Surveying With Construction Applications

by Kavanagh, Barry F.

• ISBN13: 9780131709324
• ISBN10: 0131709321
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This text covers all the basics of surveying with many realistic applications presented in the construction and engineering fields. The author (who has many years of field surveying and surveying management experience) has continued the easy-to-read approach to the text that has proven so popular in the classroom, as well as for self-study. The text content (including problems and field projects) has been classroom-tested over many years. The latest important developments in surveying instrumentation and in surveying techniques are included in this edition. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Preface	iii
Acknowledgments	iv
PART I SURVEYING PRINCIPLES	1	(368)
Surveying Fundamentals	2	(16)
Surveying Defined	2	(2)
Surveying: General Background	4	(1)
Control Surveys	4	(1)
Preliminary Surveys	4	(1)
Surveying Instruments	5	(1)
Construction Surveys	6	(1)
Distance Measurement	6	(3)
Angle Measurement	9	(1)
Position Measurement	9	(1)
Units of Measurement	10	(2)
Stationing	12	(1)
Types of Construction Projects	12	(1)
Random and Systematic Errors	13	(1)
Accuracy and Precision	14	(1)
Mistakes	15	(1)
Field Notes	15	(3)
Review Questions	16	(2)
Distance Measurement	18	(39)
Methods of Linear Measurement	18	(1)
Gunter's Chain	19	(1)
Tapes	20	(1)
Steel Tapes	20	(3)
Taping Accessories and Their Use	23	(4)
Taping Techniques	27	(4)
Taping Corrections	31	(1)
Systematic Taping Errors and Corrections	31	(4)
Random Taping Errors	35	(1)
Techniques for ``Ordinary'' Taping Precision	36	(1)
Mistakes in Taping	37	(2)
Field Notes for Taping	39	(1)
Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)	40	(1)
Electronic Angle Measurement	40	(2)
Principles of Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)	42	(2)
EDM Characteristics	44	(1)
Prisms	45	(1)
EDM Instrument Accuracies	46	(1)
EDM Operation	47	(3)
Geometry of Electronic Distance Measurements	50	(3)
EDM Without Reflecting Prisms	53	(4)
Problems	55	(2)
Leveling	57	(40)
General Background	57	(1)
Theory of Differential Leveling	58	(2)
Curvature and Refraction	60	(2)
Types of Surveying Levels	62	(5)
Leveling Rods	67	(4)
Definitions for Differential Leveling	71	(1)
Techniques of Leveling	72	(4)
Benchmark Leveling (Vertical Control Surveys)	76	(2)
Profile and Cross-Section Leveling	78	(5)
Reciprocal Leveling	83	(1)
Peg Test	84	(2)
Three-Wire Leveling	86	(1)
Trigonometric Leveling	87	(1)
Level Loop Adjustments	88	(1)
Suggestions for Rod Work	89	(1)
Suggestions for Instrument Work	90	(1)
Mistakes in Leveling	91	(6)
Problems	92	(5)
Angles and Theodolites	97	(28)
General Background	97	(1)
Reference Directions for Vertical Angles	97	(1)
Meridians	97	(1)
Horizontal Angles	98	(1)
Theodolites	99	(3)
Electronic Theodolites	102	(4)
Theodolite/Total Station Setup	106	(1)
Repeating Optical Theodolites	107	(2)
Angle Measurement with an Optical Theodolite	109	(1)
Direction Optical Theodolites	109	(1)
Angles Measured with a Direction Theodolite	110	(1)
Geometry of the Theodolite and Total Station	111	(1)
Adjustment of the Theodolite and Total Station	112	(5)
Laying Off Angles	117	(1)
Prolonging a Straight Line (Double Centering)	118	(2)
Bucking-In (Interlining)	120	(1)
Intersection of Two Straight Lines	120	(1)
Prolonging a Measured Line by Triangulation over an Obstacle	121	(2)
Prolonging a Line Past an Obstacle	123	(2)
