The Ancient World | |
The Near East | |
Mesopotamian Protest against Death: Epic of Gilgamesh | |
Mesopotamian Concepts of Justice: Code of Hammurabi | |
Divine Kingship in Egypt: Hymns to the Pharaohs | |
Guidelines for the Ruler | |
Religious Inspiration of Akhenaten: Hymn to Aton | |
Love, Passion, and Misogyny in Ancient Egypt: Love Poetry | |
The Instruction of Ankhsheshonq | |
Empire Builders: the Assyrian Empire, Inscription of Tiglathpileser I | |
The Persian Empire, Inscriptions of Cyrus and Darius I | |
The Myth-Making Outlook of the Ancient Near East: Personification of Natural Objects | |
Lament for Ur, the Gods and Human Destiny | |
The Hebrews | |
Hebrew Cosmogony and Anthropology: Genesis | |
Human Sinfulness: Genesis, the Origins of Sin | |
The Covenant and the Ten Commandments: Exodus, the Covenant | |
Exodus, the Ten Commandments | |
Humaneness of Hebrew Law: Exodus, Crime and Punishment | |
Leviticus, Neighbor and Community | |
Deuteronomy, Judges, Witnesses, and Justice | |
God's Greatness and Human Dignity: Psalm 8 | |
Psalm 104 | |
The Problem of Undeserved Suffering: Job, "[God] destroys both the blameless and the wicked." | |
The Age of Classical Prophecy: Amos and Isaiah, Social Justice | |
Isaiah, Peace and Humanity | |
The Greeks | |
Homer: the Educator of Greece: Homer, the Iliad | |
Lyric Poetry: Sappho, Love, Passion, and Friendship | |
Early Greek Philosophy: the Emancipation of Thought from Myth: Aristotle, Thales of Miletus | |
Anaximander | |
Aristotle, Pythagoras | |
The Expansion of Reason: Hippocrates, the Sacred Disease, the Separation of Medicine from Myth | |
Thucydides, Method of Historical Inquiry | |
Critias, Religion as a Human Invention | |
Humanism: Pindar, the Pursuit of Excellence | |
Sophocles, Lauding Human Talents | |
The Persian Wars: Herodotus, the Histories | |
Greek Drama: Sophocles, Antigone | |
Athenian Greatness: Thucydides, the Funeral Oration of Pericles | |
The Status of Women in Classical Greek Society: Euripides, Medea | |
Aristophanes, Lysistrata | |
The Peloponnesian War: Thucydides, the Melian Dialogue and the Revolution at Corcyra | |
Socrates: the Rational Individual: Plato, the Apology | |
Plato: the Philosopher-King: Plato, the Republic | |
Aristotle: Science, Politics, and Ethics: Aristotle, History of Animals, Politics, and Nicomachean Ethics | |
Hellenistic Culture: Universalism and Individualism: Plutarch, Cultural Fusion | |
Epicurus, Self-Sufficiency | |
Greek Culture and the Jews in the Hellenistic Age: First Book of Maccabees, Jewish Resistance to Forced Hellenization | |
Philo of Alexandria, Appreciation of Greek Culture and Synthesis of Reason and Revelation | |
The Roman Republic | |
Rome's March to World Empire: Polybius, the Roman Army | |
The Punic Wars: Livy, the Second Punic War: the Threat from Hannibal | |
Appian of Alexandria, the Third Punic War: the Destruction of Carthage | |
The Spread of Greek Philosophy to Rome: Lucretius, Denunciation of Religion | |
Cicero, Advocate of Stoicism | |
Cato the Elder, Hostility to Greek Philosophy | |
Roman Slavery: Diodorus Siculus, Slaves: Torment and Revolt | |
Appian of Alexandria, the Revolt of Spartacus | |
Women in Republican Society: Quintus Lucretius Vespillo, a Funeral Eulogy for a Roman Wife | |
The Decline of the Republic: Plutarch, Tiberius Gracchus | |
Cicero, Justifying Caesar's Assassination | |
Velleius Paterculus, the Triumph of Octavian | |
Sallust, Moral Deterioration | |
The Roman Empire | |
The Imperial Office: Augustus, the Achievements of the Divine Augustus | |
Tacitus, the Imposition of One-Man Rule | |
Imperial Culture: Virgil, the Aeneid | |
Ovid, the Art of Love | |
Juvenal, the Satires | |
Roman Stoicism: Seneca, the Moral Epistles | |
Marcus Aurelius, Meditations | |
Roman Law: Justinian, Corpus Iurius Civilis | |
Provincial Administration: Correspondence between Pliny the Younger and Emperor Trajan | |
The Roman Peace: Aelius Aristides, the Roman Oration, the Blessings of the Pax Romana | |
Tacitus, the Other Side of the Pax Romana | |
Third-Century Crisis: Dio Cassius, Caracalla's Extortions | |
Petition to Emperor Phillip | |
Herodian, Extortions of Maximinus | |
The Demise of Rome: Ammianus Marcellinus, the Battle of Adrianople | |
Salvian, Political and Social Injustice | |
Saint Jerome, the Fate of Rome | |
Pope Gregory I, the End of Roman Glory | |
Early Christianity | |
The Teachings of Jesus: the Gospel According to Saint Mark | |
The Gospel According to Saint Matthew | |
The Dead Sea Scrolls: the Qumran Community, the Community Rule | |
Christianity and Greco-Roman Learning: Tertullian, What Has Jerusalem to Do with Athens? | |
Clement of Alexandria, in Defense of Greek Learning | |
