Statistics for People Who (Think They) Hate Statistics; The Excel Edition

by Salkind, Neil

ISBN13:

9781412924825

ISBN10:

1412924820

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

7/14/2006

Publisher(s):

Sage Publications, Inc

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Summary

Derived from his bestselling text Statistics for People Who (Think They) Hate Statistics , author Neil J. Salkind presents readers with The Excel Edition ! Using the same personable and clear style that made previous editions so successful, this new edition teaches students how they can use Excel to learn the basics of statistics. This is not a text on how to use Excel, rather it illustrates how this program can make the statistics learning experience a better one. Key Features: Applies Excel to statistical techniques: Introductory chapters present Excel as an accessible tool for statistical analyses. Students are shown how to install the free Excel Analysis ToolPak to earn access to a host of new and very useful analytical techniques such as ANOVA, Correlation, Covariance, Moving Averages, Regression, and more. In addition, other Excel formulae illustrate reliability, goodness-of-fit, and Chi-square. Offers an unhurried pace and thorough presentation: Using a non-intimidating, user-friendly style, this book walks students through various statistical procedures, beginning with correlations and graphical representation of data and ending with inferential techniques and analysis of variance. Real-world examples from a variety of settings illustrate the utility of statistics and reinforce concepts introduced. Provides valuable teaching tools: Pedagogical features help present an often intimidating and difficult subject in a way that is informative, engaging, and clear. These tools include icons, tip boxes, further readings, a glossary, the famous "Difficulty Rating Scale" and "Top Ten" lists, and much more! In addition, an extensive Excel functionality is located at the back of the book. Instructor's Resources! Instructor Resources on CD are available to qualified adopters of The Excel Edition. These resources include sample syllabi, data sets, chapter overviews and objectives, chapter outlines, PowerPoint slides, discussion questions and class activities, additional resources, test items per chapter, and much more! Intended Audience: This is an excellent textbook for undergraduate and graduate students studying statistics in courses such as Introduction to Statistics, Statistics Using Excel, Data Analysis, and Research Methods. It is ideal for courses in which Excel is the primary statistical package discussed.

A Note to the Student Why I Wrote this Book

xvi

Acknowledgments

xviii

PART I Yippee! I'm in Statistics

(38)

Statistics or Sadistics? It's Up to You

(14)

Why Statistics?

(1)

And Why Excel?

(1)

A Five-Minute History of Statistics

(2)

Statistics: What It Is (and Isn't)

(3)

What Are Descriptive Statistics?

(1)

What Are Inferential Statistics?

(1)

In Other Words . . .

(1)

Tooling Around With the Analysis ToolPak

(1)

What Am I Doing in a Statistics Class?

(2)

Ten Ways to Use This Book (and Learn Statistics at the Same Time!)

(2)

About Those Icons

(1)

Key to Difficulty Icons

(1)

Key to ``How Much Excel'' Icons

(1)

Glossary

(2)

Summary

(1)

Time to Practice

(2)

All You Need to Know About Formulas and Functions

(16)

What's a Formula?

(4)

Creating a Formula

(2)

Operator, Operator---Get Me a Formula!

(1)

Beware the Parentheses

(1)

What's a Function?

(12)

Using a Function

(5)

Using Functions in Formulas

(1)

We're Taking Names: Naming Ranges

(1)

Using Ranges

(1)

Summary

(1)

Time to Practice

(1)

Answers to Practice Questions

(2)

All You Need to Know About Using the Amazing Data Analysis ToolPak

(4)

A Look at a Data Analysis Tool

(1)

Don't Have It?