Review Questions	124	(1)
Total Stations	125	(39)
General Background	125	(1)
Total Station Capabilities	125	(6)
Total Station Field Techniques	131	(8)
Field Procedures for Total Stations in Topographic Surveys	139	(7)
Field-Generated Graphics	146	(3)
Construction Layout Using Total Stations	149	(4)
Motorized Total Stations	153	(5)
Summary of Modern Total Station Characteristics and Capabilities	158	(1)
Instruments Combining Total Station Capabilities and GPS Receiver Capabilities	159	(2)
Portable/Handheld Total Stations	161	(3)
Review Questions	162	(2)
Traverse Surveys and Computations	164	(33)
General Background	164	(3)
Balancing Field Angles	167	(1)
Meridians	168	(1)
Bearings	169	(3)
Azimuths	172	(4)
Latitudes and Departures	176	(6)
Traverse Precision and Accuracy	182	(1)
Compass Rule Adjustment	183	(2)
Effects of Traverse Adjustments on Measured Angles and Distances	185	(1)
Omitted Measurement Compulations	186	(1)
Rectangular Coordinates of Traverse Stations	187	(4)
Area of a Closed Traverse by the Coordinate Method	191	(6)
Problems	193	(4)
An Introduction to Geomatics	197	(71)
Geomatics Defined	197	(1)
Branches of Geomatics	197	(2)
Data-Collection Branch	199	(6)
Design and Plotting	205	(10)
Contours	215	(7)
Aerial Photography	222	(11)
Airborne and Satellite Imagery	233	(12)
Remote-Sensing Satellites	245	(1)
Geographic Information System (GIS)	246	(6)
Database Management	252	(1)
Metadata	253	(1)
Spatial Entities or Features	254	(1)
Typical Data Representation	254	(2)
Spatial Data Models	256	(2)
GIS Data Structures	258	(3)
Topology	261	(1)
Remote Sensing Internet Web Sites and Further Reading	262	(6)
Review Questions	263	(1)
Problems	264	(4)
Satellite Positioning	268	(49)
General Background	268	(2)
Global Positioning System	270	(2)
Receivers	272	(2)
Satellite Constellations	274	(4)
GPS Satellite Signals	278	(1)
Position Measurements	279	(7)
Errors	286	(2)
Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS)	288	(2)
Canadian Active Control System	290	(1)
Survey Planning	290	(6)
GPS Field Procedures	296	(6)
GPS Applications	302	(6)
Vertical Positioning	308	(5)
Conclusion	313	(1)
GPS Glossary	313	(2)
Recommended Readings	315	(2)
Review Questions	316	(1)
Horizontal Control Surveys	317	(52)
General Background	317	(8)
Plane Coordinate Grids	325	(7)
Lambert Projection	332	(1)
Transverse Mercator Grid System	332	(1)
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid System	333	(8)
Use of Grid Coordinates	341	(9)
Illustrative Examples	350	(7)
Horizontal Control Techniques	357	(1)
Project Control	358	(11)
Review Questions	368	(1)
Problems	368	(1)
PART II CONSTRUCTION APPLICATIONS: GENERAL BACKGROUND	369	(212)
Modern Construction Surveying Practices	370	(13)
General Background	370	(1)
Grade	371	(1)
Machine Guidance and Control	371	(7)
Three-Dimensional Data Files	378	(2)
Summary of the 3D Design Process	380	(2)
Web Site References for Data Collection, DTM, and Civil Design	382	(1)
Review Questions	382	(1)
Highway Curves	383	(61)
Route Surveys	383	(1)
Circular Curves: General Background	384	(1)
Circular Curve Geometry	385	(6)
Circular Curve Deflections	391	(2)
Chord Calculations	393	(1)
Metric Considerations	394	(1)
Field Procedure	394	(1)
Moving up on the Curve	395	(1)
Offset Curves	396	(7)
Compound Circular Curves	403	(2)
Reverse Curves	405	(1)
Vertical Curves: General Background	406	(1)
Geometric Properties of the Parabola	407	(1)
Computation of the High or the Low Point on a Vertical Curve	408	(1)
