Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World

by BURD/JACKSON/SATZINGER

• ISBN13: 9780619063092
• ISBN10: 0619063092
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-03-25
• Publisher: Course Technology

Summary

This groundbreaking text provides the most comprehensive, balanced and up-to-date coverage of systems analysis and design available. The Second Edition offers an increased emphasis on project management roles and practices and maintains the First Edition's dual focus on the concepts and techniques from both the traditional, structured approach and the object-oriented approach to systems development. Instructors continue to have the flexibility to emphasize one approach over the other, or both, while referring to one integrated case study that runs through every chapter. Throughout, the authors emphasize fundamentals of lasting value, while addressing the diverse development environments available today.

Table of Contents

PART 1 THE MODERN SYSTEMS ANALYST
The World of the Modern Systems Analyst	2	(30)
A Systems Analyst at Consolidated Refineries	3	(1)
Overview	3	(1)
The Analyst as a Business Problem Solver	4	(2)
Systems That Solve Business Problems	6	(3)
Information Systems	6	(2)
Types of Information Systems	8	(1)
Required Skills of the Systems Analyst	9	(3)
Technical Knowledge and Skills	10	(1)
Business Knowledge and Skills	10	(1)
People Knowledge and Skills	11	(1)
A Few Words about Integrity and Ethics	12	(1)
The Environment Surrounding the Analyst	12	(2)
Types of Technology Encountered	12	(1)
Typical Job Titles and Places of Employment	13	(1)
The Analyst's Role in Strategic Planning	14	(2)
Special Projects	14	(1)
Strategic Planning	14	(1)
Information Systems Strategic Planning	14	(1)
Enterprise Resource Planning	15	(1)
Rocky Mountain Outfitters and Its Strategic Information Systems Plan	16	(9)
Introducing Rocky Mountain Outfitters (RMO)	16	(1)
RMO Strategic Issues	17	(1)
RMO's Organizational Structure and Locations	18	(2)
The RMO Information Systems Department	20	(1)
Existing RMO Systems	21	(1)
The Information Systems Strategic Plan	22	(1)
The Customer Support System	23	(2)
The Analyst as a System Developer (the Heart of the Course)	25	(2)
The Modern Systems Analyst	25	(1)
Systems Analysis Tasks	26	(1)
Systems Design Tasks	26	(1)
Implementation and Support	27	(1)
Summary	27	(1)
Key Terms	28	(1)
Review Questions	28	(1)
Thinking Critically	28	(1)
Experiential Exercises	29	(1)
Case Studies	29	(1)
Association for Information Technology Professionals Meeting	29	(1)
Rethinking Rocky Mountain Outfitters	30	(1)
Further Resources	30	(2)
The Analyst as a Project Manager	32	(40)
Blue Sky Family of Mutual Funds: Managing the IRA Project	33	(1)
Overview	33	(1)
The Systems Development Life Cycle	34	(7)
The Phases of the Systems Development Life Cycle	35	(4)
Scheduling of Project Phases	39	(2)
Project Management	41	(4)
Project Success Factors	41	(1)
Managing the SDLC	42	(3)
Project Initiation	45	(2)
Initiating the Customer Support System for Rocky Mountain Outfitters	45	(2)
The Project Planning Phase	47	(19)
Defining the Problem	48	(3)
Producing the Project Schedule	51	(5)
Confirming Project Feasibility	56	(7)
Staffing the Project	63	(1)
Launching the Project	64	(1)
Project Planning for RMO	64	(2)
Summary	66	(1)
Key Terms	66	(1)
Review Questions	67	(1)
Thinking Critically	67	(1)
Experiential Exercises	68	(1)
Case Studies	69	(1)
Custom Load Trucking	69	(1)
Rethinking Rocky Mountain Outfitters	69	(1)
Further Resources	70	(2)
Approaches to System Development	72	(34)
