The Sundance Writer A Rhetoric, Reader, and Handbook (with InfoTrac)

by Connelly, Mark

• ISBN13: 9780838405451
• ISBN10: 0838405452
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-06-09
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Praised for its practical strategies, real-world emphasis and focus on critical thinking, this successful 4-in-1 text now emphasizes electronic writing and visual rhetoric.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxix
1 Why Write?	1	(10)
Using The Sundance Writer	2	(9)
The Rhetoric	3	(1)
The Reader	4	(1)
Special Writing Situations	5	(1)
The Research Paper	5	(1)
Grammar and Handbook	6	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR SUCCEEDING IN COMPOSITION	6	(5)
PART ONE: THE RHETORIC
2 The Writing Process: An Overview	11	(10)
What Is Writing?	11	(1)
Developing a Composing Style	12	(3)
Writing on a Computer	15	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING ON A COMPUTER	16	(2)
Writer's Block	17	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR OVERCOMING WRITER'S BLOCK	18	(2)
NEW E-Writing: Exploring Writing Resources Online	20	(1)
Companion Web Site: The Writing Process	20	(1)
3 The Writing Context	21	(24)
What Is Good Writing?	21	(2)
The Writer	23	(4)
The Writer's Purpose	23	(3)
The Writer's Role	26	(1)
The Reader	27	(8)
Individual Readers	28	(1)
Extended Audiences	28	(1)
The Perceptual World	29	(3)
Evaluating Readers	32	(1)
The Discourse Community	33	(2)
The Document	35	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING SPECIALIZED DOCUMENTS	35	(8)
Writings in Context	36	(1)
Lyndon Baines Johnson, Letter to Ho Chi Minh, April 10, 1967	37	(2)
Seeking an end to a controversial conflict, President Johnson outlines a peace offer to the leader of Communist North Vietnam
Molly Ivies, A Short Story about the Vietnam War Memorial	39	(5)
A newspaper columnist depicts a young woman kneeling before the black marble wall and confronting the name of her dead lover.
STRATEGIES FOR ESTABLISHING CONTEXT	43	(1)
NEW E-Writing: Exploring Context Online	43	(1)
Companion Web Site: The Writing Context	44	(1)
4 Critical Thinking: Seeing with a Writer's Eye	45	(14)
What Is Critical Thinking?	45	(4)
How to See with a Writer's Eye	47	(2)
STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING CRITICAL THINKING	49	(9)
Common Errors in Critical Thinking	50	(7)
Ignoring the Role of Coincidence	50	(1)
Hasty Generalizations or Jumping to Conclusions	51	(1)
Relying on Anecdotal Evidence	52	(1)
Mistaking Time Relationships for Cause and Effect (post hoc, ergo propter hoc)	52	(1)
Making Faulty Comparisons (False Analogies)	53	(1)
Assuming Trends Will Continue, Making "Slippery Slope" Judgments	54	(1)
Creating "Either-Or Dilemmas"	55	(1)
Relying on False Authorities, Attacking Personalities, and Guilt by Association	55	(1)
Using Circular Reasoning (Begging the Question)	56	(1)
Making Emotional and Irrelevant Statements (Red Herrings)	56	(1)
Critical Thinking Checklist	57	(1)
NEW E-Writing: Exploring Critical Thinking Online	58	(1)
Companion Web Site: Critical Thinking	58	(1)
5 Prewriting Strategies: Getting Started	59	(11)
What Is Prewriting?	59	(1)
Prewriting Strategies	59	(10)
Freewriting	60	(2)
Brainstorming	62	(2)
Asking Questions	64	(2)
Clustering	66	(2)
STRATEGIES FOR PREWRITING	68	(1)
NEW E-Writing: Exploring Prewriting Strategies Online	69	(1)
Companion Web Site: Prewriting Strategies	69	(1)
6 Developing a Thesis	70	(10)
What Is a Thesis?	70	(1)
Elements of a Thesis Statement	71	(2)
Locating the Thesis	73	(1)
Explicit, Evolving, and Implied Theses	74	(5)
Explicit Thesis Statements	74	(1)
Evolving Thesis Statements	75	(1)
Implied Thesis Statements	76	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING THESIS STATEMENTS	77	(2)
NEW E-Writing: Exploring Thesis Statements Online	79	(1)
Companion Web Site: Developing a Thesis	79	(1)
7 Supporting a Thesis	80	(12)
What Is Support?	80	(6)
Personal observations	81	(1)
Personal Experiences	82	(1)
Examples	83	(1)
Facts	84	(1)
Testimony (Quotations)	84	(1)
Analogies (Comparisons)	85	(1)
Statistics	86	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR USING STATISTICS	86	(3)
Documenting Sources	88	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR USING EVIDENCE: CRITICAL THINKING CHECKLIST	89	(2)
