Surveying with Construction Applications

by Kavanagh, Barry F.

• ISBN13: 9780130482150
• ISBN10: 0130482153
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

For undergraduate Engineering and Engineering Technology courses in Civil, Building, Surveying, Construction, and Natural Resources programs.This streamlined, fully updated Fifth Edition maintains the same accessible, applications-driven approach as its predecessors beginning with a firm foundation in the principles of surveying, then supporting this foundation with real-world construction applications. While Kavanagh does reflect the latest developments in techniques and instrumentation, coverage also includes in-depth discussions of more traditional topics.

Table of Contents

PART I SURVEYING PRINCIPLES	1	(354)
Surveying Fundamentals	2	(14)
Surveying Defined	2	(2)
Surveying: General Background	4	(1)
Control Surveys	4	(1)
Preliminary Surveys	4	(1)
Construction Surveys	5	(1)
Distance Measurement	5	(3)
Angle Measurement	8	(1)
Position Measurement	8	(1)
Units of Measurement	9	(2)
Stationing	11	(1)
Types of Construction Projects	11	(1)
Random and Systematic Errors	12	(1)
Accuracy and Precision	12	(2)
Mistakes	14	(1)
Field Notes	14	(2)
Distance Measurement	16	(38)
Methods of Linear Measurement	16	(1)
Gunter's Chain	17	(1)
Tapes	18	(1)
Steel Tapes	18	(3)
Taping Accessories and Their Use	21	(4)
Taping Techniques	25	(4)
Standard Conditions for the Use of Steel Tapes	29	(1)
Systematic Taping Errors and Corrections	29	(4)
Random Taping Errors	33	(1)
Techniques for ``Ordinary'' Taping Precision	34	(1)
Mistakes in Taping	35	(1)
Field Notes for Taping	35	(2)
Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)	37	(1)
Electronic Angle Measurement	38	(1)
Principles of Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)	39	(3)
EDM Characteristics	42	(1)
Prisms	42	(1)
EDM Instrument Accuracies	43	(2)
EDM Operation	45	(3)
Geometry of Electronic Distance Measurements	48	(2)
EDM Without Reflecting Prisms	50	(4)
Problems	52	(2)
Leveling	54	(41)
General Background	54	(1)
Theory of Differential Leveling	54	(3)
Curvature and Refraction	57	(2)
Types of Surveying Levels	59	(6)
Leveling Rods	65	(1)
Definitions for Differential Leveling	65	(3)
Techniques of Leveling	68	(4)
Benchmark Leveling (Vertical Control Surveys)	72	(1)
Profile and Cross-Section Leveling	73	(5)
Reciprocal Leveling	78	(1)
Peg Test	79	(3)
Three-Wire Leveling	82	(2)
Trigonometric Leveling	84	(1)
Level Loop Adjustments	85	(2)
Suggestions for Rod Work	87	(1)
Suggestions for Instrument Work	87	(1)
Mistakes in Leveling	88	(7)
Problems	88	(7)
Angles and Theodolites	95	(28)
General Background	95	(1)
Reference Directions for Vertical Angles	95	(1)
Meridians	95	(1)
Horizontal Angles	96	(2)
Theodolites	98	(2)
Electronic Theodolites	100	(4)
Theodolite Setup	104	(1)
Repeating Optical Theodolites	105	(2)
Angle Measurement with an Optical Theodolite	107	(1)
Direction Optical Theodolites	107	(1)
Angles Measured with a Direction Theodolite	108	(1)
Geometry of the Theodolite	109	(1)
Adjustment of the Theodolite	110	(6)
Laying Off Angles	116	(1)
Prolonging a Straight Line	117	(1)
Bucking-In (Interlining)	117	(1)
Intersection of Two Straight Lines	118	(1)
Prolonging a Measured Line by Triangulation over an Obstacle	119	(2)
Prolonging a Line Past an Obstacle	121	(2)
Review Questions	122	(1)
Total Stations	123	(35)
General Background	123	(4)
Total Station Characteristics	127	(4)
Total Station Basic Operations	131	(6)
Field Procedures for Total Stations in Topographic Surveys	137	(7)
Field-Generated Graphics	144	(3)
Construction Layout Using Total Stations	147	(5)
Motorized Total Stations	152	(6)
Review Questions	157	(1)
Traverse Surveys and Computations	158	(33)
General Background	158	(2)
Balancing Field Angles	160	(2)
Meridians	162	(1)
Bearings	162	(4)
Azimuths	166	(4)
Latitudes and Departures	170	(6)
Traverse Precision and Accuracy	176	(2)
Compass Rule Adjustment	178	(2)
Effects of Traverse Adjustments on Measured Angles and Distances	180	(1)
Omitted Measurement Computations	180	(2)
Rectangular Coordinates of Traverse Stations	182	(3)
Area of a Closed Traverse by the Coordinate Method	185	(6)
Problems	188	(3)
An Introduction to Geomatics	191	(70)
Geomatics Defined	191	(1)
Branches of Geomatics	191	(2)
Data Collection Branch	193	(7)
Survey Drafting and Plotting	200	(5)
Contours	205	(8)
Aerial Photography	213	(12)
Airborne and Satellite Imagery	225	(12)
Remote Sensing Satellites	237	(1)
Geographic Information System (GIS)	238	(6)
Database Management	244	(1)
Metadata	244	(1)
Spatial Entities or Features	245	(2)