(2)

PART II Σigma Freud and Descriptive Statistics

(96)

Computing and Understanding Averages: Means to an End

(25)

Computing the Mean

(3)

And Now . . . Using Excel's Average Function

(2)

Things to Remember

(3)

Computing a Weighted Mean

(2)

Computing the Median

(5)

And Now . . . Using Excel's Median Function

(3)

Things to Remember

(1)

Computing the Mode

(3)

And Now . . . Using Excel's Mode Function

(2)

Apple Pie a la Bimodal

(1)

Using the Amazing Analysis ToolPak to Compute Descriptive Statistics

(5)

Make the Analysis ToolPak Output Pretty

(1)

When to Use What

(5)

Summary

(1)

Time to Practice

(1)

Answers to Practice Questions

(3)

Vive la Difference: Understanding Variability

(16)

Why Understanding Variability Is Important

(1)

Computing the Range

(1)

Computing the Standard Deviation

(7)

And Now . . . Using Excel's STDEV Function

(3)

Why n -- I? What's Wrong With Just n?

(1)

What's the Big Deal?

(1)

Things to Remember

(1)

Computing the Variance

(3)

And Now . . . Using Excel's VAR Function

(1)

The Standard Deviation Versus the Variance

(1)

Using the Amazing Analysis ToolPak (AGAIN!)

(4)

Summary

(1)

Time to Practice

(1)

Answers to Practice Questions

(3)

A Picture Really Is Worth a Thousand Words

(28)

Why Illustrate Data?

(1)

Ten Ways to a Great Figure (Eat Less and Exercise More?)

(1)

First Things First: Creating a Frequency Distribution

(2)

The Classiest of Intervals

(1)

The Plot Thickens: Creating a Histogram

(10)

The Tally-Ho Method

(1)

Using the Amazing Analysis ToolPak to Create a Histogram

(5)

The Next Step: A Frequency Polygon

(1)

Cumulating Frequencies

(2)

Fat and Skinny Frequency Distributions

(4)

Average Value

(1)

Variability

(1)

Skewness

(1)

Kurtosis

(2)

Excellent Charts

100

(4)

Your First Excel Chart: A Moment to Remember

101

(3)

Excellent Charts Part Deux: Making Charts Pretty

104

(1)

Other Cool Charts

105

(5)

Bar Charts

106

(1)

Lines Charts

106

(1)

Pie Charts

107

(1)

Summary

107

(1)

Time to Practice

108

(1)

Answers to Practice Questions

108

(2)

Ice Cream and Crime: Computing Correlation Coefficients

110

(25)

What Are Correlations All About?

110

(2)

Types of Correlation Coefficients: Flavor 1 and Flavor 2

111

(1)

Things to Remember

112

(2)

Computing a Simple Correlation Coefficient

114

(9)

And Now . . . Using Excel's Correl Function

116

(1)

A Visual Picture of a Correlation: The Scatterplot

117

(4)

Using Excel to Create a Scatterplot

121

(1)

Bunches of Correlations: The Correlation Matrix

122

(1)

More Excel---Bunches of Correlations a la Excel

123

(1)

Using the Amazing Analysis ToolPak to Compute Correlations

124

(2)

Understanding What the Correlation Coefficient Means

126

(3)

Using-Your-Thumb Rule

126

(1)

A Determined Effort: Squaring the Correlation Coefficient

127

(2)

As More Ice Cream Is Eaten . . . the Crime Rate Goes Up (or Association Versus Causality)

129

(1)

Other Cool Correlations

130

(5)

Summary

131

(1)

Time to Practice

132

(1)

Answers to Practice Questions

133

(2)

PART III Taking Chances for Fun and Profit

135

(38)

Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions

137

(14)

So You Want to Be a Scientist

137

(2)

Samples and Populations

138

(1)

The Null Hypothesis

139

(2)

The Purposes of the Null Hypothesis

140

(1)

The Research Hypothesis

141

(5)

The Nondirectional Research Hypothesis

142

(1)

The Directional Research Hypothesis

143

(2)

Some Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis

145

(1)

What Makes a Good Hypothesis?

146

(5)

Summary

149

(1)

Time to Practice

149

(1)

Answers to Practice Questions

149

(2)

Are Your Curves Normal? Probability and Why It Counts

151

(22)

Why Probability?

151

(1)

The Normal Curve (a.k.a. the Bell-Shaped Curve)

152

(7)

Hey, That's Not Normal!