Development Approaches at Ajax Corporation, Consolidated Concepts, and Pinnacle Manufacturing	73	(1)
Overview	73	(1)
Methodologies, Models, Tools, and Techniques	74	(4)
Methodologies	74	(1)
Models	74	(1)
Tools	75	(1)
Techniques	76	(2)
Two Approaches to System Development	78	(9)
The Traditional Approach	78	(6)
The Object-Oriented Approach	84	(3)
Systems Development Life Cycle Variations	87	(4)
Variations of Names for Phases	87	(1)
Variations Based on Iteration	88	(2)
Variations Based on an Emphasis on People	90	(1)
Variations Based on Speed of Development	90	(1)
Current Trends in Development	91	(3)
Risk and the Spiral Model	91	(1)
Extreme Programming (XP)	92	(1)
Rational Unified Process (RUP)	93	(1)
Tools to Support System Development	94	(6)
CASE Tools	94	(1)
Microsoft Visio	95	(1)
Visible Analyst	96	(1)
Oracle Designer	96	(1)
Rational Rose	97	(1)
TogetherSoft	98	(1)
Embarcadero Describe	99	(1)
Summary	100	(1)
Key Terms	100	(1)
Review Questions	100	(1)
Thinking Critically	101	(1)
Experiental Exercises	101	(1)
Case Studies	101	(2)
A ``College Education Completion'' Methodology	101	(1)
Factory System Development Project	102	(1)
Rethinking Rocky Mountain Outfitters	102	(1)
Further Resources	103	(3)
PART 2 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS TASKS
Beginning the Analysis: Investigating System Requirements	106	(40)
Convenience Office Company	107	(1)
Overview	107	(1)
The Analysis Phase in More Detail	108	(4)
Gather Information	109	(1)
Define System Requirements	109	(1)
Prioritize Requirements	110	(1)
Prototype for Feasibility and Discovery	110	(1)
Generate and Evaluate Alternatives	111	(1)
Review Recommendations with Management	112	(1)
Functional and Technical Requirements	112	(1)
Stakeholders---The Source of System Requirements	113	(5)
Users as Stakeholders	114	(1)
Client Stakeholders	115	(1)
Technical Stakeholders	115	(1)
The Stakeholders for Rocky Mountain Outfitters	116	(2)
Techniques for Information Gathering	118	(18)
Question Themes	120	(1)
Review Existing Reports, Forms, and Procedure Descriptions	121	(1)
Conduct Interviews and Discussions with Users	122	(4)
Observe and Document Business Processes	126	(5)
Build Prototypes	131	(1)
Distribute and Collect Questionnaires	131	(2)
Conduct Joint Application Design Sessions	133	(2)
Research Vendor Solutions	135	(1)
Business Process Reengineering	136	(1)
Validating the Requirements	137	(4)
What and When	138	(1)
Who	138	(1)
How	139	(2)
Summary	141	(1)
Key Terms	142	(1)
Review Questions	142	(1)
Thinking Critically	142	(1)
Experiential Exercises	143	(1)
Case Studies	144	(1)
John and Jacob, Inc., On-Line Trading System	144	(1)
Rethinking Rocky Mountain Outfitters	145	(1)
Further Resoruces	145	(1)
Modeling System Requirements: Events and Things	146	(46)
Waiters on Call Meal Delivery System	147	(1)
Overview	147	(1)
Models and Modeling	148	(5)
The Purpose of Models	148	(2)
Types of Models	150	(2)
Overview of Models Used in Analysis and Design	152	(1)
Events and System Requirements	153	(10)
The Background of the Event Concept	155	(1)
Types of Events	155	(2)
Identifying Events	157	(3)
Events in the Rocky Mountain Outfitters Case	160	(1)
Looking at Each Event	161	(2)
Things and System Requirements	163	(7)
Types of Things	164	(1)
Procedure for Developing an Initial List of Things	165	(2)
Relationships among Things	167	(2)
Attributes of Things	169	(1)
Data Entities and Objects	169	(1)
The Entity-Relationship Diagram	170	(6)
Examples of ERD Notation	170	(4)
The Rocky Mountain Outfitters ERD	174	(2)
The Class Diagram	176	(7)
More Complex Issues about Classes of Objects	176	(3)
