Surveying, 5th Edition

by Jack C. McCormac (Clemson University)

• ISBN13: 9780471237587
• ISBN10: 0471237582
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-10-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

This book provides a comprehensive coverage of the essential skills necessary in surveying and civil engineering. It covers measurements, distance corrections, leveling, angles, area computation, computer calculations, topographic surveying, electronic distance measuring instruments, and construction surveying. * Includes photos and diagrams, lists of useful addresses and degree programs, surveying tables and formulas. * Updated to include more coverage of GPS and GIS.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(15)
Surveying	1	(1)
Geomatics	1	(1)
Famous Surveyors	2	(1)
Early History of Surveying	2	(3)
Plane Surveys	5	(1)
Geodetic Surveys	6	(1)
Types of Surveys	6	(2)
Modern Surveying Equipment	8	(2)
Use of Old Surveying Equipment	10	(1)
Maintenance of Equipment	10	(1)
Importance of Surveying	10	(1)
Safety	11	(1)
Liability Insurance	12	(1)
Opportunities In Surveying	13	(2)
Problems	13	(2)
Introduction to Measurements	15	(20)
Measurement	15	(1)
Necessity for Accurate Surveys	15	(1)
Accuracy and Precision	16	(1)
Errors and Mistakes	17	(1)
Sources of Errors	18	(1)
Systematic and Accidental or Random Errors	18	(1)
Discussion of Accidental or Random Errors	19	(1)
Occurrence of Accidental or Random Errors	19	(2)
Probability Curve	21	(2)
Propagation of Accidental or Random Errors	23	(4)
Significant Figures	27	(1)
Field Notes	28	(2)
Electronically Recorded Notes	30	(2)
Office Work and Digital Computers	32	(1)
Planning	32	(3)
Problems	32	(3)
Distance Measurement	35	(30)
Introduction	35	(2)
Pacing	37	(1)
Odometers and Measuring Wheels	38	(1)
Tachymetry	39	(3)
Taping or Chaining	42	(1)
Electronic Distance Measurements	43	(1)
Global Positioning System	44	(1)
Summary of Measurement Methods	44	(1)
Equipment Required for Taping	45	(4)
Taping Over Level Ground	49	(2)
Taping Along Sloping Ground or Over Underbrush	51	(5)
Review of Some Trigonometry	56	(9)
Problems	61	(4)
Distance Corrections	65	(20)
Introduction	65	(1)
Types of Corrections	65	(1)
Incorrect Tape Length or Standardization Error	66	(3)
Temperature Variations	69	(1)
Slope Corrections	70	(3)
Sag and Tension Corrections	73	(2)
Combined Taping Corrections	75	(1)
Common Mistakes Made In Taping	76	(1)
Errors In Taping	76	(2)
Magnitude of Errors	78	(1)
Suggestions for Good Taping	79	(1)
Taping Precision	80	(5)
Problems	80	(5)
Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs)	85	(18)
Introduction	85	(1)
Basic Terms	86	(1)
Types of EDMs	87	(2)
Timed-Pulse Instruments	89	(1)
Setting up, Leveling, and Centering EDMs	90	(2)
Necessary Steps for Measuring Distances With EDMs	92	(1)
Errors In EDM Measurements	93	(2)
Calibration of EDM Equipment	95	(2)
Accuracies of EDMs	97	(1)
Computation of Horizontal Distances From Slope Distances	98	(1)
Training of Personnel	99	(1)
Summary Comments On EDMs	100	(3)
Problems	100	(3)
Introduction to Leveling	103	(20)
Importance of Leveling	103	(1)
Basic Definitions	103	(1)
Reference Elevations or Datums	104	(1)
First-, Second-, and Third-Order Surveys	105	(2)
Methods of Leveling	107	(1)
The Level	108	(1)
Types of Levels	109	(6)
Level Rods	115	(2)
Setting up the Level	117	(1)
Sensitivity of Bubble Tubes	118	(1)
Care of Equipment	119	(4)
Problems	121	(2)
Differential Leveling	123	(22)
Theory of Spirit Leveling	123	(1)
Definitions	124	(1)
Differential Leveling Described	125	(1)
Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction	126	(2)
Verniers	128	(2)
Level Rod Targets	130	(1)
Common Leveling Mistakes	131	(1)
Leveling Errors	132	(3)
Suggestions for Good Leveling	135	(1)
Comments On Telescope Readings	136	(1)
Precision of Differential Leveling	136	(1)
