Sources in the History of the Modern Middle East

by Khater, Akram Fouad

• ISBN13: 9780395980675
• ISBN10: 0395980674
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-04-09
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

This unique primary source reader provides first-hand accounts of the events described in Middle Eastern history survey texts. The text is organized into ten chapters featuring chapter introductions and headnotes. The primary source documents cover the late 18th through the 20th centuries, exploring political, social, economic, and cultural history and infusing the volume with the voices of real people.

Table of Contents

Preface	x
INTRODUCTION: How to Read a Primary Source	1
PART I The Middle East and North Africa in the Nineteenth Century	7	(102)
CHAPTER 1 Central Political Reforms and Local Responses	10	(28)
1. The Hatt-I-Serif Decree Initiates the Tanzimat, or Reform, Period in the Ottoman Empire, November 3, 1839	11	(3)
2. Sultan Abdul Majid's Islahat Fermani Decree Reaffirms the Privileges and Immunities of Non-Muslim Communities in the Ottoman Empire, February 18, 1856	14	(5)
3. An Ottoman Government Decree Defines the Official Notion of the "Modern" Citizen, June 19, 1870	19	(2)
4. Mirza Malkum Khan Satirizes Iran's Central Government and Religious Elites, 1880's	21	(8)
5. Jamal al-Din Al-Afghani Answers Ernest Renan's Criticism of Islam, May 18, 1883	29	(6)
6. Baghdadi Jews React to the Modernization of the Ottoman Empire, May 28, 1908	35	(3)
CHAPTER 2 Economic Changes	38	(28)
1. The Treaty of Peace and Commerce (Treaty of Turkmanchai) Between Iran and Russia, February 10-22,1828	40	(8)
2. The Treaty of Balta Liman Gives the British Economic Advantages Within the Ottoman Empire, August 16, 1838	48	(3)
3. An Egyptian Khedival Decree Establishes a European-Controlled Public Debt Administration, May 2, 1876	51	(3)
4. Convention on Free Navigation of the Suez Canal Between the European Powers and the Ottomans Empire, October 29, 1888	54	(3)
5. The Concession for the Imperial Bank in Iran, January 30, 1889	57	(5)
6. The Concession for the Tobacco Monopoly in Iran, March 8, 1890	62	(2)
7. Tobacco Smuggling and the French Regie Monopoly in the Ottoman Empire, 1895	64	(2)
CHAPTER 3 Social and Cultural Reformulations	66	(43)
1. Rifa'a Tahtawi Reflects on Paris, Its People, Their Ideas, and Lives in the 1820's	67	(3)
2. Anis al-Jalis, an Egyptian Magazine, Defines a Vision of Women and Their Role in Society, 1899	70	(4)
3. Qasim Amin Argues for the Emancipation of Women in Egypt, 1900	74	(9)
4. Teachers of the Alliance Israelite Universelle Write About Child Marriages, Domestic Violence, and the Treatment of Children Among Jews in North Africa, 1902-1915	83	(6)
5. Articles in Iranian Magazines Emphasize the Link Between the Education of Girls and the Advancement of Iranian Society, 1907, 1909	89	(2)
6. Bahithat al-Badiya Advocates Greater Educational and Economic Rights for Egyptian Women, 1909	91	(9)
7. Nazira Zein el-Din, an Egyptian Feminist, Comments on the Unveiling and Veiling of Women, 1928	100	(9)
PART II Making Nations in the Middle East, 1900-1949	109	(138)
CHAPTER 4 Ideas of Nationalism	112	(70)
1. Leo Pinsker, a Jewish Intellectual, Proposes a "Jewish Homeland," 1882	114	(7)
2. Ahad Ha-Am's "The Jewish State and the Jewish Problem," a Counterargument to the Idea of a Jewish State, 1897	121	(7)
3. The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence, Negotiating the Establishment of an "Arab Kingdom" in the Middle East, 1915	128	(3)
4. The Balfour Declaration, Stating the British Government's Support for a Jewish Homeland in Palestine, and Discussions Leading to Issuing It in 1917	131	(5)
5. Division of the Ottoman Empire: The Treaty of Sevres, August 10, 1920	136	(9)
6. Mustafa Kemal ("Ataturk ") Outlines His Vision of the Recent Nationalist Past of Turkey and the Future of the Country, 1927	145	(7)
7. 'Ali 'Abd al-Raziq, an Egyptian Religious Scholar, Argues for the Separation of State and Religion, 1928	152	(7)
8. The Program of L'Etoile Nord-Africaine: Full Independence for Algeria, May 28, 1933	159	(3)
9. Antun Sa'adeh Declares His Vision of "Greater Syria" or Regional Nationalism, June 1, 1935	162	(4)
10. Taha Husayn Writes of Egypt as a Mixture of Pharaonic, Arab, and Western Cultures, 1938	166	(4)
11. Syrian Michel 'Aflaq Addresses the Relationship Between Arabism and Islam, 1943	170	(5)
12. Hasan al-Banna Proclaims Egyptian Nationalism and the Religious Basis for an Islamic State, 1949	175	(7)
CHAPTER 5 Contested Nationalisms	182	(65)
1. Henry Morgenthau Recounts Aspects of Nationalist-Driven Ethnic Cleansing of Armenians in Turkey, 1915	184	(9)