Examples of Class Diagram Notation	179	(2)
The Rocky Mountain Outfitters Case Class Diagram	181	(2)
Where You Are Headed	183	(1)
Summary	184	(1)
Key Terms	185	(1)
Review Questions	186	(1)
Thinking Critically	186	(2)
Experiential Exercises	188	(1)
Case Studies	188	(3)
The Spring Breaks `R' Us Travel Service Booking System	188	(1)
The Real Estate Multiple Listing Service System	188	(1)
The State Patrol Ticket Processing System	189	(1)
Rethinking Rocky Mountain Outfitters	190	(1)
Further Resources	191	(1)
The Traditional Approach to Requirements	192	(44)
San Diego Periodicals: Following the Data Flow	193	(1)
Overview	193	(1)
Traditional and Object-Oriented Views of Activities	194	(1)
Data Flow Diagrams	195	(17)
Data Flow Diagrams and Levels of Abstraction	197	(1)
Context Diagram	198	(8)
Physical and Logical DFDs	206	(2)
Evaluating DFD Quality	208	(4)
Documentation of DFD Components	212	(8)
Process Descriptions	212	(5)
Data Flow Definitions	217	(2)
Data Element Definitions	219	(1)
Data Store Definitions	219	(1)
DFD Summary	219	(1)
Information Engineering Models	220	(5)
The IE Systems Development Life Cycle	220	(1)
IE and Structured Development Compared	221	(1)
Process Decomposition and Dependency Models	222	(3)
Locations and Communication through Networks	225	(4)
Summary	229	(1)
Key Terms	229	(1)
Review Questions	230	(1)
Thinking Critically	230	(1)
Experiential Exercises	231	(1)
Case Studies	231	(3)
The Real Estate Multiple Listing Service System	231	(1)
State Patrol Ticket Processing System	231	(1)
Reliable Pharmaceutical Service	231	(2)
Rethinking Rocky Mountain Outfitters	233	(1)
Further Resources	234	(2)
The Object-Oriented Approach to Requirements	236	(52)
Electronics Unlimited Inc.: Integrating the Supply Chain	237	(1)
Overview	237	(1)
The Unified Modeling Language and the Object Management Group	238	(1)
Object-Oriented Requirements	238	(2)
The Class Diagram	240	(1)
The System Activities: An Object-Oriented Use Case/Scenario View	241	(9)
Use Cases and Actors	241	(1)
Scenarios	242	(3)
The Use Case Diagram	245	(5)
Object Interactions: Sequence and Collaboration Diagrams	250	(16)
Sequence Diagrams	251	(12)
Collaboration Diagrams	263	(3)
Object Behavior: States, State Transitions, and Statechart Diagrams	266	(15)
Object States	268	(1)
Object Transitions	269	(2)
Messages, Transitions, and Actions	271	(1)
Statechart Diagrams	272	(3)
Concurrent Behavior	275	(3)
Statechart Development	278	(3)
Summary	281	(1)
Key Terms	281	(1)
Review Questions	282	(1)
Thinking Critically	282	(2)
Experiential Exercises	284	(1)
Case Studies	285	(2)
The Real Estate Multiple Listing Service System	285	(1)
The State Patrol Ticket Processing System	285	(1)
The DownTown Videos Rental System	285	(1)
TheEyesHavelt.com Book Exchange	286	(1)
Rethinking Rocky Mountain Outfitters	286	(1)
Further Resources	287	(1)
Evaluating Alternatives for Requirements, Environment, and Implementation	288	(42)
Tropic Fish Tales: Netting the Right System	288	(1)
Overview	289	(2)
Project Management Perspective	291	(1)
Deciding on Scope and Level of Automation	292	(7)
Controlling a Project's Scope	292	(1)
Determining the Level of Automation	292	(3)
Selecting Alternatives	295	(1)
Evaluating Alternatives for RMO	296	(3)
Defining the Application Deployment Environment	299	(14)
Centralized Systems	299	(2)
Distributed Computing	301	(4)
The Internet, Intranets, and Extranets	305	(3)
Development and System Software Environments	308	(2)
The Environment at Rocky Mountain Outfitters	310	(3)
Choosing Implementation Alternatives	313	(8)
Facilities Management	314	(1)
Packaged, Turnkey Software, and ERP Systems	315	(1)
