Surveying : Principles and Applications

by Kavanagh, Barry F.; Bird, S. J. Glenn

• ISBN13: 9780130227331
• ISBN10: 0130227331
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

For freshman-junior level courses in surveying, including photogrammetry and hydrographic surveying. This text presents a clear discussion of surveying principles, and applications for mapping and engineering surveys. It has a good selection of problems that illuminate and reinforce concepts as well as provide up-to-date information on the latest technological innovations. Real-world emphasis is key to the continued success of this text and the success a student has in understanding surveying concepts. So real world is this text that graduates often arrive for their first day of work carrying it. Suitable for construction, civil technology, civil engineering programs, and general surveying programs.

Table of Contents

PART I SURVEYING PRINCIPLES	1	(322)
Basics of Surveying	2	(22)
Surveying Defined	2	(1)
Types of Surveys	2	(1)
Classes of Surveys	3	(2)
Definitions	5	(1)
Surveying Instrumentation	5	(1)
Survey Geographic Reference	5	(1)
Survey Grid Reference	6	(2)
Survey Legal Reference	8	(1)
Survey Vertical Reference	9	(1)
Distance Measurement	9	(2)
Units of Measurement	11	(2)
Location Methods	13	(1)
Accuracy and Precision	13	(1)
Errors	14	(1)
Mistakes	15	(1)
Accuracy Ratio	15	(1)
Stationing	16	(1)
Field Notes	16	(2)
Field Management	18	(1)
Evolution of Surveying	19	(5)
Tape Measurements	24	(31)
Methods of Linear Measurement	24	(1)
Types of Measurement	24	(2)
Gunter's Chain	26	(1)
Fiberglass Tapes	26	(1)
Steel Tapes	27	(3)
Standard Conditions for Use of Steel Tapes	30	(1)
Taping Accessories	30	(4)
Taping Methods	34	(3)
Taping Corrections	37	(1)
Slope Corrections	38	(3)
Erroneous Tape Length Corrections	41	(1)
Temperature Corrections	42	(1)
Tension and Sag Corrections	43	(4)
Random Errors Associated with Systematic Taping Errors	47	(2)
Random Taping Errors	49	(1)
Techniques for Ordinary Taping Precision	50	(1)
Mistakes in Taping	51	(4)
Problems	52	(3)
Leveling	55	(49)
Definitions	55	(1)
Theory of Differential Leveling	55	(2)
Curvature and Refraction	57	(2)
Dumpy Level	59	(3)
Tilting Level	62	(3)
Automatic Level	65	(2)
Precise Level	67	(1)
Digital Level	67	(2)
Leveling Rods	69	(1)
Rod levels	69	(3)
Leveling Operations Definitions	72	(1)
Leveling Procedure	73	(2)
Leveling Operations	75	(3)
Signals	78	(1)
Benchmark Leveling (Vertical Control Surveys)	78	(1)
Profile and Cross-Section Leveling	79	(5)
Reciprocal Leveling	84	(1)
Peg Test	84	(3)
Three-Wire Leveling	87	(1)
Trigonometric Leveling	88	(2)
Level Loop Adjustments	90	(1)
Suggestions for Rod Work	91	(1)
Suggestions for Instrument Work	92	(1)
Mistakes in Leveling	92	(12)
Problems	93	(11)
Angles and Directions	104	(23)
General	104	(1)
Reference Directions for Vertical Angles	104	(1)
Meridians	104	(2)
Horizontal Angles	106	(1)
Azimuths	107	(1)
Bearings	107	(2)
Relationship Between Bearings and Azimuths	109	(1)
Reverse Directions	110	(1)
Azimuth Computations	110	(6)
Bearing Computations	116	(1)
Comments on Bearings and Azimuths	117	(3)
Magnetic Direction	120	(7)
Problems	126	(1)
Transits/Theodolites	127	(35)
Introduction	127	(2)
Repeating Optical Theodolites	129	(2)
Theodolite Setup	131	(2)
Angle Measurement with an Optical Theodolite	133	(1)
Electronic Theodolites	133	(5)
Direction Optical Theodolites	138	(2)
Angles Measured with a Direction Theodolite	140	(1)
Geometry of the Transit	141	(1)
Adjustment of the Transit	142	(4)
The Engineers' Transit	146	(2)
Circles and Verniers	148	(3)
Telescope	151	(1)
Leveling Head	152	(1)
