

Excerpts

For more than a quarter of a century, Soils in Constructionhas been an important resource for the teaching of the basics of soil mechanics, foundation design, and foundation construction to construction management students. The fifth edition continues this with extensive revisions to both the text and the accompanying graphics. The highlights of these changes are as follows: An expanded overview of the geology of soils and rocks (Chapters 1 and 2); Improved classification aids for the Unified system (Chapter 4); A more complete description of borrow and fill calculations (Chapter 8); Addition of a description of OSHA's requirements for trench safety and configuration (Chapter 10); A completely rewritten description of pile driving and driven pile design and testing, including new material on pile dynamics and a new pile hammer chart (Chapter 11); Breakout of all of the existing examples and new examples added to the text, so that students and instructors can more readily follow methods for solving problem; Addition of SI units to some of the calculations. Many other details of the text have been enhanced and improved as well. This book was originally prepared as a teaching aid for a course in the Construction Engineering Management program in the Civil Engineering Department at Oregon State University. The purpose of the course was to introduce students to the nature of soils and to illustrate how soil materials may influence certain construction operations. The course was not design-oriented. It was a terminal geotechnical course specifically arranged to deal with soils in construction for those who did not contemplate further study of soil mechanics or foundation engineering. The book is, therefore, suited for use in other similar programs. The book begins with an introduction to soil materials. In conjunction with the testing methods in Appendix A, the material presented provides the basic background for understanding soil behavior and how construction specifications relate to it. From here the book turns to soils in the construction contract. Specifications from example contracts influenced by soil materials are discussed, as is the application of principles of soil behavior to those specifications. The appendices contain both testing procedures designed to be used as instructional laboratory exercises (with references to similar standard testing methods) and a pile hammer chart. Today persons with diverse responsibilities, such as contractors, owners, technicians, lawyers, and engineers from other specialties, interact with geotechnical design professionals. They often need to know and understand the designer's language and concerns, and they need to understand how to apply selected principles of the geotechnical disciplines to their own work. It is to such individuals that this book is directed. In addition, particular thanks are due to Greg Ohrn, Northern Arizona University; Leslie M. Gioja, Parkland College; Timothy W. Zeigler, Southern Polytechnic State University; Constantine A. Ciesielski, East Carolina University; and Ho-Yeong (Julian) Kang, Texas A&M University, for their assistance with the fifth edition text review. More than any other kind of book, a textbook is a "work in progress" and this one is no exception. Instructors, students and readers can send their questions, comments and suggestions by visiting http://www.vulcanhammer.net/soils/. W.L.Schroeder S.E. Dickenson Don C. Warrington