Statistics For Evidence-Based Practice And Evaluation

by Rubin, Allen

• ISBN13: 9780495005834
• ISBN10: 0495005835
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-27
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

Learn statistics the easy way with STATISTICS FOR EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE AND EVALUATION! Easy-to-read and practical, this social work text provides you with a step-by-step guide that will help you succeed in statistics. Studying is made easy with practice illustrations, examples, exercises, and a book-specific website that contains frequently asked questions, tutorial quizzes, and links to online resources. Practical examples provide you with the opportunity to see how and when data analysis and statistics are used in practice.

Table of Contents

PART 1 Introduction and Data Management	1	(22)
Why Study Statistics?	2	(11)
Introduction	3	(1)
Statistics in Evidence-Based Practice	3	(3)
Plan of this Book	6	(1)
Levels of Measurement	7	(3)
Nominal Measures	7	(1)
Ordinal Measures	8	(1)
Interval Measures	8	(1)
Ratio Measures	8	(1)
Altering a Variable's Level of Measurement	8	(2)
Main Points	10	(1)
Review Questions and Exercises	11	(1)
Info Trac Exercises	12	(1)
Preparing Data for Analysis	13	(10)
Introduction	14	(1)
Coding with Different Levels of Measurement	14	(1)
Coding Open-Ended Data	15	(3)
Codebook Construction	18	(1)
Data Entry	19	(1)
Data Cleaning	20	(1)
Main Points	20	(1)
Review Questions and Exercises	21	(1)
Info Trac Exercise	22	(1)
PART 2 Descriptive Statistics	23	(60)
Frequency Distributions	24	(11)
Introduction	25	(1)
Types of Frequency Distributions	25	(6)
Absolute Frequencies	25	(3)
Relative Frequencies	28	(1)
Cumulative Frequencies	28	(1)
Grouped Frequency Distributions	29	(2)
Misleading Percentages	31	(1)
Main Points	32	(1)
Review Questions and Exercises	32	(2)
Info Trac Exercises	34	(1)
Graphs and Charts	35	(8)
Introduction	36	(1)
Bar Graphs	36	(1)
Pie Charts	37	(1)
Histograms	37	(1)
Frequency Polygons	38	(1)
Line Graphs Showing Trends Over Time	38	(2)
Misleading Graphics	40	(1)
Main Points	40	(1)
Review Questions and Exercises	41	(1)
Info Trac Exercises	42	(1)
Measures of Central Tendency	43	(10)
Introduction	44	(1)
The Mean	44	(3)
The Median	47	(1)
The Influence of Extreme Values	48	(1)
The Mode	48	(2)
Selecting a Measure of Central Tendency	50	(1)
Main Points	51	(1)
Review Questions and Exercises	52	(1)
Info Trac Exercise	52	(1)
Measures of Dispersion	53	(10)
Introduction	54	(1)
The Range	54	(1)
The Interquartile Range	55	(1)
The Variance	56	(1)
The Standard Deviation	57	(3)
Putting it all Together	60	(1)
Main Points	61	(1)
Review Questions and Exercises	62	(1)
Info Trac Exercises	62	(1)
Normal Distributions	63	(9)
Introduction	64	(1)
Skewed Distributions	64	(1)
Normal Distributions	64	(3)
Kurtosis	67	(1)
Some Clarification	68	(1)
Bimodal Distributions	69	(1)
Main Points	70	(1)
Review Questions and Exercises	70	(1)
Info Trac Exercise	71	(1)
z-Scores, Percentiles, and Effect Size	72	(11)
Introduction	73	(1)
Calculating z-Scores	73	(1)
Practical Uses of z-Scores	74	(1)
Using a z-Score Table	74	(1)
Some Practice Examples	75	(1)
Positive and Negative z-Score Percentiles	75	(2)
Some Negative z-Scores can be Positive!	77	(1)
Effect Size	78	(2)
Practical Use of Effect Size Statistics	79	(1)
Main Points	80	(1)
Review Questions and Exercises	81	(1)
Info Trac Exercises	82	(1)
PART 3 Inferential Statistics	83	(149)
Probability and Sampling Distributions	84	(14)
Introduction	85	(1)
Chance (Sampling Error)	85	(1)
Probability	86	(3)
Theoretical Sampling Distributions	89	(6)
The Standard Error	91	(1)
Confidence Intervals for Estimating Population Parameters	92	(1)
Estimating Confidence Intervals Involving Proportions	93	(1)
Practical Use	94	(1)
Main Points	95	(1)
Review Questions and Exercises	96	(1)
Info Trac Exercises	97	(1)