Custom-Built Software Systems	316	(1)
Selecting an Alternative for Implementation	317	(4)
Contracting with Vendors	321	(3)
Generating a Request for Proposal	321	(2)
Benchmarking and Choosing a Vendor	323	(1)
Developing a Contract	323	(1)
Presenting the Results and Making the Decisions	324	(1)
Summary	325	(1)
Key Terms	325	(1)
Review Questions	326	(1)
Thinking Critically	326	(1)
Experiential Exercises	327	(1)
Case Studies	327	(1)
Tropic Fish Tales' RFPs	327	(1)
Rethinking Rocky Mountain Outfitters	328	(1)
Further Resources	328	(2)
PART 3 SYSTEMS DESIGN TASKS
Moving to Design	330	(62)
New Capital Bank: Object-Oriented Development of a Payroll System	331	(1)
Overview	331	(1)
Understanding the Elements of Design	332	(8)
Major Components and Levels of Design	332	(1)
Inputs and Outputs: Moving from Analysis to Design	333	(3)
Design Processes: Activities of the Design Phase	336	(4)
Project Management: Coordinating the Project	340	(4)
Coordinating Project Teams	341	(1)
The Project Team at RMO	341	(1)
Coordinating Information	342	(2)
The Structured Approach to Designing the Application Architecture	344	(19)
The Automation System Boundary	344	(2)
The System Flowchart	346	(3)
The Structure Chart	349	(12)
Module Algorithm Design: Pseudocode	361	(2)
Integration of the Structured Application Design with User-Interface Design, Database Design, and Network Design	363	(1)
The Object-Oriented Approach to Designing the Application Architecture	363	(18)
Object-Oriented Programs	364	(2)
Object-Oriented Models	366	(1)
Package Diagrams	367	(3)
Design Class Diagrams	370	(4)
Design Class Diagram Development	374	(5)
Inheritance, Overriding, and Polymorphism	379	(1)
Integrating the Object-Oriented Application Design with User-Interface Design, Database Design, and Network Design	380	(1)
Summary	381	(1)
Key Terms	381	(1)
Review Questions	382	(1)
Thinking Critically	382	(8)
Experiential Exercises	390	(1)
Case Studies	390	(1)
The Real Estate Multiple Listing Service System (Traditional Structured)	390	(1)
The Reliable Pharmaceutical Service System	390	(1)
The Real Estate Multiple Listing Service System (Object-Oriented)	390	(1)
The DownTown Videos Rental System	390	(1)
Rethinking Rocky Mountain Outfitters	390	(1)
Further Resources	391	(1)
Designing Databases	392	(44)
Nationwide Books: Designing a New Database	393	(1)
Overview	393	(1)
Databases and Database Management Systems	394	(2)
DBMS Components	394	(1)
Database Models	395	(1)
Relational Databases	396	(13)
Designing Relational Databases	398	(1)
Representing Entities	399	(2)
Representing Relationships	401	(1)
Enforcing Referential Integrity	402	(1)
Evaluating Schema Quality	403	(6)
Object-Oriented Databases	409	(8)
Designing Object Databases	410	(1)
Representing Classes	410	(2)
Representing Relationships	412	(5)
Hybrid Object-Relational Database Design	417	(4)
Classes and Attributes	418	(1)
Relationships	419	(2)
Data Types	421	(2)
Relational DBMS Data Types	421	(1)
Object DBMS Data Types	422	(1)
Distributed Databases	423	(7)
Distributed Database Architectures	423	(5)
RMO Distributed Database Architecture	428	(2)
Summary	430	(1)
Key Terms	431	(1)
Review Questions	431	(1)
Thinking Critically	432	(1)
Experimental Exercises	433	(1)
Case Studies	433	(2)
Real Estate Multiple Listing Service System	433	(1)
State Patrol Ticket Processing System	433	(1)
Reliable Pharmaceutical Service	433	(1)
Computer Publishing Incorporated	433	(1)
Rethinking Rocky Mountain Outfitters	434	(1)
Further Resources	435	(1)
Designing the User Interface	436	(46)
Interface Design at Aviation Electronics	437	(1)