153

(2)

More Normal Curve 101

155

(4)

Our Favorite Standard Score: The z Score

159

(14)

Using Excel to Compute z Scores

161

(3)

What z Scores Represent

164

(4)

What z Scores Really Represent

168

(1)

Hypothesis Testing and z Scores: The First Step

169

(1)

Summary

170

(1)

Time to Practice

170

(1)

Answers to Practice Questions

171

(2)

PART IV Significantly Different: Using Inferential Statistics

173

(164)

Significantly Significant: What It Means for You and Me

175

(17)

The Concept of Significance

175

(7)

If Only We Were Perfect

176

(2)

The World's Most Important Table (for This Semester Only)

178

(1)

More About Table 8.1

179

(1)

Back to Type I Errors

180

(2)

Significance Versus Meaningfulness

182

(2)

An Introduction to Inferential Statistics

184

(3)

How Inference Works

184

(1)

How to Select What Test to Use

185

(2)

Here's How to Use the Chart

187

(1)

An Introduction to Tests of Significance

187

(5)

How a Test of Significance Works: The Plan

188

(1)

Here's the Picture That's Worth a Thousand Words

189

(2)

Summary

191

(1)

Time to Practice

191

(1)

Answers to Practice Questions

191

(1)

t(ea) for Two: Tests Between the Means of Different Groups

192

(19)

Introduction to the t Test for Independent Samples

192

(3)

The Path to Wisdom and Knowledge

193

(2)

Computing the Test Statistic

195

(7)

So How Do I Interpret t(58) = -.14, p > .05?

199

(1)

And Now . . . Using Excel's TTEST Function

200

(2)

Using the Amazing Data Analysis ToolPak to Compute the t Value

202

(3)

Special Effects: Are Those Differences for Real?

205

(4)

Computing and Understanding the Effect Size

206

(2)

A Very Cool Effect Size Calculator

208

(1)

Summary

209

(1)

Time to Practice

209

(1)

Answers to Practice Questions

209

(2)

t(ea) for Two (Again): Tests Between the Means of Related Groups

211

(14)

Introduction to the t Test for Dependent Samples

211

(3)

The Path to Wisdom and Knowledge

212

(2)

Computing the Test Statistic

214

(6)

So How Do I Interpret t(24) = 2.45, p < .05?

217

(1)

And Now . . . Using Excel's TTEST Function

218

(2)

Using the Amazing Data Analysis ToolPak to Compute the t Value

220

(3)

Summary

223

(1)

Time to Practice

223

(1)

Answers to Practice Questions

224

(1)

Two Groups Too Many? Try Analysis of Variance

225

(19)

Introduction to Analysis of Variance

225

(4)

The Path to Wisdom and Knowledge

226

(1)

Different Flavors of Anova

226

(3)

Computing the F Test Statistic

229

(8)

So How Do I Interpret F(2.27) = 8.80. p < .05?

236

(1)

And Now . . . Using Excel's FDIST and FTEST Functions

237

(1)

Using the Amazing Data Analysis ToolPak to Compute the F Value

237

(7)

Summary

240

(1)

Time to Practice

240

(2)

Answers to Practice Questions

242

(2)

Two Too Many Factors: Factorial Analysis of Variance: A Brief Introduction

244

(15)

Introduction to Factorial Analysis of Variance

244

(5)

Two Flavors of Factorial Anova

245

(1)

The Path to Wisdom and Knowledge

246

(1)

A New Flavor of Anova

247

(2)

The Main Event: Main Effects in Factorial Anova

249

(2)

Even More Interesting: Interaction Effects

251

(2)

Computing the Anova F Statistic Using the Amazing Data Analysis ToolPak

253

(6)

Summary

257

(1)

Time to Practice

257

(1)

Answers to Practice Questions

257

(2)

Cousins or Just Good Friends? Testing Relationships Using the Correlation Coefficient

259

(11)

Introduction to Testing the Correlation Coefficient

259

(1)

The Path to Wisdom and Knowledge

260

(1)

Computing the Test Statistic

260

(10)

So How Do I Interpret r(27) = .393, p < .05?

265

(1)

Causes and Associations (Again!)

266

(1)

Significance Versus Meaningfulness (Again, Again!)