NEW E-Writing: Exploring Thesis Support Online	91	(1)
Companion Web Site: Supporting a Thesis	91	(1)
8 Organizing Ideas	92	(20)
What Is Organization?	92	(1)
Informal and Formal Outlines	93	(2)
Writing Titles and Introductions	95	(5)
Titles	95	(2)
Introductions	97	(3)
Organizing the Body of an Essay	100	(5)
Chronological: Organizing by Time	100	(1)
Spatial: Organizing by Division	101	(1)
Emphatic: Organizing by Importance	102	(3)
Writing Conclusions	105	(2)
Summarize the Thesis and Main Points	105	(1)
End with a Question	105	(1)
Conclude with a Quotation	106	(1)
End with a Strong Image	106	(1)
Conclude with a Challenging Statement	106	(1)
Moving from Prewriting to Planning	107	(2)
Planning Checklist	109	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR OVERCOMING PROBLEMS IN ORGANIZATION	110	(1)
NEW E-Writing: Exploring Organization Online	111	(1)
Companion Web Site: Organizing Ideas	111	(1)
9 Developing Pararaphs	112	(12)
What Are Paragraphs?	112	(11)
Paragraph Style	116	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING PARAGRAPHS	116	(6)
NEW E-Writing: Exploring Paragraphs Online	122	(1)
Companion Web Site: Developing Paragraphs	123	(1)
10 Writing the first Draft	124	(17)
What Is a First Draft?	124	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING THE FIRST DRAFT	124	(14)
Avoiding Plagiarism	126	(1)
Making Writing Decisions	127	(10)
Choosing the Right Words	128	(3)
Writing Effective Sentences	131	(5)
Writing Paragraphs	136	(1)
Moving from Plan to First Draft	137	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR OVERCOMING PROBLEMS IN THE FIRST DRAFT	138	(1)
NEW E-Writing: Exploring Writing the First Draft Online	139	(1)
Companion Web Site: Writing the First Draft	140	(1)
11 Revising and Rewriting	141	(17)
What Is Revision?	141	(1)
Developing a Revising Style	141	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR REVISING	142	(2)
STRATEGIES FOR PEER REVIEW	144	(12)
Revising Elements of the First Draft	146	(1)
Look at the Big Picture	146	(1)
Introduction Checklist	147	(1)
Paragraph Checklist	148	(1)
Conclusion Checklist	148	(6)
Improving Paragraphs	149	(5)
Revising the First Draft	154	(2)
STRATEGIES FOR OVERCOMING PROBLEMS IN REVISING	156	(1)
NEW E-Writing: Exploring Revision Online	157	(1)
Companion Web Site: Revising	157	(1)
12 Editing and Proofreading	158	(15)
What Are Editing and Proofreading?	158	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR EDITING	159	(10)
Common Grammar Errors	160	(2)
Editing Sentences	162	(1)
Sentence Checklist	163	(4)
Editing Words	167	(1)
Diction Checklist	167	(2)
STRATEGIES FOR PROOFREADING	169	(2)
Common Mechanical Errors	169	(3)
Spelling and Usage Errors	169	(2)
STRATEGIES FOR OVERCOMING PROBLEMS IN EDITING AND PROOFREADING	171	(1)
NEW E-Writing: Exploring Editing Online	172	(1)
Companion Web Site: Editing and Proofreading	172	(1)
13 Special Writing Contexts	173	(16)
What Are Special Writing Contexts?	173	(1)
Collaborative Writing	173	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR COLLABORATIVE WRITING	174	(2)
Online Writing Groups	176	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR WORKING IN ONLINE WRITING GROUPS	176	(2)
Writing as the Representative of Others	178	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING AS A REPRESENTATIVE	178	(1)
Broadcasting to Mass Audiences	179	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING TO MASS AUDIENCES	179	(2)
Writing to Multiple Readers	181	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING TO MULTIPLE READERS	181	(1)
Giving Oral Presentations	182	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR GIVING ORAL PRESENTATIONS	182	(2)
NEW E-Writing: Exploring Special Writing Contexts Online	184	(1)
Companion Web Site: Special Writing Contexts	185	(4)
PART TWO: THE READER
14 Becoming a Critical Reader: Reading with a "Writer's Eye"	189	(10)
What Is Critical Reading?	189	(1)
How to Read with a Writer's Eye	190	(3)
First Reading	190	(1)
Second Reading	191	(1)
Before Class Discussion	192	(1)
Emily Prager, Our Barbies, Ourselves	193	(3)
A writer uses description, narration, comparison, and cause and effect to analyze the meaning of the Barbie doll.
