Struggle for Freedom, The: A History of African Americans, Concise Edition, Volume 1 (Penguin Academic Series)

by Carson, Clayborne; Lapsansky-Werner, Emma J.; Nash, Gary B.

• ISBN13: 9780321355751
• ISBN10: 032135575X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2011-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

The Struggle for Freedom,a narrative of the black experience in America, uses a distinctive biographical approach to guide the story and animate the history. In each chapter, individual African Americans are the pivot points on which historical changes of the era turn. Life stories capture the rush of events that envelop individuals and illuminate the momentous decisions that, collectively, frame the American past and present. Inasmuch as that history is grounded in struggle-in the consistent and insistent call to the United States to deliver on the constitutional promises made to all its citizens-this book is also an American history text, weaving into the narrative the milestones of mainstream American history, economy, politics, arts and letters.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
CHAPTER 1 ANCIENT AFRICA	1	(24)
African Storytelling and African American History	1	(2)
From Human Beginnings to the Rise of Egypt	3	(4)
Human Beginnings in East Africa	3	(1)
Rise of Egyptian Civilization	4	(2)
Debates over Black Egypt	6	(1)
Egypt and Nubia	6	(1)
Egypt After the Greek Conquest	7	(1)
The Spread of Islam	7	(3)
The Origins of Islam	8	(1)
Islam's Great Reach	9	(1)
The Kingdom's of West and Central Africa	10	(7)
The Kingdom of Ghana	12	(1)
The Kingdom of Mali	12	(1)
The Kingdom of Songhai	13	(1)
The Forest Kingdoms of Ife and Benin	14	(1)
The Kingdoms of Kongo and Ndongo	15	(2)
African Culture	17	(7)
Family and Community	17	(1)
Religion	18	(1)
Social Organization	19	(3)
Music, Dance, and Art	22	(2)
Conclusion	24	(1)
CHAPTER 2 AFRICA AND THE ATLANTIC WORLD	25	(21)
King Nomimansa Meets Diego Gomes	25	(2)
Africa and Europe: The Fateful Connection	27	(3)
Portugal Colonizes the Atlantic Islands	27	(2)
The Plantation System: A Model for Misery on the Atlantic Islands	29	(1)
Africa and the Rising Atlantic World	30	(6)
Initiating the Atlantic Slave Trade	30	(2)
Sugar and Slavery	32	(3)
European Competition for the Slave Trade	35	(1)
The Trauma of Enslavement	36	(5)
Capture and Sale in Africa	37	(1)
The Middle Passage: A Floating Hell	38	(2)
Sale in the Americas	40	(1)
Early Africans in North America	41	(4)
Africans and the Spanish Conquest in the Americas	41	(2)
Africans in Early Spanish North America	43	(2)
Conclusion	45	(1)
CHAPTER 3 AFRICANS IN EARLY NORTH AMERICA, 1619 —1726	46	(23)
Anthony Johnson and His Family in the Early Chesapeake	46	(3)
The First Africans in English North America	49	(5)
The Chesapeake Colonies	49	(2)
The Northern Colonic's	51	(3)
The Fateful Transition	54	(3)
England Captures the Slave Trade	54	(1)
South Carolina as a Slave Society	54	(1)
Bacon's Rebellion and Slavery in the Chesapeake	55	(1)
Africans Resist	56	(1)
Defining Slavery, Defining Race	57	(4)
Laws Defining Social and Racial Relations	57	(2)
Restrictions on Free Black People	59	(1)
South Carolina's Slave Code	60	(1)
Slavery and Race North of the Chesapeake	61	(2)
Slave Codes in New England	62	(1)
Slavery and the Law in the Mid-Atlantic	62	(1)
Beyond English Boundaries	63	(4)
Africans in Spanish America	64	(2)
Slavery in French Colonies	66	(1)
Conclusion	67	(2)
CHAPTER 4 AFRICANS IN BONDAGE: EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION	69	(28)
Venture Smith Defies the Colonial Slave System	69	(3)
Colonial Slavery at High Tide	72	(7)
A Rising Slave Population	72	(1)
Slave Life in the South	73	(3)
Sexual Oppression	76	(1)
Slave Life in the North	77	(2)
