Structures

by Schodek, Daniel Lewis; Bechthold, Martin

• ISBN13: 9780130488794
• ISBN10: 0130488798
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

This text contains coverage of all the major topics of structural analysis in both a qualitative and quantitative manner. It is a useful resource for architects, constructors, and engineers, and is a great teaching tool for many courses at the graduate and undergraduate levels. This elegant presentation of physical principles founded in the field of mechanics can be used by designers and builders as an aid to understanding the behavior of existing structural forms and in devising new approaches. New to this edition: bull; New, improved illustrations help clarify complex concepts. A revised accompanying CD with images and additional exercises. Added coverage of computer-based form-finding techniques for membrane structures.

Table of Contents

PART I INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS	1	(132)
Structures: An Overview	2	(29)
Introduction	2	(1)
General Types of Structures	3	(9)
Primary Classifications	3	(5)
Primary Structural Elements	8	(3)
Primary Structural Units and Aggregations	11	(1)
Basic Issues in the Analysis and Design of Structures	12	(10)
Fundamental Structural Phenomena	12	(3)
Structural Stability	15	(2)
Members in Tension, Compression, Bending, Shear, Torsion, and Bearing: An Introduction	17	(2)
The Basic Structural Analysis and Design Process	19	(3)
Funicular Structures: Arches, Cables, and Related Forms	22	(6)
Basic Characteristics	22	(1)
Structural Behavior	23	(5)
Other Classifications	28	(3)
Questions	28	(3)
Principles of Mechanics	31	(66)
Introduction	31	(1)
Forces and Moments	32	(10)
Analysis Objectives and Processes	32	(1)
Forces	33	(1)
Scalar and Vector Quantities	34	(1)
Parallelogram of Forces	34	(2)
Resolution and Composition of Forces	36	(2)
Statically Equivalent Systems	38	(1)
Moments	38	(4)
Equilibrium	42	(21)
Equilibrium of a Particle	42	(1)
Equilibrium of a Rigid Member	42	(2)
Applied and Reactive Forces	44	(17)
Complete Static Analyses	61	(2)
Internal Forces and Moments	63	(20)
Axial Forces (Tension and Compression)	63	(1)
Shear and Moment	64	(2)
Distribution of Shears and Moments	66	(15)
Relations among Load, Shear, and Moment in Structures	81	(2)
Introduction to Stresses	83	(3)
Mechanical Properties of Materials	86	(6)
Introduction	86	(1)
General Load-Deformation Properties of Materials	86	(1)
Elasticity	87	(2)
Strength	89	(1)
Other Material Properties	89	(3)
Deformations in Tension and Compression Members	92	(5)
Questions	94	(3)
Introduction to Structural Analysis and Design	97	(36)
Analysis and Design Criteria	97	(1)
Analysis and Design Process	98	(3)
Loads on Structures	101	(12)
Introduction	101	(1)
Static Forces	102	(3)
Wind Loads	105	(3)
Earthquake Forces	108	(4)
Load Combinations	112	(1)
Modeling the Structure	113	(4)
Load Modeling and Reactions	117	(16)
Questions	131	(2)
PART II ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS	133	(318)
Trusses	134	(51)
Introduction	134	(1)
General Principles	135	(3)
Triangulation	135	(1)
Member Forces: Qualitative Analyses	136	(2)
Analysis of Trusses	138	(29)
Stability	138	(3)
Member Forces: General	141	(3)
Equilibrium of Joints	144	(9)
Equilibrium of Sections	153	(5)
Shears and Moments in Trusses	158	(2)
Statically Indeterminate Trusses	160	(1)
Use of Special Tensile Members: Cables	161	(1)
Space Trusses	162	(3)
Joint Rigidity	165	(1)
Computer-Aided Methods of Analysis	165	(2)
Design of Trusses	167	(18)
Objectives	167	(1)
Configurations	167	(10)
Depths of Trusses	177	(1)
Member Design Issues	178	(4)