Hypothesis Testing and Statistical Significance	98	(13)
Introduction	99	(1)
Theoretical Sampling Distributions in Hypothesis Testing	99	(2)
The Null Hypothesis	101	(1)
Can We Confirm the Null Hypothesis?	102	(1)
One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests of Statistical Significance	103	(5)
Main Points	108	(1)
Review Questions and Exercises	109	(1)
Info Trac Exercises	110	(1)
Type I and Type II Errors and Significance Levels	111	(9)
Introduction	112	(1)
Type I Errors	112	(1)
Type II Errors	113	(1)
Which Type of Error is More Serious?	114	(1)
Selecting a Significance Level	115	(1)
The Influence of Sample Size	116	(2)
Main Points	118	(1)
Review Questions and Exercises	118	(1)
Info Trac Exercises	119	(1)
The t-Test	120	(17)
Introduction	121	(1)
The t-Test	121	(11)
Calculating the t-Score	125	(1)
The Independent-Samples t-Test	125	(3)
The Paired-Samples t-Test	128	(1)
The One-Sample t-Test	129	(3)
A Common Mistake	132	(1)
Independent-Samples t-Test with Change Scores	133	(1)
Main Points	134	(1)
Review Questions and Exercises	135	(1)
Info Trac Exercise	136	(1)
Analysis of Variance	137	(11)
Introduction	138	(2)
An Illustration of Anova	138	(1)
Post Hoc Tests	139	(1)
Analysis of Covariance (Ancova)	140	(3)
Two-Factor Analysis of Variance	143	(1)
Multivariate Analysis of Variance (Manova)	144	(1)
Main Points	145	(1)
Review Questions and Exercises	146	(1)
Info Trac Exercises	147	(1)
Cross-Tabulation and Chi-Square	148	(15)
Introduction	149	(1)
Two-by-Two Cross-Tabulation Tables	149	(1)
Calculating Chi-Square	150	(2)
Tables with More Than Two Rows or Columns	152	(3)
The Goodness-of-Fit Test	155	(1)
The Median Test	155	(6)
Main Points	161	(1)
Review Questions and Exercises	161	(1)
Info Trac Exercise	162	(1)
Correlation	163	(21)
Introduction	164	(1)
Correlation Coefficients	164	(1)
Scatterplots	165	(4)
Curvilinear Correlation	169	(1)
Why Would a Practitioner Want to Look at Scatterplots and Correlations?	170	(1)
Computing the Correlation Coefficient	170	(4)
Correlation Coefficients for Nominal Data	174	(2)
Testing the Statistical Significance of Correlation Coefficients	176	(1)
Some Cautions to Remember About Correlation	176	(4)
Linearity and Other Assumptions	178	(1)
Handling Outliers	178	(1)
Can a Correlation Ever be too Strong?	178	(1)
Correlation Does Not Prove Causation	179	(1)
Main Points	180	(1)
Review Questions and Exercises	181	(2)
Info Trac Exercise	183	(1)
Interpreting the Strength and Importance of Relationships	184	(16)
Introduction	185	(1)
Coefficient of Determination	185	(2)
Effect Size	187	(2)
How Strong is ``Strong''?	189	(1)
Substantive (Practical) Significance	189	(2)
Clinical Significance	191	(2)
Statistical Power Analysis	193	(3)
Main Points	196	(1)
Review Questions and Exercises	197	(1)
Info Trac Exercises	198	(2)
Regression Analysis	200	(20)
Introduction	201	(1)
The Regression Equation	201	(5)
More on the Meaning of Slope	203	(2)
Additional Illustration of the Utility of Regression Analysis in Evidence-Based Practice	205	(1)
Multiple Correlation	206	(5)
Multiple and Partial Correlation	207	(2)
Partial r	209	(1)
Multicollinearity	209	(1)
Multiple R	210	(1)
Multiple Regression	211	(5)
Multiple Regression Equation	211	(1)
Standardized Beta	211	(1)
Alternative Methods for Including Variables in Multiple Regression	212	(3)
Assumptions of Multiple Regression Analysis	215	(1)
Main Points	216	(1)
Review Questions and Exercises	217	(2)
Info Trac Exercises	219	(1)
Applications to Single-system Evaluation Designs	220	(12)
Introduction	221	(1)
Visual Analysis	221	(1)
Effect Size	221	(1)
Statistical Significance	222	(5)
t-Test	222	(1)
Two-Standard-Deviation Procedure	222	(1)
X-Moving Range-Three-Standard-Deviation Method	223	(1)
Autocorrelation	223	(2)
Pronounced Trends	225	(1)
Proportion-Frequency Procedure	226	(1)
Main Points	227	(3)
Review Questions and Exercises	230	(1)
Info Trac Exercises	231	(1)
