Statistics Unplugged

by Caldwell, Sally

• ISBN13: 9780495090779
• ISBN10: 0495090778
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-02-22
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

It takes a real teacher, such as Sally Caldwell, to write a statistics textbook that students can understand and connect with. STATISTICS UNPLUGGED comes into its second edition with the same goals as in the first edition: to help students overcome their apprehension of statistics. She does this by emphasizing the logic behind statistical analysis, and by focusing on an intuitive understanding of statistics, not just on formulas and equations. Student feedback about the book routinely refers to the student-friendly language that's used in the book and how Caldwell writes in a way that makes the material understandable. In this brief paperback text, Caldwell succinctly alleviates student's fears of formulas, and helps them to understand the relevance of statistics to their lives.

Table of Contents

Introduction: Methods, Material, and Moments to Remember	1	(3)
The What and How of Statistics	4	(14)
A World of Information	4	(3)
Levels of Measurement	7	(2)
Samples and Populations	9	(3)
The Purposes of Statistical Analysis	12	(3)
Descriptive Statistics	12	(1)
Inferential Statistics	13	(2)
Chapter Summary	15	(1)
Some Other Things You Should Know	15	(1)
Key Terms	16	(1)
Chapter Problems	16	(2)
Describing Data and Distributions	18	(31)
Measures of Central Tendency	19	(7)
The Mean	19	(3)
The Median	22	(3)
The Mode	25	(1)
Measures of Variability or Dispersion	26	(18)
The Range	27	(1)
Deviations From the Mean	27	(3)
The Mean Deviation	30	(2)
The Variance	32	(3)
The Standard Deviation	35	(6)
n Versus n -- 1	41	(3)
Chapter Summary	44	(1)
Some Other Things You Should Know	45	(1)
Key Terms	46	(1)
Chapter Problems	46	(3)
The Shape of Distributions	49	(19)
The Basic Elements	50	(3)
Beyond the Basics: Comparisons and Conclusions	53	(4)
A Special Curve	57	(7)
Chapter Summary	64	(1)
Some Other Things You Should Know	65	(1)
Key Terms	66	(1)
Chapter Problems	66	(2)
The Normal Curve	68	(21)
Real-World Normal Curves	69	(3)
Into the Theoretical World	72	(3)
The Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve	75	(6)
Finally, an Application	81	(5)
Chapter Summary	86	(1)
Some Other Things You Should Know	86	(1)
Key Terms	87	(1)
Chapter Problems	87	(2)
Four Fundamental Concepts	89	(14)
Fundamental Concept #1: Random Sampling	90	(2)
Fundamental Concept #2: Sampling Error	92	(3)
Fundamental Concept #3: The Sampling Distribution of Sample Means	95	(1)
Fundamental Concept #4: The Central Limit Theorem	96	(4)
Chapter Summary	100	(1)
Some Other Things You Should Know	100	(1)
Key Terms	101	(1)
Chapter Problems	101	(2)
Confidence Intervals	103	(40)
Confidence Interval for the Mean	104	(1)
Confidence Interval for the Mean With σ Known	105	(13)
An Application	105	(2)
Reviewing Z Values	107	(1)
Z Values and the Width of the Interval	108	(1)
Bringing in the Standard Error of the Mean	109	(3)
The Relevance of the Central Limit Theorem and the Standard Error	112	(2)
Confidence and Interval Width	114	(3)
A Brief Recap	117	(1)
Confidence Interval for the Mean With σ Unknown	118	(13)
Estimating the Standard Error of the Mean	118	(3)
The Family of t Distributions	121	(2)
The Table for the Family of t Distributions	123	(4)
An Application	127	(2)
A Final Comment About the Interpretation of a Confidence Interval for the Mean	129	(1)
A Final Comment About Z Versus t	130	(1)
Confidence Intervals for Proportions	131	(4)
An Application	132	(2)
Margin of Error	134	(1)
Chapter Summary	135	(2)
Some Other Things You Should Know	137	(1)
Key Terms	138	(1)
Chapter Problems	139	(4)
Hypothesis Testing With a Single Sample Mean	143	(29)
Setting the Stage	144	(1)
A Hypothesis as a Statement of Your Expectations: The Case of the Null Hypothesis	145	(2)
Single Sample Test With σ Known	147	(16)
Refining the Null and Phrasing It the Right Way	148	(1)
The Logic of the Test	149	(2)
Applying the Test	151	(3)
Levels of Significance, Critical Values, and the Critical Region	154	(3)