Using the Reader	196	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR CRITICAL READING	196	(1)
NEW E-Writing: Exploring Reading Online	197	(1)
Companion Web Site: Critical Reading	197	(2)
15 Analyzing Visuals: Seeing with a "Writer's Eye"	199	(14)
Photographs, Film, and Video	199	(1)
Perspective and Contrast	200	(2)
Context	202	(3)
Visual Connotations	203	(2)
Timing and Duplication	205	(1)
Manipulating Images	205	(1)
Gender and Cultural Issues	206	(1)
Perception and Analysis	207	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR ANALYZING VISUAL IMAGES	207	(5)
Graphics	208	(4)
STRATEGIES FOR ANALYZING GRAPHICS	212	(1)
NEW E-Writing: Exploring Visual Images Online	212	(1)
16 Description: Presenting Impressions	213	(42)
What Is Description?	213	(9)
Objective and Subjective Description	213	(4)
The Language of Description	217	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING DESCRIPTION	218	(4)
STUDENT PAPER: "Cities of the Dead"	222	(3)
Suggested Topics for Writing Description	224	(1)
General Assignments	224	(1)
Writing in Context	225	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR READING DESCRIPTION	225	(19)
NEW Jonathan Schell, Letter from Ground Zero (annotated)	227	(3)
Living six blocks from the ruins of the World Trade Center, a writer confronts the "dread majesty" of the fallen towers.
NEW E-Reading: InfoTrac® College Edition
VIEWS OF SEPTEMBER 11, 2001	230	(1)
E-Readings Online	230	(1)
Julian E. Barnes, Grosses and Crossroads
Tarannum Kamlani, My Islamic Roots, My American Home
Brian Bremner, September 11 Through a Japanese Lens
Critical Reading	230	(1)
Writing Suggestions	231	(1)
Truman Capote, Out There	232	(4)
The opening pages of In Cold Blood describe a remote Kansas town that became the scene of an infamous mass murder.
NEW Chris Hedges, Gaza Diary	236	(3)
The congested Palestinian refugee camps are dirty, dusty enclaves of misery, violence, and terrorism.
NEW Carl T. Rowan, Unforgettable Miss Bessie	239	(5)
A noted columnist recalls the teacher who reminded him and other disadvantaged students that "what you put in your head ... can never be pulled out by the Ku Klux Klan or Congress ..."
BLENDING THE MODES
E.B. White, Once More to the Lake	244	(7)
Describing a vacation trip, White compares past and present and realizes his sense of mortality.
WRITING BEYOND THE CLASSROOM
3M Pharmaceutical Sales Representative Want Ad	251	(2)
A want ad describes the ideal job candidate.
NEW Responding to Images	253	(1)
Description Checklist	254	(1)
Companion Web Site: Description	254	(1)
17 Narration: Relating Events	255	(46)
What Is Narration?	255	(9)
The Writer's Purpose and Role	255	(1)
Focus	256	(2)
Chronology	258	(2)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING NARRATION	260	(2)
STUDENT PAPER: "Spare Change"	262	(2)
SUGGESTED TOPICS FOR WRITING NARRATION	264	(1)
General Assignments	264	(1)
Writing in Context	265	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR READING NARRATION	265	(23)
Samuel Scudder, Take This Fish and Look at It (annotated)	261	(11)
Instead of lecturing, a famous scientist repeats a simple command to his new student-"look, look, look."
Ramón "Tianguis" Pérez, The Fender-Bender	272	(5)
A minor traffic accident reveals the tenuous existence of undocumented aliens in North America.
NEW Nathan McCall, The Lesson	277	(5)
Entering an integrated school, the author of Makes Me Wanna Holler receives his first lesson in racism.
James Dillard, A Doctor's Dilemma	282	(3)
A young doctor learns that to avoid the threat of a lawsuit, the next time he comes across an accident victim, he should "drive on,"
NEW E-Reading: InfoTrac® College Edition
WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MALPRACTICE CRISIS?	285	(1)
E-Readings Online	285	(1)
Brian McCormick, Most Doctors Say They Practice Defensive Medicine
Leo Boyle, The Truth about Medical Malpractice
Carlo Fonseka, To Err Was Fatal
Alison Frankel, Obsession
Critical Reading	286	(1)
Writing Suggestions	287	(1)
BLENDING THE MODES
George Orwell, Shooting an Elephant	288	(8)
Although an armed police officer, Orwell recounts how a crowd pressured him to act against his will,
WRITING BEYOND THE CLASSROOM
Walter Lord, The Reconstructed Logbook of the Titanic	296	(2)
Lord provides a minute-by-minute account of the famed luxury liner's doomed maiden voyage.