Appendix A REVIEW OF KEY RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCEPTS AND TERMS	232	(5)
Introduction	233	(1)
The Research Process	233	(1)
Conceptual Elements of Quantitative Research Studies	233	(1)
Key Measurement Concepts	234	(1)
Key Sampling Concepts	235	(1)
Key Concepts in Designs for Evaluating Programs and Practice	235	(2)
Appendix B REVIEW OF SOME MATH BASICS	237	(4)
Introduction	238	(1)
Positive and Negative Signs	238	(1)
Addition	238	(1)
Subtraction	238	(1)
Multiplication	238	(1)
Division	239	(1)
Proportions and Percentages	239	(1)
Calculating Increases or Decreases in Terms of Proportions or Percentages	239	(1)
Adding and Subtracting Proportions	239	(1)
Multiplying Proportions and Percentages	240	(1)
Dividing Proportions	240	(1)
Squares and Square Roots	240	(1)
Appendix C STATISTICAL SYMBOLS	241	(1)
Appendix D ADDITIONAL MULTIVARIATE PROCEDURES: A CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW	242	(10)
Introduction	243	(1)
Discriminant Analysis	243	(1)
Logistic Regression	244	(1)
Event History Analysis (Survival Analysis)	245	(2)
Path Analysis	247	(2)
Factor Analysis	249	(3)
Appendix E ADDITIONAL NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS	252	(5)
Introduction	253	(1)
Comparing Two or More Independent Groups with Nominal-Level Data	253	(1)
Comparing Two or More Independent Groups with Severely Skewed Ordinal-, Interval-, or Ratio-Level Data	253	(1)
Comparing Two Related Groups with Nominal-Level Data	253	(1)
Comparing Two Related Groups with Ordinal-Level Data	254	(1)
Comparing Two Independent Groups with Ordinal-Level Data	254	(1)
Comparing More Than Two Independent Groups with Ordinal-Level Data	255	(1)
Correlation with Skewed Interval or Ratio Data or between Two Ordinal Variables	255	(2)
Appendix F HYPOTHETICAL DATA SET FOR SPSS	257	(3)
Appendix G SPSS INSTRUCTIONS AND EXERCISES	260	(18)
Introduction	261	(1)
Getting Started (See Chapter 2)	261	(2)
SPSS Exercise on Getting Started	263	(1)
Using Spss to Create Frequency Distributions (Chapter 3)	263	(1)
Using Spss to Create Grouped Frequency Distributions (Chapter 3)	264	(1)
Spss Exercises on Frequency Distributions (Chapter 3)	265	(1)
Using Spss to Create Graphs (Chapter 4)	265	(1)
Spss Exercises on Graphs and Charts (Chapter 4)	266	(1)
Using Spss to Calculate Measures of Central Tendency (Chapter 5)	266	(1)
Spss Exercise on Central Tendency (Chapter 5)	266	(1)
Using Spss to Calculate Measures of Dispersion (Chapter 6)	266	(1)
SPSS Exercise on Calculating Measures of Dispersion (Chapter 6)	267	(1)
Using SPSS to Calculate Measures of Kurtosis and Skewness (Chapter 7)	267	(1)
SPSS Exercise on Calculating Measures of Kurtosis and Skewness (Chapter 7)	267	(1)
Using SPSS to Calculate z-Scores (Chapter 8)	267	(1)
SPSS Exercise to Calculate z-Scores (Chapter 8)	268	(1)
Using SPSS to Calculate t-Tests (Chapter 12)	268	(1)
SPSS t-Test Exercises	269	(1)
Using the Compute Procedure in SPSS to Create Change Scores (Chapter 12)	269	(1)
Using SPSS to Conduct a One-Way Anova (Chapter 13)	270	(1)
SPSS Exercise for a One-Way Anova	271	(1)
Using SPSS to Conduct an Ancova (Chapter 13)	271	(1)
SPSS Exercise for Ancova	272	(1)
Using SPSS to Conduct a Two-Factor Anova (Chapter 13)	272	(1)
Using SPSS to Calculate Chi-Square (Chapter 14)	272	(2)
SPSS Exercises for Chapter 14	274	(1)
Using SPSS to Calculate Correlation Coefficients and Scatterplots (Chapter 15)	274	(2)
Eta	275	(1)
Phi or Cramer's V	275	(1)
SPSS Exercises for Correlation and Scatterplots (Chapter 15)	275	(1)
Using SPSS to Obtain a Regression Line and Calculate the Regression Equation (Chapter 17)	276	(1)
SPSS Exercise for a Bivariate Regression Analysis	276	(1)
Using SPSS for Multiple Regression and Multiple Correlation (Chapter 17)	276	(2)
SPSS Exercise on Multiple Regression (Chapter 17)	277	(1)
Answers to Selected Review Questions	278	(10)
Glossary	288	(8)
References	296	(1)
Index	297