Computing a Vertical Curve	409	(3)
Design Considerations	412	(2)
Spiral Curves: General Background	414	(2)
Spiral Curve Computations	416	(7)
Spiral Layout Procedure Summary	423	(7)
Approximate Solution for Spiral Problems	430	(2)
Superelevation: General Background	432	(1)
Superelevation Design	432	(12)
Review Questions	441	(1)
Problems	442	(2)
Highway Construction Surveys	444	(22)
Preliminary (Preengineering) Surveys	444	(4)
Highway Design	448	(1)
Highway Construction Layout	448	(6)
Clearing, Grubbing, and Stripping Topsoil	454	(1)
Placement of Slope Stakes	455	(4)
Layout for Line and Grade	459	(1)
Grade Transfer	460	(4)
Ditch Construction	464	(2)
Review Questions	464	(2)
Municipal Street Construction Surveys	466	(25)
General Background	466	(1)
Classification of Roads and Streets	467	(1)
Road Allowances	468	(1)
Road Cross Sections	468	(1)
Plan and Profile	468	(1)
Establishing Centerline (c)	469	(4)
Establishing Offset Lines and Construction Control	473	(2)
Construction Grades for a Curbed Street	475	(5)
Street Intersections	480	(2)
Sidewalk Construction	482	(1)
Site Grading	483	(8)
Problems	485	(6)
Pipeline and Tunnel Construction Surveys	491	(25)
Pipeline Construction	491	(2)
Sewer Construction	493	(2)
Layout for Line and Grade	495	(9)
Catch-Basin Construction Layout	504	(1)
Tunnel Construction	505	(11)
Problems	511	(5)
Culvert and Bridge Construction Surveys	516	(18)
Culvert Construction	516	(1)
Culvert Reconstruction	516	(3)
Bridge Construction: General Background	519	(1)
Contract Drawings	519	(9)
Layout Computations	528	(1)
Offset Distance Computations	528	(1)
Dimension Verification	529	(2)
Vertical Control	531	(2)
Cross Sections for Footing Excavations	533	(1)
Review Questions	533	(1)
Building Construction Surveys	534	(19)
Building Construction: General Background	534	(1)
Single-Story Construction	534	(11)
Multistory Construction	545	(8)
Review Questions	552	(1)
Quantity and Final Surveys	553	(28)
Construction Quantity Measurements: General Background	553	(1)
Area Computations	554	(7)
Area by Graphical Analysis	561	(6)
Construction Volumes	567	(2)
Cross Sections, End Areas, and Volumes	569	(4)
Prismoidal Formula	573	(2)
Volume Computations by Geometric Formulas	575	(1)
Final (As-Built) Surveys	575	(6)
Problems	577	(4)
Appendix A Trigonometry and Coordinate Geometry Review	581	(14)
Trigonometric Definitions and Identities	581	(1)
Coordinate Geometry	581	(14)
Appendix B Surveying and Mapping Web Sites	595	(2)
Appendix C Glossary	597	(12)
Appendix D Typical Field Projects	609	(20)
Field Notes	609	(1)
Project 1: Building Measurements	610	(2)
Project 2: Experiment to Determine Normal Tension	612	(1)
Project 3: Field Traverse Measurements with a Steel Tape	613	(1)
Project 4: Differential Leveling	614	(2)
Project 5: Traverse Angle Measurements and Closure Computations	616	(1)
Project 6: Topographic Survey	617	(7)
Project 7: Building Layout	624	(1)
Project 8: Horizontal Curve	625	(1)
Project 9: Pipeline Layout	626	(3)
Appendix E Answers to Selected Problems	629	(2)
Appendix F Steel Tape Corrections	631	(8)
Erroneous Tape-Length Corrections	631	(1)
Temperature Corrections	632	(2)
Tension and Sag Corrections	634	(5)
Problems	636	(3)
Appendix G Early Surveying	639	(32)
Evolution of Surveying	639	(5)
Dumpy Level	644	(3)
The Engineer's Vernier Transit	647	(8)
Stadia	655	(16)
Problems	667	(4)
Appendix H Illustrations of Machine Control and of Various Data-Capture Techniques	671	(2)
Index	673