Syntax: A Generative Introduction, 2nd Edition

by Andrew Carnie (University of Arizona)

• ISBN13: 9781405133845
• ISBN10: 1405133848
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-09-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Building on the success of the bestselling first edition, the second edition of this textbook provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the major issues in Principles and Parameters syntactic theory, including phrase structure, the lexicon, case theory, movement, and locality conditions. Unique among syntax texts, this book also contains short chapters on both HPSG and LFG. Syntax succeeds in strengthening the reader's foundational knowledge and prepares them for more advanced study. The fully revised second edition includes:--Extended discussion in the foundational chapters including many more sample trees.-New and extended problem sets in every chapter, all of which have been annotated for level and skill type.-A new foundational chapter on parts of speech.-Three new chapters on advanced topics including vP shells, object shells, control, gapping and ellipsis and an additional chapter on advanced topics in binding.Syntax, Second edition is supported by an instructor's manual and online resources for students and instructors, available at www.blackwellpublishing.com/carnie.

Author Biography

Andrew Carnie is Associate Professor of Linguistics at the University of Arizona. He is the editor of several books including Verb First (2005), Formal Approaches to Function (2003), and The Syntax of Verb Initial Languages (2000).

Table of Contents

Preface and Acknowledgments	xv
Part 1 Preliminaries	1	(150)
1 Generative Grammar	3	(34)
0. Preliminaries	3	(1)
1. Syntax as a Cognitive Science	4	(1)
2. Modeling Syntax	5	(1)
3. Syntax as Science — the Scientific Method	6	(8)
3.1 An Example of the Scientific Method as Applied to Syntax	9	(3)
3.2 Sources of Data	12	(2)
4. Where do the Rules Come From?	14	(10)
4.1 Learning vs. Acquisition	14	(1)
4.2 Innateness: Language as an Instinct	15	(1)
4.3 The Logical Problem of Language Acquisition	15	(4)
4.4 Other Arguments for UG	19	(3)
4.5 Explaining Language Variation	22	(2)
5. Choosing among Theories about Syntax	24	(1)
6. The Scientific Method and the Structure of this Textbook	24	(2)
7. Summary	26	(1)
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter	26	(2)
Further Reading	28	(1)
General Problem Sets	29	(2)
Challenge Problem Sets	31	(6)
2 Parts of Speech	37	(26)
0. Words and Why They Matter to Syntax	37	(1)
1. Determining Part of Speech	38	(3)
1.1 The Problem of Traditional Definitions	38	(2)
1.2 Distributional Criteria	40	(1)
2. The Major Parts of Speech: N, V, Adj, and Adv	41	(4)
2.1 Nouns	42	(1)
2.2 Verbs	43	(1)
2.3 Adjectives	43	(1)
2.4 Adverbs	44	(1)
3. Open vs. Closed; Lexical vs. Functional	45	(3)
3.1 Open vs. Closed Parts of Speech	45	(1)
3.2 Lexical vs. Functional	45	(1)
3.3 Some Functional (Closed) Categories of English	46	(2)
3.4 Summary	48	(1)
4. Subcategories and Features	48	(6)
4.1 Subcategories of Nouns	49	(1)
4.2 Subcategories of Verbs	50	(4)
5. Summary	54	(1)
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter	54	(2)
Further Reading	56	(1)
General Problem Sets	56	(4)
Challenge Problem Sets	60	(3)
3 Constituency, Trees, and Rules	63	(40)
0. Introduction	63	(3)
1. Rules and Trees	66	(15)
1.1 Noun Phrases (NPs)	66	(2)
1.2 Adjective Phrases (AdjPs) and Adverb Phrases (AdvPs)	68	(3)
1.3 Prepositional Phrases (PPs)	71	(1)
1.4 Verb Phrases (VPs)	72	(2)
1.5 Clauses	74	(5)
1.6 Summary	79	(2)
2. How to Draw a Tree	81	(6)
2.1 Bottom-up Trees	81	(3)