But What If . . .	157	(2)
But What If We're Wrong?	159	(4)
Single Sample Test With σ Unknown	163	(4)
Applying the Test	164	(1)
Some Variations on a Theme	165	(2)
Chapter Summary	167	(1)
Some Other Things You Should Know	167	(1)
Key Terms	168	(1)
Chapter Problems	168	(4)
Hypothesis Testing With Two Samples (Mean Difference and Difference of Means)	172	(25)
Related Samples	173	(9)
The Logic of the Test	175	(2)
The Null Hypothesis	177	(1)
Combining the Logic and the Null	178	(1)
The Estimate of the Standard Error of the Mean Difference	178	(1)
Applying the Test	179	(1)
Interpreting the Results	180	(1)
Some Additional Examples	181	(1)
Independent Samples	182	(9)
The Logic of the Test	184	(1)
The Null Hypothesis	185	(1)
Combining the Logic and the Null	185	(1)
The Estimate of the Standard Error of the Difference of Means	186	(3)
Applying the Test	189	(1)
Interpreting the Results	189	(1)
Some Additional Examples	190	(1)
Chapter Summary	191	(1)
Some Other Things You Should Know	192	(1)
Key Terms	193	(1)
Chapter Problems	193	(4)
Beyond the Null Hypothesis	197	(17)
Research or Alternative Hypothesis	198	(2)
One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Test Scenarios	200	(7)
Testing a Non-directional Research Hypothesis	201	(2)
Testing a Directional Research Hypothesis	203	(4)
Power and Effect	207	(4)
Chapter Summary	211	(1)
Some Other Things You Should Know	211	(1)
Key Terms	212	(1)
Chapter Problems	212	(2)
Analysis of Variance	214	(33)
The Logic of Anova	216	(7)
From Curves to Data Distributions	218	(1)
The Different Means	219	(1)
From Different Means to Different Types of Variation	220	(3)
The Null Hypothesis	223	(1)
The Application	223	(12)
Calculating the Within-Groups Sum of Squares (SSW)	225	(2)
Calculating the Between-Groups Sum of Squares (SSB)	227	(2)
From Sums of Squares to Estimates of Variance	229	(5)
Calculating the F Ratio	234	(1)
The Interpretation	235	(6)
Interpretation of the F Ratio	235	(2)
Post Hoc Testing	237	(4)
Chapter Summary	241	(1)
Some Other Things You Should Know	242	(1)
Key Terms	243	(1)
Chapter Problems	243	(4)
The Chi-Square Test	247	(19)
The Chi-Square Test of Independence	248	(13)
The Logic of the Test	249	(4)
A Focus on the Departure From Chance	253	(1)
The Null Hypothesis	254	(1)
The Application	254	(3)
The Formula	257	(2)
The Calculation	259	(1)
Conclusion and Interpretation	260	(1)
Chapter Summary	261	(1)
Some Other Things You Should Know	262	(1)
Key Terms	263	(1)
Chapter Problems	263	(3)
Correlation and Regression	266	(35)
Scatter Plots	267	(5)
Linear Associations: Direction and Strength	268	(3)
Other Types of Association	271	(1)
Correlation Analysis	272	(13)
Two Variables: X and Y	273	(2)
The Logic of Correlation	275	(1)
The Formula for Pearson's r	276	(3)
Application	279	(2)
Interpretation	281	(2)
An Additional Step: Testing the Null	283	(1)
Conclusion and Interpretation	284	(1)
Regression Analysis	285	(9)
An Application	285	(2)
The Logic of Prediction and the Line of Best Fit	287	(2)
The Regression Equation	289	(3)
The Standard Error of the Estimate	292	(2)
Chapter Summary	294	(1)
Some Other Things You Should Know	295	(1)
Key Terms	296	(1)
Chapter Problems	296	(5)
Appendix A Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve (Distribution of Z)	301	(2)
Appendix B Family of t Distributions (Two-Tailed Test)	303	(1)
Appendix C Family of t Distributions (One-Tailed Test)	304	(1)
Appendix D Distribution of F (.05 Level of Significance)	305	(1)
Appendix E Distribution of F (.01 Level of Significance)	306	(1)
Appendix F Distribution of Q (.05 Level of Significance)	307	(1)
Appendix G Distribution of Q (.01 Level of Significance)	308	(1)
Appendix H Critical Values for Chi-Square (Χ2)	309	(1)
Appendix I Critical Values of r (Correlation Coefficient)	310	(1)
Appendix J Data Sets and Computer-Based Data Analysis	311	(6)
It's Usually Starts With Rows and Columns	311	(4)
Good News: Words of Caution: It's Up to You	315	(2)
Appendix K Some of the More Common Formulas Used in the Text	317	(2)
Answers to Chapter Problems	319	(5)
Glossary	324	(6)
References	330	(1)
Index	331