Overview	437	(1)
Identifying and Classifying Inputs and Outputs	438	(1)
Traditional and OO Approaches to Inputs and Outputs	438	(1)
User versus System Interfaces	438	(1)
Understanding the User Interface	439	(10)
Physical Aspects of the User Interface	440	(1)
Perceptual Aspects of the User Interface	440	(1)
Conceptual Aspects of the User Interface	441	(1)
User-Centered Design	441	(1)
Human-Computer Interaction as a Field of Study	442	(2)
Metaphors for Human-Computer Interaction	444	(5)
Guidelines for Designing User Interfaces	449	(4)
Visibility and Affordance	449	(1)
Eight Golden Rules	450	(3)
Documenting Dialog Designs	453	(7)
Events, Subsystems, and the Menu Hierarchy	453	(2)
Dialogs and Storyboards	455	(2)
Dialog Documentation with UML Diagrams	457	(3)
Guidelines for Designing Windows and Browser Forms	460	(4)
Form Layout and Formatting	461	(1)
Data Keying and Data Entry	462	(1)
Navigation and Support Controls	463	(1)
Help Support	464	(1)
Guidelines for Designing Web Sites	464	(2)
Ten Good Deeds in Web Design	464	(1)
Latest Top Ten Mistakes to Avoid in Web Design	465	(1)
Designing Dialogs for Rocky Mountain Outfitters	466	(9)
Dialog Design for the RMO Phone-Order Representatives	466	(6)
Dialog Design for the RMO Web Site	472	(3)
Summary	475	(1)
Key Terms	476	(1)
Review Questions	476	(1)
Thinking Critically	477	(1)
Experiential Exercises	477	(1)
Case Studies	478	(2)
The 21st Century University System	478	(1)
The DownTown Videos Rental System	479	(1)
The Waiters on Call System	479	(1)
The State Patrol Ticket Processing System	479	(1)
Rethinking Rocky Mountain Outfitters	480	(1)
Further Resources	480	(2)
Designing System Interfaces, Controls, and Security	482	(46)
Downslope Ski Company: Designing a Secure Supplier System Interface	482	(1)
Overview	483	(1)
Identifying System Interfaces	484	(2)
Designing System Inputs	486	(12)
Input Devices and Mechanisms	487	(1)
Defining the Details of System Inputs	488	(10)
Designing System Outputs	498	(10)
Defining the Details of System Outputs	499	(2)
Designing Reports, Statements, and Turanaround Documents	501	(6)
Formatting Reports	507	(1)
Designing Integrity Controls	508	(5)
Input Integrity Controls	510	(1)
Database Integrity Controls	510	(2)
Output Integrity Controls	512	(1)
Designing Security Controls	513	(8)
Security for Access to Systems	514	(3)
Data Security	517	(2)
Digital Signatures and Certificates	519	(1)
Secure Transactions	520	(1)
Summary	521	(1)
Key Terms	522	(1)
Review Questions	522	(1)
Thinking Critically	523	(1)
Experiential Exercises	523	(1)
Case Studies	524	(1)
All-Shop Superstores	524	(1)
Real Estate Multiple Listing Service System	525	(1)
TheEyesHaveIt.com Book Exchange System	525	(1)
DownTown Videos Rental System	525	(1)
Rethinking Rocky Mountain Outfitters	525	(1)
Further Resources	525	(3)
PART 4 IMPLEMENTATION AND SUPPORT
Rapid Application Development and Component-Based Development	528	(44)
EuroBanc: Faster, Better, and Cheaper System Development?	528	(1)
Overview	529	(2)
Rapid Application Development	531	(4)
Reasons for Slow Development	531	(2)
What Is RAD?	533	(1)
RAD in Perspective	533	(2)
The Prototyping Approach to Development	535	(5)
Steps in the Prototyping Development Approach	536	(1)
When to Use a Prototyping Approach	537	(1)
Prototyping Tool Requirements	538	(2)
The Spiral Approach to Development	540	(3)
Steps in the Spiral Development Approach	540	(1)
Benefits and Risks of Spiral Development	541	(2)
Extreme Programming	543	(4)
XP Activities	543	(2)
XP Principles and Techniques	545	(1)
XP Compared with Other Development Approaches	545	(1)