2.2 The Top-down Method of Drawing Trees	84	(2)
2.3 Bracketed Diagrams	86	(1)
3. Modification and Ambiguity	87	(1)
4. Constituency Tests	88	(3)
5. Summary and Conclusion	91	(1)
Appendix: How to Do Foreign Language PSR Problems	92	(3)
A1. Doing problems with word-by-word glosses	92	(2)
A2. Doing problems without word-by-word glosses	94	(1)
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter	95	(1)
Further Reading	96	(1)
General Problem Sets	96	(5)
Challenge Problem Sets	101	(2)
4 Structural Relations	103	(32)
0. Introduction	103	(1)
1. The Parts of a Tree	104	(2)
2. Domination	106	(4)
2.1 Domination	106	(1)
2.2 Exhaustive Domination	107	(2)
2.3 Immediate Domination	109	(1)
3. Precedence	110	(3)
4. C-command	113	(5)
5. Grammatical Relations	118	(3)
6. Summary and Conclusions	121	(1)
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter	121	(3)
Further Reading	124	(1)
General Problem Sets	124	(8)
Challenge Problem Sets	132	(3)
5 Binding Theory	135	(16)
0. introduction	135	(2)
1. The Notions Coindex and Antecedent	137	(1)
2. Binding	138	(3)
3. Locality Conditions on the Binding of Anaphors	141	(1)
4. The Distribution of Pronouns	142	(1)
5. The Distribution of R-expressions	143	(1)
6. Conclusion	144	(1)
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter	145	(1)
Further Reading	146	(1)
General Problem Sets	146	(1)
Challenge Problem Sets	147	(4)
Part 2 The Base	151	(90)
6 X-bar Theory	153	(44)
0. Introduction	153	(2)
1. Bar-level Projections	155	(5)
1.1 V-bar	156	(2)
1.2 Adj-bar and Adv-bar	158	(2)
1.3 P-bar	160	(1)
2. Generalizing the Rules: The X-bar Schema	160	(3)
3. Complements, Adjuncts, and Specifiers	163	(10)
3.1 Complements and Adjuncts in NPs	165	(5)
3.2 Complements and Adjuncts in. VPs, AdjPs, AdvPs, and PPs	170	(2)
3.3 The Notion Specifier	172	(1)
4. Some Definitional Housekeeping	173	(1)
5. Parameters of Word Order	174	(3)
6. Drawing Trees in X-bar Notation	177	(10)
6.1 Important Considerations in Tree Drawing	177	(3)
6.2 A Sample Tree	180	(7)
7. X-bar Theory: A Summary	187	(1)
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter	188	(1)
Further Reading	189	(1)
General Problem Sets	190	(4)
Challenge Problem Sets	194	(3)
7 Extending X-bar Theory to Functional Categories	197	(22)
0. Introduction	197	(1)
1. Determiner Phrases (DPs)	198	(3)
2. A Descriptive Tangent into Clause Types	201	(5)
3. Complementizer Phrases (CPs)	206	(4)
4. Tense Phrases (TPs)	210	(2)
5. CP, TP, DP Tree	212	(1)
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter	213	(1)
Further Reading	214	(1)
General Problem Sets	214	(2)
Challenge Problem Sets	216	(3)
8 Constraining X-bar Theory: The Lexicon	219	(22)
0. Introduction	219	(1)
1. Some Basic Terminology	220	(1)
2. Thematic Relations and Theta Roles	221	(5)
3. The Lexicon	226	(2)
4. Expletives and the Extended Projection Principle	228	(2)
5. Summary	230	(1)
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter	230	(2)
Further Reading	232	(1)
General Problem Sets	232	(4)
Challenge Problem Sets	236	(5)
Part 3 Movement	241	(132)
9 Head-to-Head Movement	243	(42)
0. Introduction	243	(3)
1. Verb Movement (V->T)	246	(14)
1.1 French	246	(8)
1.2 Irish	254	(6)
2. T Movement (T->C)	260	(3)
3. Do-support	263	(2)
4. Multiple Auxiliaries and Affix-hopping in English	265	(6)
4.1 Multiple Auxiliaries	265	(3)
4.2 Affix-hopping	268	(3)
5. Summary	271	(1)
Appendix: Tests for Determining if a Language has V->T or Affix Lowering	272	(1)
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter	272	(1)
Further Reading	273	(1)
General Problem Sets	274	(5)
Challenge Problem Sets	279	(6)
10 DP Movement	285	(32)
0. Introduction	285	(1)
1. A Puzzle for the Theory of Theta Roles	285	(6)