Hand Signals	137	(8)
Problems	138	(7)
Leveling, Continued	145	(16)
Adjustments of Level Circuits	145	(4)
Precise Leveling	149	(3)
Profile Leveling	152	(1)
Profiles	153	(1)
Cross Sections	154	(2)
Mistakes In Nonclosed Leveling Routes	156	(5)
Problems	157	(4)
Angles and Directions	161	(20)
Meridians	161	(1)
Units for Measuring Angles	162	(1)
Azimuths	163	(1)
Bearings	163	(1)
The Compass	164	(1)
Variations In Magnetic Declination	165	(2)
Direction Arrow Convention	167	(1)
Local Attraction	167	(1)
Reading Bearings With a Compass	167	(3)
Detecting Local Attraction	170	(1)
Traverse Angle Definitions	170	(1)
Traverse Computations	171	(3)
Magnetic Declination Problems	174	(7)
Problems	175	(6)
Measuring Angle and Directions With Total Stations	181	(18)
Transits and Theodolites (Obsolete)	181	(1)
Introduction to Total Stations	182	(1)
Types of Total Stations	183	(3)
Disadvantages of Total Stations	186	(1)
Parts of Total Stations	186	(1)
Surveying With Total Stations	187	(1)
Setting Up the Total Station	188	(1)
Pointing the Instrument	189	(1)
Measuring Horizontal Angles	190	(1)
Closing the Horizon	191	(1)
Measuring Angles By Repetition	191	(3)
Direction Method for Measuring Horizontal Angles	194	(1)
Measuring Zenith Angles	195	(1)
Robotic Total Stations	196	(1)
Use of Data Collectors With Total Stations	197	(1)
Care of Instruments	197	(2)
Problems	198	(1)
Miscellaneous Angle Discussion	199	(14)
Common Errors In Angle Measurement	199	(2)
Common Mistakes In Measuring Angles	201	(1)
Angle-Distance Relationships	201	(1)
Traversing	202	(1)
Older Methods of Traversing	203	(1)
Modern Traversing With Total Stations	204	(3)
Intersection of Two Lines	207	(1)
Measuring An Angle Where The Instrument Cannot Be Set Up	208	(1)
Prolonging a Straight Line By Double Centering	209	(1)
Establishing Points On a Straight Line Between Two Given Points	210	(1)
Cleaning Surveying Equipment	211	(2)
Problems	211	(2)
Traverse Adjustment and Area Computation	213	(28)
Introduction	213	(1)
Computations	213	(1)
Methods of Calculating Areas	213	(2)
Balancing Angles	215	(1)
Latitudes and Departures	216	(1)
Error of Closure	217	(2)
Balancing Latitudes and Departures	219	(2)
Double Meridian Distances	221	(2)
Double Parallel Distances	223	(1)
Rectangular Coordinates	223	(3)
Areas Computed By Coordinates	226	(1)
Alternative Coordinate Method	227	(1)
Areas Within Irregular Boundaries	228	(13)
Problems	234	(7)
Computer Calculations and Omitted Measurements	241	(16)
Computers	241	(1)
Programs	241	(1)
Application of the Computer Program SURVEY	242	(1)
Computer Example	243	(1)
A Potential Warning: Danger In Computer Use	244	(1)
Omitted Measurements	245	(1)
Length and Bearing Of One Side Missing	246	(1)
Using Survey to Determine the Length and Bearing of a Missing Side	247	(1)
Example Radiation Problem	248	(3)
Computer Solution for Radiation Problem	251	(1)
Resection	251	(6)
Problems	252	(5)
Topographic Surveying	257	(20)
Introduction	257	(1)
Contours	258	(3)
Plotting of Topographic Maps	261	(3)
Summary of Contour Characteristics	264	(1)
Map Symbols	264	(1)
Completing the Map	265	(1)
Specifications for Topographic Maps	266	(1)
Methods of Obtaining Topography	266	(1)
Transit-Stadia Method of Mapping	267	(4)
Plane Table Surveys	271	(1)
Topographic Details Obtained With Total Stations	272	(1)
Selection of Points for Topographic Mapping	273	(1)
Profiles From Contour Maps	274	(1)
Checklist of Items to Be Included On a Topographic Map	274	(3)
Problems	275	(2)
The Global Positioning System (GPS)	277	(16)
Introduction	277	(1)
Monitoring Stations	278	(1)
Uses of GPS	279	(2)
Basic Theory	281	(2)
How Can the Travel Time of a Satellite Signal Be Measured?	283	(2)
Clock Bias	285	(1)
GPS Errors In Detail	286	(1)
Minimizing Errors	287	(1)
Point Positioning and Relative Positioning	288	(1)
Receivers	289	(1)