Planar Versus Three-Dimensional Trusses	182	(1)
Questions	183	(2)
Funicular Structures: Cables and Arches	185	(47)
Introduction to Funicular Structures	185	(1)
General Principles of Funicular Shapes	185	(1)
Analysis and Design of Cable Structures	186	(15)
Introduction	186	(5)
Suspended Cable Structures: Concentrated Loads	191	(4)
Suspended Cables: Uniformly Distributed Loads	195	(3)
Cables with Varying Support Levels	198	(1)
Cable Lengths	199	(1)
Wind Effects	200	(1)
Design of Cable Structures	201	(7)
Simple Suspension Cables	201	(2)
Double-Cable Systems	203	(3)
Cable-Stayed Structures	206	(2)
Analysis and Design of Arches	208	(24)
Masonry Arches	208	(3)
Parabolic Rigid Arches: Uniformly Distributed Loadings	211	(3)
Funicular Arches: Point Loadings	214	(1)
Design of Arch Structures	215	(2)
Three-Hinged Arches	217	(9)
Comparisons between Fixed Two-Hinged and Three-Hinged Arches	226	(4)
Questions	230	(2)
Beams	232	(70)
Introduction	232	(1)
General Principles	233	(6)
Beams in Buildings	233	(2)
Basic Stress Distributions	235	(4)
Analysis of Beams	239	(32)
Bending Stresses	240	(13)
Lateral Buckling of Beams	253	(1)
Shear Stresses	254	(7)
Bearing Stresses	261	(1)
Torsion	262	(2)
Shear Center	264	(1)
Deflections	265	(3)
Principal Stresses	268	(1)
Finite-Element Analyses	269	(2)
Design of Beams	271	(31)
General Design Principles	271	(6)
Design of Timber Beams	277	(5)
Steel Beams	282	(5)
Reinforced-Concrete Beams: General Principles	287	(1)
Reinforced-Concrete Beams: Design and Analysis Principles	288	(3)
Reinforced-Concrete Beams: Detailed U.S. Design Procedures	291	(6)
Prestressing and Posttensioning	297	(3)
Questions	300	(2)
Members in Compression: Columns	302	(25)
Introduction	302	(1)
General Principles	302	(3)
Analysis of Compression Members	305	(12)
Short Columns	305	(2)
Long Columns	307	(10)
Design of Compression Members	317	(10)
General Design Principles	317	(5)
Column Sizes	322	(1)
Timber Columns	322	(1)
Steel Columns	323	(2)
Reinforced-Concrete Columns	325	(1)
Questions	326	(1)
Continuous Structures: Beams	327	(23)
Introduction	327	(1)
General Principles	327	(4)
Rigidity	329	(1)
Force Distributions	329	(2)
Analysis of Indeterminate Beams	331	(8)
Approximate Versus Exact Methods of Analysis	331	(1)
Approximate Methods of Analysis	331	(1)
Effects of Variations in Member Stiffness	332	(5)
Effects of Support Settlements	337	(2)
Effects of Partial-Loading Conditions	339	(1)
Design of Indeterminate Beams	339	(11)
Introduction	339	(2)
Design Moments	341	(1)
Shaping Continuous Beams	342	(2)
Use of Pinned Joints	344	(2)
Controlling Moment Distributions	346	(3)
Continuous Beams Made of Reinforced Concrete	349	(1)
Questions	349	(1)
Continuous Structures: Rigid Frames	350	(30)
Introduction	350	(1)
General Principles	351	(3)
Analysis of Rigid Frames	354	(14)
Methods of Analysis	354	(7)
Importance of Relative Beam and Column Stiffnesses	361	(3)
Sidesway	364	(1)
Support Settlements	364	(1)
Effects of Partial-Loading Conditions	364	(1)
Multistory Frames	364	(4)
Vierendeel Frames	368	(1)
Design of Rigid Frames	368	(12)
Introduction	368	(2)
Selection of Frame Type	370	(3)
Design Moments	373	(2)
Shaping of Frames	375	(1)
Member and Connection Design	376	(2)
General Considerations	378	(1)
Questions	379	(1)
Plate and Grid Structures	380	(33)
Introduction	380	(1)
Grid Structures	380	(4)
Plate Structures	384	(10)
One-Way Plate Structures	384	(2)
Two-Way Plate Structures	386	(8)
Design of Two-Way Systems: General Objectives for Plate, Grid, and Space-Frame Structures	394	(2)
Design of Reinforced-Concrete Plates	396	(7)
Space-Frame Structures	403	(3)
Folded-Plate Structures	406	(7)
Questions	412	(1)