2. The Zionist Organization's Memorandum to the Peace Conference in Versailles Asks for Support for the Establishment of a Jewish State in Palestine, February 3, 1919	193	(7)
3. The Resolution of the General Syrian Congress at Damascus Proclaims Arab Sovereignty over Greater Syria, July 2, 1919	200	(3)
4. The American King-Crane Commission Report Summarizes the Popular Ideas of Nationalism in the Middle East, 1919	203	(6)
5. A Writer for al-Asima, the Syrian Government Newspaper, Seeks to Establish the Popular Idea of the "Nation," October 23, 1919	209	(2)
6. Women and the Vote in Syria: A Parliamentary Debate About the Relationship Between Gender and Citizenship in the Proposed State, April 25, 1920	211	(8)
7. Ferhat Abbas Appeals for the Equality of Muslim Algerians and French Algerians, February 23, 1936	219	(3)
8. The Projet Blum-Violette: The Proposed Enfranchisement of Muslims in Algeria, 1936	222	(3)
9. Shaykh Ben Badis Pronounces a Fatwa (Religious Edict) Against the French "Naturalization" of Algerians, August 10, 1937	225	(2)
10. Nationalism and the Jewish Community in Tunisia, March 5, 1938	227	(4)
11. The Contest for Alexandretta Between Syria and Turkey, May 1938	231	(2)
12. The Arab Case for Palestine and the Case for a Binational State, March 1946	233	(10)
13. President Harry Truman's Statement Supporting Jewish Immigration into Palestine, October 4, 1946	243	(4)
PART III The Rise of Postindependence States, 1950-2000	247	(68)
CHAPTER 6 Restricting Authority	250	(26)
1. Asadollah Alam's Diary Details Some Elements of the Shah of Iran's Rule in 1976 and 1977	252	(11)
2. Iraq's Saddam Hussein Proclaims History as a Tool for Educating the Masses About the Revolution and Comments on the Role of Women in the Revolution, 1975, 1978	263	(4)
3. The Constitution of Saudi Arabia Bases the Legitimacy of the Ruling House of Saud on Religion, 1992	267	(4)
4. Human Rights Activist Yilmaz Ensaroglu Discusses the Role of the Army in Turkey, 1997	271	(5)
CHAPTER 7 Crisis of the State	276	(39)
1. Egyptian President Abdel Nasser Resigns from Office Following the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, June 9, 1967	278	(4)
2. Sadiq al-'Azm, an Arab Intellectual, Critiques the Arab State and Clergy for Their Use of Religion, 1968	282	(4)
3. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini Denounces the Rule of the Shah of Iran, 1975	286	(3)
4. Documents About One of the Major Political Arguments Underlying the Lebanese Civil War, 1975	289	(9)
5. American Consular Documents Reveal U.S. Diplomats' Assessment of the Revolution in Iran, 1978	298	(4)
6. The Massacre of the Muslim Brothers of Syria in Hama, 1982	302	(4)
7. The Platform of the Islamic Salvation Front in Algiers Bases Its Ideology on Respect for Islamic Values, June 18, 1995	306	(3)
8. Report on Arab Israelis: Breaking the Stranglehold of Alienation, October 27, 2000	309	(6)
PART IV The Middle East Today	315
CHAPTER 8 Islamic Political Movements Since 1964	320	(52)
1. Egyptian Writer Sayyid Qutb Articulates a New, Influential Vision of Jihad, 1964	323	(8)
2. Iranian Intellectual Ali Shari'ati Examines Man from the Viewpoint of Islam, 1968	331	(9)
3. Iranian Liberal Mehdi Bazargan Advocates Freedom as a Vital Necessity for Government and Religion, 1974	340	(5)
4. Moroccan Feminist Fatima Mernissi Argues That Islam Has Been Misinterpreted on the Subject of the Position of Women, 1988	345	(7)
5. Egyptian Editorialist Farag Foda Critiques Islamic Movements in Egypt, 1989 and 1992	352	(7)
6. Islamic Fundamentalist Usama Bin Laden Calls on Muslims to Take Up Arms Against America, 1998	359	(7)
7. Reflections on the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001	366	(6)
CHAPTER 9 Subaltern Groups	372	(38)
1. The Arab Women's Court Vows to Resist Violence Against Women, 1995 and 1998	374	(6)
2. Internet Discussion of Marriage and Education for Saudi Women, 1996	380	(4)
3. Grassroots Environmental Movements in Egypt and Turkey, 1997 and 2000	384	(5)
4. The Imazighen (Berbers) of Algeria Decry the Pronouncement of the Country as "Arab," 1998	389	(2)
5. A Kurdish Activist's Letter Appealing to Berna Yilmaz, the Spouse of the Turkish Prime Minister, September 27, 1998	391	(3)
6. Journalist Lilian Liang Discusses Homosexuality in Egypt, 1999	394	(3)
7. Arab and Israeli Soccer Players Discuss Ethnic Relations in Israel, 2000	397	(5)
8. Self-Reflection by the Communist Party of Iran, 2001	402	(8)
CHAPTER 10 The Future of the Middle East and North Africa	410
1. Selection from a Roundtable Discussion of Globalization and Its Impact on Arab Culture, October 26, 2000	411	(5)
2. Lebanese Author Elias Khoury Argues for Democracy, Demilitarization, and Cultural Pluralism in the Middle East and North Africa, 2000	416