NEW Responding to Images	298	(2)
Narration Checklist	300	(1)
Companion Web Site: Narration	300	(1)
18 Example: Presenting Illustrations	301	(33)
What Is Example?	301	(12)
Purpose: To Inform or Persuade	301	(1)
Extended Examples	302	(1)
Enumerated Examples	303	(2)
Hypothetical Examples	305	(1)
Factual Examples	305	(2)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING EXAMPLE	307	(3)
STUDENT PAPER: "Guerrilla Entrepreneur"	310	(2)
SUGGESTED TOPICS FOR WRITING EXAMPLE	312	(1)
General Assignments	312	(1)
Writing in Context	312	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR READING EXAMPLE	313	(14)
Anna Quindlen, Homeless	314	(4)
A homeless woman in New York's Port Authority terminal represents an increasing urban problem of poverty and dislocation.
Joe Rodriguez, Mexicans Deserve More Than La Mordida	318	(4)
For Rodriquez's father, la mordida was an example of Mexico's oppressive corruption.
NEW Ellen Goodman, The Company Man	322	(3)
Goodman provides a classic example of the modern workaholic who allows his job to consume his life and define his identity.
NEW E-Reading: InfoTrac® College Edition
CAN INDIVIDUALS AND NATIONS SERVE AS ROLE MODELS?	325	(1)
E-Readings Online	325	(1)
Ann Killion, Lance Armstrong a Worthy Role Model
Yvette Kimm, Black Two-Star General, Major General Gilley a Role Model
Kofi Annan, Switzerland a Vivid Example of What the United Nations Stands For
M.K. Megan, Malaysia a Role Model, Says Yemen
Critical Reading	326	(1)
Writing Suggestions	326	(1)
BLENDING THE MODES
Tony Brown, Death of a Dream	327	(4)
Rick Singletary invested his life savings to open a Black-owned supermarket to serve his community and create 130 jobs. Tony Brown argues the store's failure symbolizes the self-defeating "boycott by Blacks of their own businesses."
WRITING BEYOND THE CLASSROOM
Internal Revenue Service, Qualifying Child of More Than One Person	331	(1)
The IRS offers income tax payers an example to illustrate a complex point in claiming dependents.
NEW Responding to Images	332	(1)
Companion Web Site: Example	333	(1)
Example Checklist	333	(1)
19 Definition: Establishing Meaning	334	(37)
What Is Definition?	334	(10)
The Purpose of Definition	336	(1)
Methods of Definition	337	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING DEFINITION	338	(4)
STUDENT PAPER: "Disneyland Dads"	342	(2)
SUGGESTED TOPICS FOR WRITING DEFINITION	344	(1)
General Assignments	344	(1)
Writing in Context	344	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR READING DEFINITION	345	(13)
Eileen Simpson, Dyslexia (annotated)	346	(5)
A psychotherapist defines a reading disability by detailing her own experiences as a dyslexic.
Janice Castro, with Dan Cook and Cristina Garcia, Spanglish	351	(3)
Castro offers a colorful definition of a new language emerging from the blending of two cultures.
Jonathan Ritter, The World View of a Computer Hacker	354	(4)
Viewing data as weapons and programs as delivery systems, hackers see themselves as modern privateers.
BLENDING THE MODES
NEW Marie Winn, TV Addiction	358	(6)
Television, like drugs and alcohol, can narrow and dehumanize those who allow it to overwhelm their lives.
NEW E-Reading: InfoTrac® College Edition
OVERCOMING TV ADDICTION	364	(1)
E-Readings Online	365	(1)
Robert Kubey and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Television Addiction Is No Mere Metaphor
Kay Parish Perkins, How Should Parents Handle a TV Addiction?
Kirsetin Karamarkovich Morello, Think Outside the Box: How to Turn Off the TV and Take Back Your Family Life
Critical Reading	365	(1)
Writing Suggestions	366	(1)
WRITING BEYOND THE CLASSROOM
Don Rosenberg, What Is Depression?	367	(1)
A mental health clinic brochure defines depression for clients and their families.
NEW Responding to Images	368	(2)
Companion Web Site: Definition	370	(1)
Definition Checklist	370	(1)
20 Comparison and Contrast: Indicating Similarities and Differences	371	(39)
What Is Comparison and Contrast?	371	(1)
The Purposes of Comparison and Contrast	372	(1)
Selecting Topics for Comparison-and-Contrast Papers	372	(2)
Organizing Comparison-and-Contrast Papers	374	(10)
Subject by Subject	374	(1)
Point by Point	375	(1)
Blending the Methods	376	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING COMPARISON AND CONTRAST	377	(4)
STUDENT PAPER: "Parallel States: Israel and Ireland"	381	(2)
SUGGESTED TOPICS FOR WRITING COMPARISON AND CONTRAST	383	(1)
General Assignments	383	(1)
Writing in Context	383	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR READING COMPARISON AND CONTRAST	384	(14)
Yi-Fu Tuan, Chinese Space, American Space (annotated)	386	(3)
Unlike the Chinese, "Americans have a sense of space, not of place."