Plate Levels	152	(1)
Transit Setup	152	(1)
Measuring Angles by Repetition (Vernier Transit)	153	(2)
Laying Off Angles	155	(2)
Prolonging a Straight Line	157	(1)
Interlining (Balancing In)	157	(1)
Intersection of Two Straight Lines	158	(1)
Prolonging a Measured Line by Triangulation over an Obstacle	158	(1)
Prolonging a Line Past an Obstacle	159	(3)
Transverse Surveys	162	(51)
General	162	(1)
Open Traverse	162	(1)
Closed Traverse	163	(1)
Balancing Angles	164	(2)
Latitudes and Departures	166	(2)
Computation of Latitudes and Departures to Determine the Error of Closure and the Accuracy of a Traverse: Example 6.1	168	(6)
Traverse Precision and Accuracy	174	(2)
Traverse Adjustments	176	(1)
Compass Rule Adjustment	176	(3)
Effects of Traverse Adjustments on the Original Data	179	(1)
Omitted Measurements	180	(3)
Rectangular Coordinates of Traverse Stations	183	(5)
Geometry of Rectangular Coordinates	188	(2)
Illustrative Problems in Rectangular Coordinates	190	(11)
Area of a Closed Traverse by the Coordinate Method	201	(3)
Area of a Closed Traverse by the Double Meridian Distance Method	204	(5)
Summary of Traverse Computations	209	(4)
Problems	210	(3)
Topographic Surveys Using Traditional (Pre-electronic) Techniques	213	(27)
General	213	(1)
Scales and Precision	214	(2)
Location by Right-Angle Offsets	216	(1)
Cross Sections and Profiles	217	(3)
Stadia Principles	220	(2)
Inclined Stadia Measurements	222	(4)
Examples of Stadia Measurements	226	(3)
Precision of Stadia Measurements	229	(1)
Stadia Field Practice	230	(2)
Establishing Control by Stadia Methods	232	(3)
Self-Reducing Stadia Theodolite	235	(1)
Summary of Stadia Field Procedure: Conventional Instrument	236	(4)
Problems	237	(3)
Electronic Surveying Measurement	240	(55)
General	240	(2)
Principles of EDM Measurement (EDM)	242	(3)
EDM Characteristics	245	(1)
Prisms	245	(2)
EDM Accuracies	247	(1)
EDM Operation	247	(4)
Geometry of EDM Measurements	251	(3)
EDM Without Reflecting Prisms	254	(2)
Total Stations	256	(10)
Field Procedures for Total Stations in Topographic Surveys	266	(10)
Construction Layout Using Total Stations	276	(4)
Motorized Total Stations	280	(4)
Overview of Computerized Surveying Data Systems	284	(6)
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)	290	(1)
The New Information Utility	291	(4)
Problems	293	(2)
Survey Drafting and Computations	295	(28)
General	295	(1)
Maps and Plans	295	(2)
Plotting	297	(2)
Contours	299	(7)
Summary of Contour Characteristics	306	(1)
Profiles	307	(2)
Cross Sections, End Areas, and Volumes	309	(4)
Prismoidal Formula	313	(1)
Construction Volumes	313	(2)
Area Computations	315	(1)
Area by Graphical Analysis	316	(7)
Problems	319	(4)
PART II SURVEYING APPLICATIONS	323	(338)
Highway Curves	324	(63)
Route Surveys	324	(1)
Circular Curves: General	324	(1)
Circular Curve Geometry	325	(6)
Circular Curve Deflections	331	(2)
Chord Calculations	333	(1)
Metric Considerations	334	(1)
Field Procedure	334	(1)
Moving Up on the Curve	335	(2)
Offset Curves	337	(7)
Compound Circular Curves	344	(1)
Reverse Curves	345	(2)
Vertical Curves: General	347	(1)
Geometric Properties of the Parabola	348	(1)
Computation of the High or Low Point on a Vertical Curve	349	(1)
Procedure for Computing a Vertical Curve	350	(3)
Design Considerations	353	(2)
Spiral Curves: General	355	(1)
Spiral Curve Computations	356	(9)
Spiral Layout Procedure Summary	365	(7)
Approximate Solution for Spiral Problems	372	(2)
Superelevation: General	374	(1)
Superelevation Design	374	(13)
Problems	383	(4)
Control Surveys	387	(63)
General	387	(6)
Universal Transverse Mercator Grid System	393	(2)