Typical Data Representation	247	(1)
Spatial Data Models	248	(1)
GIS Data Structures	249	(3)
Topology	252	(2)
Remote Sensing Internet Web Sites and Further Reading	254	(7)
Review Questions	256	(1)
Problems	256	(5)
Global Positioning Systems	261	(45)
General Background	261	(2)
Global Positioning	263	(1)
Receivers	264	(1)
Satellites	265	(3)
Satellite Signals	268	(3)
Position Measurements	271	(6)
Errors	277	(2)
Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS)	279	(2)
Canadian Active Control System	281	(1)
Survey Planning	281	(6)
GPS Field Procedures	287	(4)
GPS Applications	291	(6)
Vertical Positioning	297	(4)
Conclusion	301	(2)
GPS Glossary	303	(1)
Recommended Readings and Web Sites	304	(2)
Review Questions	305	(1)
Control Surveys	306	(49)
General Background	306	(7)
Plane Coordinate Grids	313	(5)
Lambert Projection	318	(2)
Transverse Mercator Grid System	320	(1)
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid System	321	(4)
Use of Grid Coordinates	325	(9)
Illustrative Examples	334	(7)
Horizontal Control Techniques	341	(2)
Project Control	343	(12)
Review Questions	351	(1)
Problems	351	(4)
PART II CONSTRUCTION APPLICATIONS	355	(210)
General Background	355	(1)
Grade	356	(1)
Machine Guidance and Control: General Background	356	(2)
Total Station Guidance and Control	358	(1)
GPS RTK Guidance and Control	359	(2)
The Surveyor's Role in Machine Guidance and Control	361	(1)
Highway Curves	362	(64)
Route Surveys	362	(1)
Circular Curves: General Background	363	(1)
Circular Curve Geometry	364	(6)
Circular Curve Deflections	370	(2)
Chord Calculations	372	(1)
Metric Considerations	373	(1)
Field Procedure	374	(1)
Moving up on the Curve	375	(1)
Offset Curves	376	(8)
Compound Circular Curves	384	(1)
Reverse Curves	385	(2)
Vertical Curves: General Background	387	(1)
Geometric Properties of the Parabola	388	(1)
Computation of the High or the Low Point on a Vertical Curve	389	(1)
Computing a Vertical Curve	390	(3)
Design Considerations	393	(2)
Spiral Curves: General Background	395	(1)
Spiral Curve Computations	396	(9)
Spiral Layout Procedure Summary	405	(7)
Approximate Solution for Spiral Problems	412	(1)
Superelevation: General Background	413	(1)
Superelevation Design	414	(12)
Review Questions	420	(1)
Problems	421	(5)
Highway Construction Surveys	426	(23)
Preliminary (Preengineering) Surveys	426	(4)
Highway Design	430	(6)
Highway Construction Layout	436	(1)
Clearing, Grubbing, and Stripping Topsoil	436	(1)
Placement of Slope Stakes	437	(4)
Layout for Line and Grade	441	(3)
Grade Transfer	444	(3)
Ditch Construction	447	(2)
Review Questions	448	(1)
Municipal Street Construction Surveys	449	(25)
General Background	449	(1)
Classification of Roads and Streets	450	(1)
Road Allowances	450	(1)
Road Cross Sections	450	(1)
Plan and Profile	451	(3)
Establishing Centerline (C)	454	(3)
Establishing Offset Lines and Construction Control	457	(2)
Construction Grades for a Curbed Street	459	(4)
Street Intersections	463	(3)
Sidewalk Construction	466	(1)
Site Grading	467	(7)
Problems	467	(7)
Pipeline and Tunnel Construction Surveys	474	(26)
Pipeline Construction	474	(2)
Sewer Construction	476	(2)
Layout for Line and Grade	478	(10)
Catch-Basin Construction Layout	488	(1)
Tunnel Construction	489	(11)
Problems	494	(6)
Culvert and Bridge Construction Surveys	500	(18)
Culvert Construction	500	(1)
Culvert Reconstruction	500	(3)
Bridge Construction: General Background	503	(4)
Contract Drawings	507	(5)
Layout Computations	512	(1)
Offset Distance Computations	512	(1)
Dimension Verification	513	(2)
Vertical Control	515	(1)
Cross Sections for Footing Excavations	516	(2)
Review Questions	517	(1)
Building Construction Surveys	518	(20)
Building Construction: General Background	518	(1)
Single-Story Construction	518	(12)
Multistory Construction	530	(8)
Review Questions	537	(1)
Quantity and Final Surveys	538	(27)
Construction Quantity Measurements: General Background	538	(1)
Area Computations	539	(7)
Area by Graphical Analysis	546	(6)
Construction Volumes	552	(2)
Cross Sections, End Areas, and Volumes	554	(5)
Prismoidal Formula	559	(1)
Volume Computations by Geometric Formulas	560	(2)
Final (As-Built) Surveys	562	(3)
Problems	562	(3)
Appendix A: Trigonometry and Coordinate Geometry Review	565	(14)
Appendix B: Internet Web Sites	579	(4)
Appendix C: Glossary	583	(10)
Appendix D; Typical Field Projects	593	(20)
Appendix E: Answers to Selected Problems	613	(4)
Appendix F: Steel Tape Corrections	617	(6)
Appendix G: Early Surveying	623	(30)
Appendix H: Examples of Machine Guidance and Control, and Geomatics Output	653	(2)
Index	655