Bruce Catton, Grant and Lee	389	(5)
Although quite similar in many ways, the two great generals of the Civil War represented the values of contrasting social forces.
William Zinsser, The Transaction	394	(4)
Zinsser compares the working styles of two writers. For one, writing is "fun"; for the other, it is "hard and lonely work."
BLENDING THE MODES
NEW Bharati Mukherjee, Two Ways to Belong to America	398	(4)
Two sisters represent contrasting attitudes about the immigrant experience.
NEW E-Reading: InfoTrac® College Edition
THE IMMIGRATION DEBATE	402	(1)
E-Readings Online	403	(1)
Mario Cuomo, The American Dream and the Politics of Inclusion: Our Society Must Resist Those Who Would Close Our Doors to Future Immigrants
Robert J. Bresler, Immigration: The Sleeping Time Bomb Joel L. Swerdlow, Changing America
Christopher Gray, Alien Nation: Common Sense about America c Immigration Disaster
Robert Samuelson, Can America Assimilate? The Census Shows Were an Immigrant Nation. We Dare Not Become a Swarm of "Minorities"
Critical Reading	403	(1)
Writing Suggestions	404	(1)
WRITING BEYOND THE CLASSROOM
Peggy Kenna and Sondra Lacy, Communications Styles: United States and Taiwan	405	(4)
Two consultants offer business travelers a chart contrasting American and Taiwanese communications styles
NEW Responding to Images	408	(1)
Companion Web Site: Comparison	409	(1)
Comparison-and-Contrast Checklist	409	(1)
21 Process: Explaining How Things Work and Giving Directions	410	(47)
What Is Process?	410	(12)
Explaining How Things Work	410	(2)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING EXPLANATIONS	412	(3)
Giving Directions	414	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING DIRECTIONS	415	(3)
STUDENT PAPER: "Securing Your Home"	418	(2)
SUGGESTED TOPICS FOR WRITING PROCESS	420	(2)
General Assignments	420	(1)
Writing in Context	421	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR READING PROCESS	422	(25)
Mortimer Adler, How to Mark a Book (annotated)	423	(6)
A good reader interacts with a book, marking his or her responses in margins and back pages.
Armond D. Budish, Fender-Benders: Legal Do's and Don't's	429	(5)
A consumer-law reporter offers advice to motorists involved in minor accidents.
Elizabeth Kolbert, Birth of a TV Show	434	(6)
TV programs go through a complex and baffling process that takes them from pitched idea to pilot to program.
Davidyne Mayleas, How to Land the Job You Want	440	(4)
Mayleas offers job seekers methods of succeeding in the job market.
NEW E-Reading: InfoTrac® College Edition
HOW TO SUCCEED IN JOB INTERVIEWS	444	(1)
E-Readings Online	445	(1)
A Classic Dilemma
Frederiksen Bohannon, Making a Good First Impression Eight Ways Not to Get the Job
Victoria James and Connie LaMotta, Interview Blunders
Critical Reading	445	(1)
Writing Suggestions	446	(1)
BLENDING THE MODES
Malcolm X, My First Conk	447	(5)
The noted black Muslim leader tells the story about getting his hair processed to make a compelling argument about race and identity.
WRITING BEYOND THE CLASSROOM
Lucille Treganowan, Cleaning Battery Terminals	452	(2)
The author of Lucille's Car Care provides instructions on car repair.
NEW Responding to Images	454	(1)
Companion Web Site: Process	455	(2)
Process Checklist	455	(2)
22 Division and Classification: Separating into Parts and Rating Categories	457	(44)
What Are Division and Classification?	457	(1)
Division	457	(2)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING DIVISION	459	(4)
Classification	462	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING CLASSIFICATION	463	(3)
STUDENT PAPER: "Hispanics on Campus"	466	(2)
SUGGESTED TOPICS FOR WRITING DIVISION AND CLASSIFICATION	468	(1)
General Assignments	468	(1)
Writing in Context	468	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR READING DIVISION AND CLASSIFICATION	469	(22)
Russell Baker, The Plot Against People (annotated)	470	(3)
Baker classifies the types of objects intended to frustrate people.
John Holt, Three Kinds of Discipline	473	(4)
Children encounter discipline from three sources: nature, society, and superior force.
NEW E-Reading: InfoTrac® College Edition
WHEN DOES DISCIPLINE BECOME CHILD ABUSE?	477	(1)
E-Readings Online	477	(1)
... Abuse vs. Discipline
Beth Brophy, Because I Said So! Parents Are Responding to John Rosemond's Tough Love
Peggy O'Mara, Changing Our Minds about Spanking
Pamela Gwyn Kripke, 10 Discipline Mistakes Smart Parents Make
Eda LeShan, Those Perfectly Awful Children
Critical Reading	478	(1)
Writing Suggestions	478	(2)
James Austin, Four Kinds of Chance	480	(5)
A scientist classifies the four types of chance that occur in scientific research,
NEW Judith Viorst, Friends, Good Friends-and Such Good Friends	485	(6)
Viorst outlines six kinds of friends.