Modified Transverse Mercator Grid System	395	(3)
State Plane Coordinate Grid Systems	398	(1)
Lambert Projection	398	(2)
Computations for the Lambert Projection	400	(1)
Computations for the Transverse Mercator Secant Projection	401	(1)
Use of Grid Coordinates	402	(9)
Examples	411	(6)
Horizontal Control Techniques	417	(4)
Project Control	421	(8)
Control Survey Markers	429	(3)
Direction of a Line by Observation on Polaris	432	(5)
Time	437	(3)
Polaris	440	(1)
Procedure for Observing Polaris	440	(5)
Computation Techniques for Azimuth Determination---Tabular Solution: Example 11.5	445	(2)
Direction of a Line by Gyrotheodolite	447	(3)
Problems	449	(1)
Global Positioning Systems (GPS)	450	(40)
Background	450	(2)
Global Positioning	452	(1)
Receivers	453	(4)
Satellites	457	(2)
Satellite Signals	459	(1)
Position Measurements	460	(7)
Errors	467	(1)
Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS)	468	(1)
Canadian Active Control System (ACS)	469	(1)
Survey Planning	470	(5)
GPS Field Procedures	475	(5)
GPS Applications	480	(2)
Vertical Positioning	482	(5)
Conclusion	487	(3)
Construction Surveys	490	(56)
General	490	(1)
Accuracy and Mistakes	490	(1)
Construction Control	490	(1)
Measurement for Interim and Final Payments	491	(1)
Final Measurements for As-Built Drawings	491	(1)
Municipal Roads Construction	492	(14)
Highway Construction	506	(9)
Sewer and Tunnel Construction	515	(14)
Bridge Construction	529	(11)
Building Construction	540	(3)
Other Construction Surveys	543	(3)
Problems	545	(1)
Land Surveying	546	(45)
General	546	(3)
Public Land Surveys	549	(20)
Property Conveyance	569	(6)
Rural Land Surveys	575	(9)
Urban Land Surveys	584	(5)
Cadastral Surveying	589	(2)
Problems	589	(2)
Hydrographic Surveys	591	(30)
General	591	(1)
Objectives of Hydrographic Mapping and Electronic Charting	592	(1)
Planning	592	(1)
Survey Vessels	593	(1)
Vertical Control: Depth and Tidal Measurements	593	(4)
Position-Fixing Techniques	597	(17)
Sounding Plan	614	(2)
Horizontal Control	616	(1)
Processing and Presentation of Data	617	(4)
Problems	619	(2)
Photogrammetry	621	(40)
Introduction	621	(1)
Camera Systems	621	(6)
Photographic Scale	627	(3)
Flying Heights and Altitude	630	(1)
Relief (Radial) Displacement	631	(1)
Flight Lines and Photograph Overlap	632	(3)
Ground Control for Mapping	635	(3)
Mosaics	638	(2)
Stereoscopic Viewing and Parallax	640	(6)
Photogrammetric Stereoscopic Plotting Techniques	646	(7)
Orthophotos	653	(3)
Photogrammetric Mapping: Advantages and Disadvantages	656	(1)
Application of Air Photo Interpretation for the Engineer and the Surveyor	657	(4)
Problems	660	(1)
Appendix A: Random Errors and Survey Specifications	661	(29)
A.1 Random Errors	661	(2)
A.2 Probability Curve	663	(1)
A.3 Most Probable Value	664	(1)
A.4 Standard Error	665	(1)
A.5 Measures of Precision	666	(1)
A.6 Illustrative Problem	667	(1)
A.7 Propagation of Errors	668	(2)
A.8 Weighted Observations	670	(3)
A.9 Principle of Least Squares	673	(1)
A.10 Two-Dimensional Errors	673	(5)
A.11 Specifications for Horizontal Control Surveys: Canada	678	(3)
A.12 Specifications for Traditional Horizontal Control Surveys: United States	681	(1)
A.13 Vertical Control	681	(1)
A.14 Modern Control Specifications	681	(1)
A.15 Minimum Standards and Specifications for Land Title Surveys	681	(8)
A.16 Computation of Positional Uncertainty	689	(1)
Appendix B: Trigonometric Definitions and Identities	690	(4)
Appendix C: Glossary	694	(7)
Appendix D: Answers to Selected Chapter Problems	701	(6)
Appendix E: Surveying and Mapping Internet Websites	707	(2)
Appendix F: Examples of Emerging Technology	709	(2)
Index	711