Negotiated Bondage	79	(5)
Resisting Slavery	80	(1)
Contesting Labor	80	(1)
Creating Family Ties	81	(1)
Running Away	82	(1)
Rebelling	83	(1)
Afro-Floridians and Afro-Louisianans	84	(2)
Fort Mose: The First Free Black Town	84	(1)
French Louisiana: A Black Majority	85	(1)
Becoming African American	86	(8)
African Christianity	88	(2)
African Muslims	90	(1)
African American Culture: Music, Dance, and Body Adornment	91	(2)
Merging Traditions	93	(1)
Black Americans on the Eve of the American Revolution	94	(2)
Curbing Manumission	94	(1)
Protesting Slavery	95	(1)
Conclusion	96	(1)
CHAPTER 5 THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA: CROSSROADS OF FREEDOM	97	(24)
Thomas Peter Seizes His Freedom	97	(2)
British "Tyranny" and a Cry for Freedom	99	(3)
Freedom Rhetoric Exposes Colonial Enslavement	100	(2)
Freedom Fever in the South	102	(1)
African Americans and the American Revolution	102	(6)
Choosing the British: Black Loyalists	103	(1)
Fighting for Independence: Black Patriots	104	(4)
Rhetoric and Reality in the New Nation	108	(4)
Continued Slavery in the South	108	(1)
Emancipation in the North	109	(2)
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787	111	(1)
The Constitutional Settlement	112	(5)
Roadblocks to Eradicating Slavery	112	(1)
Black Genius and Black Activism	113	(1)
A More Perfect Union?	114	(3)
The Resettlement of African American Loyalists	117	(2)
Black Nova Scotians	117	(1)
Return to Africa	117	(2)
Conclusion	119	(2)
CHAPTER 6 AFTER THE REVOLUTION: CONSTRUCTING FREE LIFE AND COMBATING SLAVERY, 1787-1816	121	(26)
Richard Allen and Absalom Jones Lead Church Walkout	121	(3)
The Emergence of Free Black Communities	124	(5)
An Expanding Free Black Population	124	(1)
Free Black Work Lives	125	(2)
Family Life	127	(1)
New Orleans: A Unique City	128	(1)
Independent Institutions	129	(4)
The Rise of Black Churches	130	(2)
African American Schools	132	(1)
An Independent Black Denomination	132	(1)
Black Revolution in Haiti	133	(4)
Self-Liberation in the Caribbean	133	(2)
Reverberations in the United States	135	(2)
The Further Spread of Slavery	137	(1)
Slave Resistance	138	(3)
Fugitive Slave Settlements	138	(1)
Gabriel's Rebellion	139	(1)
Other Uprisings	140	(1)
Black Identity in the New Nation	141	(5)
Rising Racial Hostility	141	(2)
New Organizational and Family Names	143	(1)
The Back-to-Africa Movement	144	(1)
The War of 1812	145	(1)
Conclusion	146	(1)
CHAPTER 7 AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE ANTEBELLUM ERA	147	(27)
James Forten on Repatriation to Africa	147	(3)
Black Religion in the Antebellum Era	150	(2)
The African Methodist Episcopal Church	150	(1)
Charismatic Preachers	151	(1)
The Expansion of Slavery	152	(4)
King Cotton	153	(1)
The Missouri Compromise	153	(3)
The Interstate Slave Trade	156	(1)
Slave Life and Labor	156	(8)
Sunup to Sundown: Working/or the Master	157	(3)
Sundown to Sunup: Slaves on Their Own Time	160	(4)
Resistance and Rebellion	164	(6)
Denmark Vesey's Rebellion	164	(2)
David Walker's Appeal	166	(2)
Nat Turner's Insurrection	168	(2)
Free Black Organizing	170	(2)
Conclusion	172	(2)
CHAPTER 8 AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE REFORM ERA, 1831-1850	174	(26)
James Forten Advocates an Immediate End to Slavery	174	(3)
Black Americans in an Expanding Nation	177	(5)
Black Population Growth	177	(2)
Racial Separation	179	(1)
Between Slave and Free	180	(2)
Black Americans and Reform	182	(3)
Religion and Reform	182	(1)
Self-Improvement and Education	183	(1)
From "African" to "Colored"	184	(1)
Names with Meaning	184	(1)
The Abolitionist Movement	185	(9)
Radical Abolitionism	185	(3)
Divisions Among Abolitionists	188	(2)
Violence Against Abolitionists	190	(1)
Northern Black Press, Southern White Press	191	(1)