BLENDING THE MODES
Martin Luther King Jr., Ways of Meeting Oppression	491	(4)
The noted civil rights leader persuades readers to accept the best method of overcoming oppression.
WRITING BEYOND THE CLASSROOM
Black's Law Dictionary, Homicide	495	(3)
Black's dictionary classifies types of homicide.
NEW Responding to Images	498	(1)
Companion Web Site: Division and Classification	499	(2)
Division and Class cation Checklist	499	(2)
23 Cause and Effect: Determining Reasons and Measuring Results
What Is Cause and Effect?	501	(1)
Determining Causes	502	(1)
Measuring and Predicting Effects	503	(2)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING CAUSE AND EFFECT	505	(3)
STUDENT PAPER: "Can the Devon Be Saved?"	508	(2)
SUGGESTED TOPICS FOR WRITING CAUSE AND EFFECT	510	(2)
General Assignments	510	(1)
Writing in Context	511	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR READING CAUSE AND EFFECT	512	(25)
NEW Maya Angelou, Why Blacks Are Returning to Their Southern Roots (annotated)	513	(4)
Reversing a century-old trend, many African Americans are now moving back to the South.
John Brooks, The Effects of the Telephone	517	(3)
Brooks analyzes how the telephone revolutionized human experience.
John Taylor Gatto, Why Schools Don't Educate	520	(3)
A former Teacher of the Year lists reasons why schools fail to teach and details the impact faulty schools have had on children.
NEW E-Reading: InfoTrac® College Edition
CAN PUBLIC SCHOOLS TEACH VALUES?	523	(1)
E-Readings Online	523	(1)
Burt Solomon, Education Nation
Gregory A. Valde, Schools Without Soul: Moral Community and Public Schools
David R. Carlin Jr., Teaching Values in School
Critical Reading	524	(1)
Writing Suggestions	525	(1)
Brent Staples, Black Men and Public Space	526	(4)
An African American examines the effects he causes by simply walking down a public street.
Gloria Steinem, Words and Change	530	(7)
"Now, we have terms like sexual harassment and battered women. A few years ago, they were just called life."
BLENDING THE MODES
William F. Buckley Jr., Don't Blame Violence on the Tube	537	(5)
Noting that television violence is universal, Buckley argues that it cannot be viewed as a cause for America's high rate of crime and homicide.
WRITING BEYOND THE CLASSROOM
Thomas Jefferson et al., The Declaration of Independence	542	(4)
Jefferson details the reasons why the American colonies must sever ties with Great Britain.
NEW Responding to Images	546	(1)
Companion Web Site: Cause and Effect	547	(2)
Cause-and-Effect Checklist	547	(2)
24 Argument and Persuasion: Influencing: Readers	549	(60)
What Is Argument and Persuasion?	549	(4)
Persuasive Appeals	550	(2)
Blending Appeals	552	(1)
Understanding Logic	553	(4)
Deduction	554	(1)
Induction	555	(2)
Persuasion and Audience	557	(1)
Appealing to Hostile Readers	557	(2)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING ARGUMENT AND PERSUASION	559	(3)
STUDENT PAPER: "Why a Black Student Union?"	562	(4)
Suggested Topics for Writing Argument and Persuasion	565	(3)
General Assignments	565	(1)
Writing in Context	566	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR READING ARGUMENT AND PERSUASION	566	(2)
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS-ETHNIC IDENTITY	568	(9)
Armando Rendón, Kiss of Death (annotated)	568	(5)
A Chicano writer embraces his Mexican language and heritage to resist being drawn into the "vacuum of the dominant society."
Barbara Ehrenreich, Cultural Baggage	573	(4)
Ehrenreich rejects her ethnic background and is proud that her children see themselves as belonging to the "race of `none."
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS THE "ABUSE EXCUSE"	577	(8)
Alan Dershowitz, The "Abuse Excuse" Is Detrimental to the Justice System	577	(4)
A noted defense attorney argues that the abuse defense promotes vigilantism.
Leslie Abramson, The Abuse Defense Balances the Justice System	581	(4)
The defense attorney who achieved fame during the Menendez trial asserts the abuse defense provides justice for victims.
NEW OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS-REPARATIONS FOR SLAVERY	585	(10)
Manning Marable, An Idea Whose Time Has Come	585	(4)
Whites, Marable declares, have a moral responsibility to rectify centuries of racial exploitation.
Shelby Steele, A Childish Illusion	589	(3)
Steele argues that the demand for reparations ignores the need for greater black responsibility to overcome poverty and violence.