Membrane and Net Structures	413	(17)
Introduction	413	(1)
Pneumatic Structures	414	(10)
Background	414	(3)
Air-Supported Structures	417	(4)
Air-Inflated Structures	421	(2)
Other Considerations	423	(1)
Analysis and Design of Net and Tent Structures	424	(6)
Curvatures	424	(1)
Support Conditions	425	(1)
Form Finding	426	(3)
Materials	429	(1)
Questions	429	(1)
Shell Structures	430	(21)
Introduction	430	(2)
Spherical Shell Structures	432	(13)
Introduction	432	(1)
Membrane Action in Shell Surfaces	433	(2)
Types of Forces in Spherical Shells	435	(2)
Meridional Forces in Spherical Shells	437	(1)
Hoop Forces in Spherical Shells	438	(1)
Distribution of Forces	439	(1)
Concentrated Forces	440	(1)
Support Conditions: Tension and Compression Rings	440	(4)
Other Considerations	444	(1)
Cylindrical Shells	445	(2)
Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells	447	(4)
Questions	449	(2)
PART III PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN	451	(101)
Structural Grids and Patterns: General Planning and Design	453	(39)
Introduction	453	(1)
Common Grids	454	(2)
General Characteristics of Structural Hierarchies	456	(14)
One-Way Systems	456	(3)
Two-Way Systems	459	(3)
Relation to Roof Shape	462	(1)
Relations between Span Length and Structure Type	463	(5)
Relations between Loading Type and Structure Type	468	(1)
Concentrated versus Distributed Structures	468	(1)
Imposed Constraints: Fire Safety Requirements	469	(1)
Design Issues	470	(22)
Relation of Structure to Functional Spaces	470	(3)
Space-Forming Characteristics	473	(3)
One-Way versus Two-Way Systems: Impact of Grid Geometry and Dimensions	476	(2)
Effects of Local Geometrical Conditions	478	(3)
Varying Support Locations	481	(1)
Nonuniform Grids	481	(1)
Accommodating Large Spaces	482	(2)
Accommodating Special Conditions	484	(4)
Meeting of Structural Grids	488	(4)
Structural Systems: Design for Lateral Loadings	492	(32)
Lateral Forces: Effects on the Design of Structures	492	(19)
Basic Design Issues	492	(15)
Multistory Construction	507	(4)
Earthquake Design Considerations	511	(13)
General Principles	511	(2)
General Design and Planning Considerations	513	(4)
General Characteristics of Earthquake-Resistant Structures	517	(2)
Materials	519	(1)
Stiffness Issues	520	(1)
Nonstructural Elements	521	(1)
New Approaches: Base Isolation Systems and Other Techniques	522	(1)
Questions	523	(1)
Structural Systems: Constructional Approaches	524	(19)
Introduction	524	(1)
Wood Construction	524	(5)
Reinforced-Concrete Construction	529	(5)
Steel Construction	534	(7)
Foundations and Retaining Walls	541	(2)
Questions	542	(1)
Structural Connections	543	(9)
Introduction	543	(1)
Basic Joint Geometries	543	(1)
Basic Types of Connectors	544	(8)
Bolts and Rivets	548	(2)
Welded Joints	550	(1)
Questions	551	(1)
Appendices	552	(29)
1 Conversions	552	(1)
2 Nonconcurrent Force Systems	552	(1)
3 Moments of Distributed Loads	552	(2)
4 Centroids	554	(1)
5 Moments of Inertia	555	(4)
A.5.1 General Formulation	555	(3)
A.5.2 Parallel-Axis Theorem	558	(1)
A.5.3 Negative Areas	558	(1)
6 Bending Stresses in Beams	559	(1)
7 Shearing Stresses in Beams	560	(2)
8 Moment-Curvature Relations	562	(1)
9 Deflections	563	(2)
A.9.1 General Differential Equation	563	(1)
A.9.2 Deflections: Double-Integration Method	563	(2)
10 Moment-Area Theorems: Slopes and Deflections	565	(1)
11 Other Methods of Analyzing Indeterminate Structures	565	(2)
12 Critical Buckling Loads for Compression Members	567	(1)
13 Computer-Based Methods of Analysis: Force and Matrix-Displacement Techniques	568	(7)
14 Finite-Element Techniques	575	(2)
15 Properties	577	(1)
16 Typical Material Properties	578	(3)
Index	581