Excerpts

There have been many technological advances in surveying sinceSurveying with Construction Applicationswas first published. This fifth edition is up to date, with the latest information about advances in instrumentation technology, field data capture, and data processing techniques. Although surveying is becoming much more efficient and automated, the need for a clear understanding of the principles underlying all forms of survey measurement remains unchanged. Every effort has been made to keep this text on the leading edge of new developments in techniques and instrumentation, while maintaining complete coverage of traditional techniques and instrumentation. General surveying principles and techniques, used in all branches of surveying, are presented in Chapters 1 to 9. Contemporary applications for the construction of most civil projects are covered in Chapters 10 to 16. Not only is the current edition useful for the student, but it can also be used as a reference for the graduate who may choose a career in civil design or construction. Many new topics have been added to this edition; as a result, some topics have been shifted from the text proper to the appendixes. Moving the evolution of surveying to Appendix G has shortened Chapter 1. Chapter 2 has been expanded to include electronic distance measurement (EDM). The topic of taping corrections has been moved from Chapter 2 to Appendix F. Chapters 3 and 4 have also been streamlined by moving the discussion of four-screw instruments (the dumpy level and vernier transit) to Appendix G. Chapter 5, now called Total Stations, has been revised to more clearly present total station basic operations. Chapter 7 has been completely revised to introduce the concept of geomatics. The techniques of traditional data collection have been expanded because the student is introduced now to the data-collection techniques involved in airborne and satellite imaging. The topic of mapping has been expanded by the inclusion of introductory GIS topics. Chapters 8 and 9 (Global Positioning Systems -- GPS, and Construction Control Surveying) have been revised and switched in order of inclusion in the text. The Instructor's Manual includes solutions for end-of-chapter problems; a typical evaluation scheme; subject outlines (two terms or two semester programs); term assignments; sample instruction class handouts for instrument use, etc.; and mid-term and final tests. Also included for the first time is a PowerPoint CD presentation that can be used both as an aid in presenting text material and as a source for overhead projector transparencies. The surveyor now has to struggle to keep up with the amazing explosion of technology advances. These advances have both deepened and broadened the traditional field of surveying. It is my hope that students using this text will be completely up to date in this subject area whether they continue their education in surveying or they seek employment in this rewarding field.