NEW E-Reading: InfoTrac® College Edition
THE REPARATIONS DEBATE	592	(1)
E-Readings Online	592	(1)
Symposium on Payment of Reparations for the Descendants of Slaves: Should Government Pay Reparations to the Descendants of Slaves?
Randall Robinson, Yes Armstrong Jones, No
Walter B. Hill, The Ex-Slave Pension Movement
Ali A. Mazrui, Who Should Pay for Slavery?
Critical Reading	593	(1)
Writing Suggestions	593	(2)
BLENDING THE MODES
Nat Hentoff, Should This Student Have Been Expelled.?	595	(6)
A noted liberal attacks hate speech codes, arguing that even the most racist and offensive speech is protected by the Constitution.
WRITING BEYOND THE CLASSROOM
Irish Need Apply	601	(2)
Using a headline recalling racist "No Irish Need Apply" notices, a fund-raising ad urges affluent Irish Americans to donate to their homeland.
NEW Responding to Images	603	(1)
Companion Web Site: Argument and Persuasion	604	(5)
Argument and Persuasion Checklist	604	(5)
PART THREE: SPECIAL WRITING SITUATIONS
25 The Essa Examination	609	(10)
What Are Essay Exams?	609	(3)
The Purpose of Essay Examinations	609	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR STUDYING FOR ESSAY EXAMINATIONS	610	(2)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING THE ESSAY EXAMINATION	612	(6)
Sample Questions and Essays	614	(4)
Questions for Review	615	(1)
Questions for Review	616	(2)
Companion Web Site: The Essay Examination	618	(1)
26 Writing about Literature	619	(20)
What Is Literature?	619	(5)
Major Literary Terms	619	(4)
STRATEGIES FOR READING LITERATURE	623	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE	624	(5)
Writing about Fiction	626	(1)
Wolfgang Borchert, The Bread	627	(2)
STUDENT ESSAY: "Denial"	629	(2)
Writing about Poetry	630	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING ABOUT POETRY	631	(2)
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Gory	632	(1)
STUDENT PAPER: "One Calm Summer Night"	633	(2)
Writing about Drama	635	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING ABOUT DRAMA	635	(3)
Companion Web Site: Writing about Literature	638	(1)
Literary Paper Checklist	638	(1)
27 Business an Professional Writing	639	(20)
What Is Business and Professional Writing?	639	(2)
Resumes and Cover Letters	641	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING RESUMES	641	(5)
Professional Resume	644	(1)
Student Resume Including Previous Experience	645	(1)
Cover Letters	646	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING COVER LETTERS	646	(9)
Letter Responding to Personal Referral	647	(1)
Letter Responding to Job Announcement	647	(2)
Putting Your Resume to Work	649	(1)
Business and Professional Reports	649	(7)
Sample Business Report	651	(4)
STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL WRITING	655	(1)
Companion Web Site: Business and Professional Writing	656	(3)
PART FOUR: THE RESEARCH PAPER
28 Conducting Research	659	(35)
What Is Research?	659	(2)
Common Misconceptions	660	(1)
Conducting Research: An Overview	661	(3)
Understand the Scope of the Assignment	661	(1)
Select an Appropriate Topic	662	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR SELECTING A TOPIC	662	(2)
Conduct Preliminary Research	664	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR CONDUCTING PRELIMINARY RESEARCH	664	(15)
Sample Internet Search	670	(1)
Sample Web Site	671	(2)
NEW E-Research Activity: Exploring Preliminary Research Online
Limit the Topic and Develop a Working Thesis	673	(1)
Create a Time Line	674	(1)
Collect and Evaluate Relevant Evidence	674	(5)
Selecting and Evaluating Sources	679	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR SELECTING AND EVALUATING SOURCES	679	(4)
Evaluating Internet Sources Checklist	682	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR OVERCOMING PROBLEMS WITH RESEARCH	683	(10)
Taking Notes	684	(3)
Primary Research	687	(5)
Conducting Interviews	687	(2)
Conducting Surveys	689	(3)
Research Checklist	692	(1)
Companion Web Site: Research	693	(1)
29 Writing the Research Paper	694	(57)
What Is a Research Paper?	694	(1)
Refine Your Thesis and Develop an Outline	695	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING AN OUTLINE	696	(2)
Writing the Research Paper	698	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR USING SOURCES	698	(6)
Guidelines for Using Direct Quotations	700	(4)
STRATEGIES FOR CITING SOURCES	704	(2)