The Gag Rule and Landmark Legal Cases	192	(2)
Limitations and Opportunities	194	(4)
Disfranchisement in the North	194	(1)
The Texas Frontier	195	(1)
The Mountain West	196	(2)
The Compromise of 1850	198	(1)
Conclusion	198	(2)
CHAPTER 9 A PRELUDE TO WAR: THE 1850's	200	(25)
Tragedy and Triumph at Christiana	200	(2)
Controversy over the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850	202	(4)
Federal Power Versus States' Rights	203	(1)
The Underground Railroad	204	(2)
The Escape and Trial of Anthony Burns	206	(1)
The Power of Stories	206	(4)
Slave Narratives	207	(1)
Northern Black Voices	207	(2)
White Abolitionist Appeals	209	(1)
Southern Views of Slavery	210	(1)
The Changing South	210	(4)
Southern Society and Economy	211	(1)
"The World They Made Together"	212	(1)
Free Black People	213	(1)
Black Exiles Abroad and at Home	214	(3)
The Debate over Emigration	214	(1)
Safe Haven in Canada	215	(1)
The Lure of the Frontier	216	(1)
Regional Crisis	217	(6)
From Moral Suasion to Political Power	217	(1)
The Kansas-Nebraska Act	218	(1)
"Bleeding Kansas"	219	(1)
The Dred Scott Decision	219	(1)
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates	220	(1)
John Brown at Harpers Ferry	221	(2)
Conclusion	223	(2)
CHAPTER 10 CIVIL WAR AND THE PROMISES OF FREEDOM: THE TURBULENT 1860's	225	(28)
Martin Delany Becomes First Black U.S. Army Major	225	(2)
"A White Man's War"	227	(4)
The Election of Abraham Lincoln	228	(1)
Southern States Secede	229	(1)
Black Volunteers Rejected	230	(1)
War and Freedom	231	(3)
Slaves as Contraband	231	(1)
New Roles for Southern Slaves	232	(1)
The Port Royal Experiment	233	(1)
Emancipation as Military and Political Strategy	234	(5)
Emancipation Possibilities	234	(4)
The Emancipation Proclamation	238	(1)
"Men of Color, To Arms!"	239	(5)
Colored Troops	239	(3)
The Fight for Equal Pay	242	(1)
Black Women and War	243	(1)
1863: The Tide Turns	244	(2)
Victory at Gettysburg	244	(1)
Anti-Draft Riots	244	(1)
Grant and Sherman Lead Union Victories	245	(1)
"Forty Acres and a Mule"	245	(1)
An Incomplete Victory	246	(6)
The Assassination of President Lincoln	247	(1)
The Thirteenth Amendment	247	(1)
Reuniting Black Families	248	(1)
The Freedmen's Bureau	248	(1)
Black Codes and Sharecropping	249	(1)
Black Education	250	(1)
The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan	250	(1)
The Fourteenth Amendment	251	(1)
Conclusion	252	(1)
CHAPTER 11 POST-CIVIL WAR RECONSTRUCTION: A NEW NATIONAL ERA	253
Emanuel Fortune Testifies Before Congress	253	(3)
Postwar Reconstruction	256	(7)
Radical Reconstruction	256	(2)
Presidential Reconstruction	258	(1)
The Fifteenth Amendment	259	(1)
Black Suffrage and Woman Suffrage	259	(4)
Elected Black Leaders	263	(9)
Local Politics in the South	267	(2)
White Backlash	269	(1)
The Enforcement Acts	270	(1)
The Freedmen's Bank	271	(1)
Washington, DC, in the New National Era	272	(3)
The Black Elite	272	(1)
The Black Working Class and Poor	273	(1)
Political Patronage and Politics	274	(1)
The End of Reconstruction	275	(1)
Waning Federal Sympathy	275	(1)
The Compromise of 1877	276	(1)
African Americans on the Move	276
The Exodusters	277	(1)
The Western Frontier	278	(1)
To Africa	279
Conclusion	180	(1699094394)
APPENDIX	A-1
The Declaration of Independence	A-3
The Constitution of the United States of America	A-5
Amendments to the Constitution	A-13
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)	A-19
The Emancipation Proclamation	A-23
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	A-24
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)	A-25
Key Provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964	A-26
Key Provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965	A-31
Photo Credits	C-1
Index	I-1