2. Passives	291	(4)
3. Case	295	(5)
4. Raising: Reprise	300	(2)
5. Passives: Reprise	302	(2)
6. Closing Up a Loose End	304	(2)
7. Conclusion	306	(1)
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter	306	(1)
Further Reading	307	(1)
General Problem Sets	307	(6)
Challenge Problem Sets	313	(4)
11 Wh-movement	317	(36)
0. Introduction	317	(1)
1. Movement in Wh-questions	318	(16)
2. Islands	334	(3)
3. The Minimal Link Condition	337	(5)
3.1 Wh-islands and the Minimal Link Condition	337	(2)
3.2 The MLC in DP Movement and Head Movement	339	(3)
4. Echo Questions (Wh-in-situ) in English	342	(1)
5. Conclusion	343	(1)
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter	344	(1)
Further Reading	345	(1)
General Problem Sets	346	(2)
Challenge Problem Sets	348	(5)
12 A Unified Theory of Movement	353	(20)
0. Introduction	353	(2)
1. Move	355	(4)
2. Explaining Cross-linguistic Differences	359	(5)
3. Scope, Covert Movement, and the MLC	364	(4)
3.1 MLC Effects in Wh-in-situ Languages	364	(1)
3.2 English Quantifiers and Scope	365	(3)
4. Conclusion	368	(1)
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter	368	(1)
Further Reading	369	(1)
General Problem Sets	369	(1)
Challenge Problem Sets	370	(3)
Part 4 Advanced Topics	373	(62)
13 Expanded VPs	375	(20)
0. Introduction	375	(1)
1. The Problem of Ditransitive Verbs	375	(2)
2. Light Verbs	377	(3)
3. Object Shift	380	(5)
4. Ditransitives: Reprise	385	(4)
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter	389	(1)
Further Reading	389	(1)
General Problem Sets	390	(2)
Challenge Problem Sets	392	(3)
14 Raising, Control, and Empty Categories	395	(28)
0. Introduction	395	(1)
1. Raising vs. Control	396	(9)
1.1 Two Kinds of Theta Grids for Main Predicates	396	(7)
1.2 Distinguishing Raising from Control	403	(2)
1.3 What is PRO?	405	(1)
2. Two Kinds of Raising, Two Kinds of Control	405	(7)
2.1 Two Kinds of Raising	405	(4)
2.2 Two Kinds of Control	409	(1)
2.3 Summary of Predicate Types	410	(2)
3. Control Theory	412	(4)
4. Another Kind of Null Subject: "Little" pro	416	(1)
5. Summary	417	(1)
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter	417	(2)
Further Reading	419	(1)
General Problem Sets	419	(3)
Challenge Problem Sets	422	(1)
15 Advanced Topics in Binding Theory	423	(12)
0. A Quick Review of Chapter 5 Binding Theory	423	(1)
1. Levels of Representation	424	(2)
2. The Definition of Binding Domain	426	(6)
2.1 A Miscellany of Domain Violations	426	(1)
2.2 Anaphors	427	(3)
2.3 Pronouns	430	(2)
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter	432	(1)
Further Reading	433	(1)
General Problem Sets	433	(1)
Challenge Problem Sets	434	(1)
Part 5 Alternatives	435	(38)
16 Lexical-Functional Grammar	437	(18)
0. Alternative Theories	437	(1)
1. C-structure	438	(1)
2. Functions	439	(1)
3. The Lexicon	440	(1)
4. F-structure	441	(4)
4.1 Why F-structures?	444	(1)
5. Assorted Phenomena	445	(5)
5.1 Head Mobility	446	(1)
5.2 Passives	447	(1)
5.3 Raising and Control	447	(3)
5.4 Wh-movement: Long Distance Dependencies	450	(1)
6. Conclusion	450	(1)
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter	451	(1)
Further Reading	452	(1)
General Problem Set	453	(1)
Challenge Problem Sets	453	(2)
17 Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar	455	(18)
0. Introduction	455	(1)
1. Features	456	(3)
2. The Lexicon	459	(2)
3. Rules, Features, and Trees	461	(4)
4. Binding	465	(1)
5. Long Distance Dependencies	465	(2)
Ideas Introduced in this Chapter	467	(3)
Further Reading	470	(1)
General Problem Set	470	(1)
Challenge Problem Sets	471	(2)
Conclusions and Directions for Further Study	473	(2)
References	475	(7)
Index	482