Exceptions to Citing Sources	705	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR REVISING AND EDITING RESEARCH PAPERS	706	(1)
Documentation Styles	706	(1)
The MLA Style	706	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING PARENTHETICAL NOTES	707	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING A WORKS CITED PAGE	708	(11)
Guidelines for Listing Sources in Works Cited and Parenthetical Notes	709	(10)
Books	709	(3)
Periodicals	712	(2)
Other Print Sources	714	(1)
Nonprint Sources	715	(1)
Electronic Sources	716	(3)
SAMPLE RESEARCH PAPER USING MIA STYLE: "The Role of Nature in Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four"	719	(7)
APA Style	726	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING PARENTHETICAL NOTES	726	(2)
STRATEGIES FOR WRITING A REFERENCES PAGE	728	(11)
Guidelines for Listing Sources in References and
Parenthetical Notes	729	(1)
Books	729	(3)
Periodicals	732	(1)
Other Print Sources	733	(1)
Nonprint Sources	734	(1)
Electronic Sources	735	(4)
SAMPLE RESEARCH PAPER USING APA STYLE: "Feeding Frenzy: Journalism and Justice in the Leopold and Loeb Case"	739	(9)
Companion Web Site: The Research Paper	748	(3)
Research Paper Checklist	748	(3)
PART FIVE: GRAMMAR AND HANDBOOK
30 Grammar	751	(14)
What Is Grammar?	751	(1)
Parts of Speech	752	(5)
Nouns	752	(1)
Pronouns	752	(1)
Adjectives	753	(1)
Verbs	754	(1)
Adverbs	755	(1)
Articles	755	(1)
Prepositions	756	(1)
Conjunctions	756	(1)
Interjections	757	(1)
Understanding Parts of Speech	757	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR DETERMINING PARTS OF SPEECH	757	(7)
Phrases and Clauses	158	(601)
Phrases	758	(1)
Clauses	758	(1)
Sentences	759	(5)
Types of Sentences	760	(3)
Other Ways of Looking at Sentences	763	(1)
Companion Web Site: Grammar	764	(1)
Grammar Review	764	(1)
31 The Handbook	765	(68)
STRATEGIES FOR USING THE HANDBOOK	765	(3)
Contents	766	(1)
Sentence Problems	767	(1)
Fragments	767	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR DETECTING AND REVISING FRAGMENTS	768	(3)
Run-on Sentences and Comma Splices	770	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR DETECTING AND REVISING RUN-ONS AND COMMA SPLICES	771	(3)
Faulty Parallelism	773	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR DETECTING AND REVISING FAULTY PARALLELISM	774	(2)
STRATEGIES FOR REVISING SENTENCE PROBLEMS	776	(1)
Companion Web Site: Sentence Structure	777	(3)
Agreement	777	(3)
Subject-Verb Agreement	777	(3)
STRATEGIES FOR OVERCOMING PROBLEMS WITH SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT	780	(3)
Pronoun Agreement	781	(2)
STRATEGIES FOR AVOIDING SEXISM IN PRONOUN USE	783	(1)
Companion Web Site: Agreement	784	(3)
Verbs	784	(4)
Irregular Verbs	784	(2)
Verb Tense	786	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR USING VERB TENSES	787	(1)
Companion Web Site: Verbs	788	(1)
Pronouns	788	(1)
Pronoun Reference	788	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR USING PRONOUNS	789	(1)
Pronoun Case	789	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR USING PROPER CASE	790	(3)
Companion Web Site: Pronouns	793	(1)
Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers	793	(1)
Dangling Modifiers	793	(1)
STRATEGY TO DETECT DANGLING MODIFIERS	794	(2)
Misplaced Modifiers	794	(2)
Companion Web Site: Modifiers	796	(1)
Adjectives and Adverbs	796	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR USING ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS	796	(1)
Companion Web Site: Adjectives and Adverbs	797	(5)
Punctuation	798	(5)
Comma	798	(4)
STRATEGIES FOR ELIMINATING UNNECESSARY COMMAS	802	(1)
Companion Web Site: Commas	803	(2)
Semicolon	804	(1)
Companion Web Site: Semicolons	805	(2)
Colon	805	(1)
Quotation Marks	806	(1)
Companion Web Site: Quotation Marks	807	(2)
Apostrophe	808	(1)
Companion Web Site: Apostrophes	809	(8)
Ellipsis	810	(1)
Parentheses	810	(1)
Brackets	811	(1)
Hyphen	812	(1)
Dash	812	(1)
Slash	813	(1)
Question Mark	813	(1)
Exclamation Point	814	(1)
Period	814	(1)
Mechanics	815	(2)
Capitalization	815	(2)
Companion Web Site: Capitalization	817	(4)
Underlining and Italics	818	(1)
Abbreviations	818	(2)
Numbers	820	(1)
Spelling	821	(1)
STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING SPELLING	821	(3)
Companion Web Site: Spelling	824	(9)
Appendix	825	(8)
Commonly Confused Words	825	(3)
Essay Topics	828	(2)
Commonly Misspelled Words	830	(3)
Credits	833	(3)
Index	836