267

(1)

Summary

267

(1)

Time to Practice

267

(1)

Answers to Practice Questions

268

(2)

Predicting Who'll Win the Super Bowl: Using Linear Regression

270

(19)

What Is Prediction All About?

270

(1)

The Logic of Prediction

271

(4)

Drawing the World's Best Line (for Your Data)

275

(8)

And Now . . . Using Excel's Slope Function

278

(2)

And Now . . . Using Excel's Intercept Function

280

(3)

How Good Is Our Prediction?

283

(1)

The More Predictors the Better? Maybe

284

(5)

The Big Rule When It Comes to Using Multiple Predictor Variables

285

(1)

Summary

286

(1)

Time to Practice

286

(1)

Answers to Practice Questions

287

(2)

What to Do When You're Not Normal: Chi-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests

289

(11)

Introduction to Nonparametric Statistics

289

(1)

Introduction to One-Sample Chi-Square

290

(1)

Computing the Chi-Square Test Statistic

291

(5)

So How Do I Interpret X 2 (2) = 20.6, P < .05?

295

(1)

And Now . . . Using Excel's CHIDIST Function

295

(1)

Other Nonparametric Tests You Should Know About

296

(4)

Summary

296

(2)

Time to Practice

298

(1)

Answers to Practice Questions

298

(2)

Just the Truth: An Introduction to Understanding Reliability and Validity

300

(21)

An Introduction to Reliability and Validity

300

(2)

What's Up With This Measurement Stuff?

301

(1)

All About Measurement Scales

302

(3)

A Rose by Any Other Name: The Nominal Level of Measurement

303

(1)

Any Order Is Fine With Me: The Ordinal Level of Measurement

303

(1)

1 + 1 = 2: The Interval Level of Measurement

303

(1)

Can Anyone Have Nothing of Anything? The Ratio Level of Measurement

304

(1)

In Sum . . .

304

(1)

Reliability---Doing It Again Until You Get It Right

305

(9)

Tests Scores---Truth or Dare

305

(1)

Observed Score = True Score + Error Score

306

(1)

Different Types of Reliability

307

(6)

How Big Is Big? Interpreting Reliability Coefficients

313

(1)

Just One More Thing

314

(1)

Validity---Whoa! What Is the Truth?

314

(5)

Different Types of Validity

315

(3)

A Last, Friendly Word

318

(1)

Validity and Reliability: Really Close Cousins

319

(2)

Time to Practice

320

(1)

Answers to Practice Questions

320

(1)

Some Other (Important) Statistical Procedures You Should Know About

321

(6)

Multivariate Analysis of Variance

321

(1)

Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance

322

(1)

Analysis of Covariance

323

(1)

Multiple Regression

323

(1)

Factor Analysis

324

(1)

Path Analysis

325

(1)

Structural Equation Modeling

325

(2)

Summary

326

(1)

A Statistical Software Sampler

327

(10)

Selecting the Perfect Statistics Software

328

(1)

What's Out There

329

(8)

The Free Stuff

330

(2)

Time to Pay

332

(3)

Summary

335

(2)

PART V Ten Things You'll Want to Know and Remember

337

(13)

The Ten (or More) Best Internet Sites for Statistics Stuff

339

(6)

Tons and Tons of Resources

339

(1)

Calculators Galore!

340

(1)

Who's Who and What's Happened

341

(1)

It's All Here

341

(1)

HyperStat

341

(1)

Data? You Want Data?

342

(1)

More and More and More and More Resources

343

(1)

Plain, But Fun

343

(1)

How About Studying Statistics in Stockholm?

343

(1)

Online Statistical Teaching Materials

344

(1)

More and More and More Stuff

344

(1)

The Ten Commandments of Data Collection

345

(5)

Appendix A: Excel-erate Your Learning: All You Need to Know About Excel

350

(6)

Appendix B: Tables

356

(15)

Appendix C: The Data Sets

371

(9)

Glossary

380

(11)

Index

391

(12)

About the Author

403

Statistics for People Who (Think They) Hate Statistics; The Excel Edition

9781412924825

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