Saint Augustine, Appropriating Pagan Learning and Institutions for Christian Ends | |
The Persecutions: Persecutions at Lyons and Vienne | |
Monastic Life: Saint Jerome, the Agony of Solitude in the Desert | |
Cassian of Marseilles, On the Dangers and Fruits of Solitude | |
Saint Benedict of Nursia, the Benedictine Rule | |
Christianity and Society: Lactantius, Acquisitiveness as the Source of Evil | |
Saint Benedict of Nursia, the Christian Way of Life | |
The Apostle Paul, the Submissive Role of Women | |
Jews in the Era of Early Christianity: Saint John Chrysostom, Christian Demonization of Jews | |
Rabbinic Judaism: Ethical Concerns | |
Church and State: Pope Gelasius I, Letter to Emperor Anastasius | |
The Christian World-View: Saint Augustine, the City of God | |
The Middle Ages | |
The Early Middle Ages | |
The Byzantine Cultural Achievement: Theophylact Simocattes, the Value of Reason and History | |
Islam: the Koran | |
Muslim Relations with Christians and Jews: Legal Texts and Decrees: Restrictions on Dhimmis | |
Jihad: Sayings Attributed to the Prophet: Ibn Taymiyyah, the Religious and Moral Doctrine of Jihad | |
Islam and Greek Learning: Avicenna, Love of Learning | |
Converting the Germanic Peoples to Christianity: Bede, History of the English Church and People | |
Einhard, Forcible Conversion under Charlemagne | |
Martin of Braga, the Persistence of Paganism in the Countryside | |
The Transmission of Learning: Cassiodorus, the Monk as Scribe | |
The Carolingian Renaissance: Einhard, Charlemagne's Appreciation of Learning | |
Charlemagne, An Injunction to Monasteries to Cultivate Letters | |
The Feudal Lord: Vassal and Warrior: Galbert of Bruges, Commendation and the Oath of Fealty | |
Bishop Fulbert of Chartres, Obligations of Lords and Vassals | |
Bertran de Born, in Praise of Combat | |
The Burdens of Serfdom: Bishop Adalbero of Laon, the Tripartite Society | |
Ralph Glaber, Monk of Cluny, Famine | |
William of Jumi?ges and Wace, Failed Rebellion | |
The High and Late Middle Ages | |
The Revival of Trade and the Growth of Towns: How to Succeed in Business | |
Ordinances of the Guild Merchant of Southampton | |
Alliance of German Towns to Protect Merchants, 1253 | |
Papal Supremacy: Pope Gregory VII, the Dictatus Papae | |
Pope Innocent III, "Royal Power Derives Its Dignity from the Pontifical Authority." | |
The Crusades: Robert the Monk, Appeal of Urban II to the Franks | |
William of Tyre, the Capture of Jerusalem | |
James of Vitry, "The Remission of Sins and the Reward of Eternal Life." | |
Religious Dissent: Thomas Aquinas, Death for Unrepentant Heretics | |
Bernard Gui, the Waldensian Teachings | |
Medieval Learning: Synthesis of Reason and Christian Faith: Adelard of Bath, a Questioning Spirit | |
Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica | |
Medieval Universities: Geoffrey Chaucer, an Oxford Cleric | |
Student Letters | |
A Wandering Scholar, "In the Tavern Let Me Die." | |
The Jews in the Middle Ages: Albert of Aix-la-Chapelle, Massacre of the Jews of Mainz | |
A Decree by Pope Innocent III | |
The Libel of Ritual Murder | |
Philip II Augustus, Expulsion of the Jews from France | |
Maimonides, Jewish Learning | |
Troubadour Love Songs: Love as Joyous, Painful, and Humorous | |
The Status of Women in Medieval Society: Jacopone da Todi, Praise of the Virgin Mary, "O Thou Mother, Fount of Love" | |
Christine de Pisan, the City of Ladies | |
A Merchant of Paris, On Love and Marriage | |
Sexual Nonconformity: Satan's Lures: Robert of Flamborough, Prohibition of Sexual Sins | |
Peter Damian, Condemnation of Homosexuality | |
Medieval Contributions to the Tradition of Liberty: John of Salisbury, Policraticus, a Defense of Tyrannicide | |
Magna Carta | |
The Fourteenth Century: An Age of Adversity: Jean de Venette, the Black Death | |
Sir John Froissart, the Peasant Revolt of 1381 | |
John Wycliffe, Concerning the Pope's Power | |
Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay, Exterminating the Cathars | |
Marsilius of Padua, Attack on the Worldly Power of the Church | |
The Medieval World-View: Lothario dei Segni (Pope Innocent III), On the Misery of the Human Condition | |
The Vanity of This World | |
Dante Alighieri, the Divine Comedy | |
Early Modern Europe | |
The Renaissance | |
The Humanists' Fascination with Antiquity: Petrarch, the Father of Humanism | |
Leonardo Bruni, Study of Greek Literature and a Humanist Educational Program | |
Petrus Paulus Vergerius, the Importance of Liberal Studies | |
Human Dignity: Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man | |
Break with Medieval Political Theory: Niccol? Machiavelli, the Prince | |
The Ideal Gentleman: Baldassare Castiglione, the Book of the Courtier | |