HARN	290	(1)
CORS	290	(1)
GPS Signals	291	(1)
GPS On the World Wide Web	291	(2)
Problems	291	(2)
GPS Field Applications	293	(12)
Geoid and Ellipsoid	293	(1)
Field Applications	294	(1)
Static GPS Surveys	295	(1)
Kinematic Surveying	296	(1)
Dilution of Precision (DOP)	296	(2)
Planning	298	(1)
Example Problem	299	(3)
Differencing	302	(3)
Problems	304	(1)
Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS)	305	(14)
Definition of Geographic Information Systems	305	(2)
Why GIS?	307	(1)
Evolution of GIS	308	(1)
Thematic Layering	309	(2)
Levels of Use of a GIS	311	(1)
Uses of Geographic Information Systems	311	(1)
Objectives of a GIS	312	(1)
Advantages of a GIS	312	(2)
Land Information Systems (LIS)	314	(1)
Accuracy in a GIS	315	(1)
Control Surveying	316	(1)
Legal Concerns With GIS	316	(3)
Problems	317	(2)
GIS, Continued	319	(14)
Essential Elements of a GIS	319	(1)
Data Acquisition	319	(1)
Preprocessing	320	(1)
Data Management	320	(1)
Manipulation and Analysis	321	(1)
Product Generation	322	(1)
Putting Data Into the Computer	322	(1)
Spatial Data Models	322	(5)
Geographical Data	327	(1)
Coordinates and Map Projections	328	(1)
Conclusion to GIS Discussion	329	(4)
Problems	331	(2)
Construction Surveying	333	(14)
Introduction	333	(1)
Work of the Construction Surveyor	333	(2)
Trade Unions	335	(1)
Property Survey from the Contractor's Viewpoint	335	(1)
Preliminary Surveys	336	(1)
Grade Stakes	337	(1)
Referencing Points for Construction	337	(2)
Building Layout	339	(1)
Base Lines (Layout Performed By Surveyors)	340	(2)
Radial Staking Methods	342	(1)
Batter Boards	342	(2)
Building Layout: Contractor Method	344	(1)
As-Built Surveys	345	(2)
Problems	345	(2)
Volumes	347	(18)
Introduction	347	(1)
Slopes and Slope Stakes	347	(2)
Borrow Pits	349	(2)
Cross Sections	351	(1)
Areas of Cross Sections	352	(2)
Computation of Earthwork Volumes	354	(4)
Mass Diagram	358	(1)
Volumes From Contour Maps	359	(1)
Volume Formulas for Geometric Shapes	360	(5)
Problems	361	(4)
Land Surveying or Property Surveying	365	(18)
Introduction	365	(1)
Title Transfer and Land Records	365	(1)
Common Law	366	(1)
Monuments	367	(1)
Blazing Trees	368	(1)
The Land Surveyor: A Specialist	368	(1)
Monuments, Bearings, Distances, and Areas	369	(1)
Miscellaneous Terms Relating to Land Surveying	370	(3)
Resurveys	373	(1)
Metes and Bounds	374	(2)
The U.S. Public Lands Survey System	376	(1)
Early Days of the System	377	(1)
Outline of the System	378	(3)
Meander Lines	381	(1)
Witness Corners	381	(1)
Deed Descriptions of Land	381	(2)
Problems	381	(2)
Horizontal Curves	383	(24)
Introduction	383	(2)
Degree of Curvature and Radius of Curvature	385	(1)
Curve Equations	386	(2)
Deflection Angles	388	(1)
Selection and Staking Out of Curves	389	(2)
Computer Example	391	(1)
Field Procedure for Staking Out Curves	392	(3)
Circular Curves Using the SI System	395	(1)
Horizontal Curves Passing Through Certain Points	396	(2)
Spiral Curves	398	(9)
Problems	404	(3)
Vertical Curves	407	(16)
Introduction	407	(1)
Vertical Curve Calculations	408	(3)
Miscellaneous Items Relating to Vertical Curves	411	(1)
Unequal-Tangent Vertical Curves	412	(3)
Vertical Curve Passing Through a Certain Point	415	(1)
Parabolic Equation	416	(1)
Computer Example	417	(1)
Crowns	418	(1)
Superelevation	418	(5)
Problems	420	(3)
Surveying---the Profession	423	(6)
Surveying Licenses	423	(1)
Registration Requirements	423	(1)
Penalties for Practicing Surveying Without a License	424	(1)
Reasons for Becoming Registered	425	(1)
A Profession	425	(1)
Code of Ethics	426	(2)
To Be Classed as a Professional	428	(1)
Conclusion	428	(1)
Problems	428	(1)
Appendix A Some Useful Addresses	429	(2)
Appendix B Baccalaureate Degree Programs in Surveying	431	(2)
Appendix C Some Useful Formulas	433	(2)
Appendix D Transits and Theodolites	435	(10)
Glossary	445	(6)
Index	451