Excerpts

There exists an invariant set of physical principles founded in the field of mechanics that can be used by designers as aids to understanding the behavior of existing structural forms and in devising new approaches. The development of these principles has flowered during the past three centuries to the extent that they are amazingly well established and documented. Some new understandings, of course, are continuing to occur and will hopefully always do so. Still, the analytical tools already available to the designer are extensive and enormously powerful. Thus, the real challenge in the field of structures lies not so much in developing new analytical tools, but in bringing those currently in existence to bear in the designing and formulation of creative structural solutions with the intent of making better buildings. In this book, we discuss, in an introductory way, the nature of the invariant physical principles that underlie the behavior of structures under load. The primary goal of the book, however, is not simply to teach analytical techniques, but, more generally, to explore their role in the design of structures in a building context. Because of this larger goal, the book covers material not only discussed in specialized engineering curricula, but also, to some extent, covered in architecture curricula as well. The traditional hard boundaries between subdisciplines in engineering (e.g., statics and strength of materials) have also been deliberately softened and a more integrative approach taken. The book is divided into three major parts. Part I is an introduction to the subject and to fundamental concepts of analysis and design. Part II introduces the reader to most of the primary structural elements used in buildings and discusses their analysis and design. Each of the chapters in this part is divided into sections that (1) introduce the element considered and explain its role in building, (2) discuss its behavior under load in qualitative terms (an "intuitive" approach), (3) examine its behavior under load in quantitative terms, and (4) discuss methods for designing (rather than just analyzing) the element. Part III contains a unique examination of the principles of structural design, as it is a part of the larger building design process. The appendices generally discuss more advanced principles of structural analysis. The book is intended largely as a resource for students and instructors wishing to design their own curriculum. For those wanting to adopt a strictly qualitative approach to the subject, it is possible, for example, to read only Chapter 1 in Part 1, the sections entitled "Introduction" and "General Principles" in each of the chapters in Part II, and all of Part 111. This coverage will provide a brief qualitative overview of the field, with a special emphasis on design rather than analysis. For those students who already have a background in the analytical aspects of structures, Part III contains summary information that is useful in a design context. Part III can be read independently by such students. Within Parts I, II, and III, there is a certain redundancy in the way analytical topics are covered, so that students or instructors can integrate the material in the order they see fit. Shear and moment diagrams, for example, are first introduced in an abstract way in Chapter 2. They are reintroduced in connection with the analysis of a specific structural element: the truss.Wherethe different presentations are introduced, if at all, may be varied by the instructor. Depending on the reader's needs or the curriculum followed, a reasonable sequence might be an overview (Chapter 1), basic statics (Chapter 2, Sections 2.1 to 2.3), loads and load modeling (Chapter 3), truss analysis and design (Chapter 4), cables and arches (Chapter 5), shear and moment diagrams (Chapter 2, Section 2.4), material properties (Chapter 2, Section 2.6), columns (Chapter 7), continuous beam