Renaissance Art and Science: Leonardo da Vinci, Observation and Mathematical Perspective | |
Leonardo on His Own Genius | |
The Spread of the Renaissance: Fran?ois Rabelais, Celebration of the Worldly Life | |
William Shakespeare, Human Nature and the Human Condition | |
The Reformation | |
A Catholic Critic of the Church: Desiderius Erasmus, in Praise of Folly | |
The Lutheran Reformation: Martin Luther, On Papal Power, Justification by Faith, the Interpretation of the Bible, and the Nature of the Clergy | |
Ulrich von Hutten, Resentment of Rome | |
The German Peasants' Revolt: Anonymous, to the Assembly of the Common Peasantry | |
Martin Luther, Against the Peasants | |
Luther and the Jews: Martin Luther, On the Jews and Their Lies | |
The Calvinist Reformation: John Calvin, the Institutes of the Christian Religion | |
The Catholic Response to Protestantism: Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent | |
Religious Persecution: Chronicle of King Francis I, Burning of Protestants in Paris | |
The Persecution of Anabaptists: the Examination of Elizabeth Dirks | |
Menno Simons, An Anabaptist Rejection of the Use of Force | |
Early Modern Society and Politics | |
The Age of Exploration and Conquest: Bernal D?az del Castillo, the Discovery and Conquest of Mexico | |
Spanish Oppression of Amerindians: Juan Lopez de Palacios Rubios, Justifying Spanish Domination of Amerindians | |
Bartolom? de las Casas, the Tears of the Indians | |
Toward the Modern Economy: the Example of Holland: William Carr, the Dutch East India Company | |
The Jews of Spain and Portugal: Expulsion, Forced Conversion, Inquisition: Proceedings of the Spanish Inquisition: the Torture of Elvira del Campo | |
Dami?o de Gois, the Forced Conversion of Portuguese Jews | |
The Atlantic Slave Trade: Seventeenth-Century Slave Traders, Buying and Transporting Africans | |
Malachy Postlethwayt, Slavery Defended | |
John Wesley, Thoughts Upon Slavery | |
Olaudah Equiano, Memoirs of a Former Slave | |
The Witch Craze: Jakob Sprenger and Heinrich Kr?mer, the Hammer of Witches | |
Johannes Junius, a Confession of Witchcraft Explained | |
Nicholas Malebranche, Search After Truth | |
The Court of Louis XIV: Duc de Saint-Simon, An Assessment of Louis XIV | |
Liselotte von der Pfalz (Elizabeth Charlotte d'Orleans), a Sketch of Court Life | |
Justification of Absolute Monarchy by Divine Right: Bishop Jacques-Benigne Bossuet, Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture | |
A Secular Defense of Absolutism: Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan | |
The Triumph of Constitutional Monarchy in England: the Glorious Revolution: the English Declaration of Rights | |
The Scientific Revolution | |
The Copernican Revolution: Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres | |
Cardinal Bellarmine, Attack on the Copernican Theory | |
Galileo: Confirming the Copernican System: Galileo Galilei, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina and Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems--Ptolemaic and Copernican | |
Galileo Before the Inquisition | |
Prophet of Modern Science: Francis Bacon, Attack on Authority and Advocacy of Experimental Science | |
The Circulation of the Blood: Validating the Empirical Method: William Harvey, the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals | |
The Autonomy of the Mind: Ren? Descartes, Discourse on Method | |
The Mechanical Universe: Isaac Newton, Principia Mathematica | |
The Enlightenment | |
The Enlightenment Outlook: Immanuel Kant, What is Enlightenment? | |
Political Liberty: John Locke, Second Treatise on Government | |
Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence | |
Attack on Religion: Voltaire, a Plea for Tolerance and Reason | |
Thomas Paine, the Age of Reason | |
Baron d'Holbach, Good Sense | |
Epistemology and Education: John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding | |
Claude Helv?tius, Essays on the Mind and a Treatise on Man | |
Compendium of Knowledge: Denis Diderot, Encyclopedia | |
Rousseau: Political Reform: Jean Jacques Rousseau, the Social Contract | |
Humanitarianism: Caesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments | |
John Howard, Prisons in England and Wales | |
Denis Diderot, Encyclopedia "Men and Their Liberty are Not Objects of Commerce?" | |
Marquis de Condorcet, the Evils of Slavery | |
Literature as Satire: Critiques of European Society: Voltaire, Candide | |
Denis Diderot, Supplement to the Voyage of Bougainville | |
Montesquieu, the Persian Letters | |
On the Progress of Humanity: Marquis de Condorcet, Progress of the Human Mind | |
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