When to Use XP	546	(1)
Rapid Development Techniques	547	(6)
Risk Management	547	(2)
Joint Application Design	549	(1)
Tool-Based Development	550	(2)
Software Reuse	552	(1)
Object Frameworks	553	(5)
A Sample Object Framework	554	(1)
Object Framework Types	555	(1)
The Impact of Object Frameworks on Design and Implementation Tasks	556	(1)
Pitfalls to Consider for Object Frameworks	557	(1)
Components	558	(8)
Component Standards and Infrastructure	559	(1)
Components and the Development Life Cycle	560	(6)
Summary	566	(1)
Key Terms	566	(1)
Review Questions	566	(1)
Thinking Critically	567	(1)
Experiential Exercises	568	(1)
Case Studies	569	(2)
Midwestern Power Services	569	(1)
Rethinking Rocky Mountain Outfitters	570	(1)
Further Resources	571	(1)
Packaged Software and Enterprise Resource Planning	572	(32)
Premier Candy Corp.: The Possible Pitfalls of ERP	573	(1)
Overview	573	(3)
Packaged Software	576	(3)
The Trend toward Packaged Software	576	(1)
Implementation and Support of Packaged Software	576	(3)
Enterprise Resource Planning	579	(13)
ERP and the Business Environment	579	(3)
Why Consider ERP?	582	(1)
Implementing ERP	583	(2)
Organizational Structure for an ERP Project	585	(1)
An ERP System Development Methodology	586	(2)
Special Topics in ERP Development	588	(3)
The Future of ERP	591	(1)
A Closer Look at One ERP Package: SAP R/3	592	(7)
What Is SAP?	592	(3)
Implementing SAP R/3	595	(1)
Using SAP R/3	596	(3)
Summary	599	(1)
Key Terms	599	(1)
Review Questions	599	(1)
Thinking Critically	600	(1)
Experiential Exercises	600	(1)
Case Studies	600	(3)
Tools-R-Us, Inc., and Sales Quota Automation	600	(1)
Springfield General Life Insurance Co	601	(1)
Integration Specialists, Inc. (ISI)	601	(1)
Rayco Products Corporation	602	(1)
Rethinking Rocky Mountain Outfitters	603	(1)
Further Resources	603	(1)
Making the System Operational	604	(47)
Tri-State Heating Oil: Juggling Priorities to Begin Operation	605	(1)
Overview	605	(2)
Program Development	607	(12)
Order of Implementation	608	(4)
Framework Development	612	(1)
Team-Based Program Development	612	(3)
Source Code Control	615	(1)
Versioning	616	(3)
Quality Assurance	619	(9)
Technical Reviews	620	(1)
Testing	621	(7)
Data Conversion	628	(2)
Reusing Existing Databases	628	(1)
Reloading Database Contents	628	(1)
Creating New Databases	629	(1)
Installation	630	(5)
Direct Installation	631	(1)
Parallel Installation	632	(1)
Phased Installation	633	(1)
Personnel Issues	634	(1)
Documentation	635	(4)
System Documentation	635	(2)
User Documentation	637	(2)
Training and User Support	639	(2)
Ongoing Training and User Support	640	(1)
Maintenance and System Enhancement	641	(5)
Submitting Change Requests and Error Reports	642	(2)
Implementing a Change	644	(1)
Upgrading Computing Infrastructure	645	(1)
Summary	646	(1)
Key Terms	646	(1)
Review Questions	647	(1)
Thinking Critically	647	(1)
Experiential Exercises	648	(1)
Case Studies	648	(2)
HudsonBanc Billing System Upgrade	648	(1)
DownTown Videos Rental System	649	(1)
Reliable Pharmaceutical Service	649	(1)
Rethinking Rocky Mountain Outfitters	649	(1)
Further Resources	650	(1)
APPENDIX A Principles of Project Management	651	(15)
Project Management Knowledge Areas	651	(12)
Project Scope Management	652	(1)
Project Time Management	653	(1)
Project Cost Management	654	(2)
Project Quality Management	656	(1)
Project Human Resource Management	657	(2)
Project Communications Management	659	(1)
Project Risk Management	660	(2)
Project Procurement Management	662	(1)
Project Management Tasks by Phase	663	(1)
Key Terms	664	(1)
Review Questions	664	(1)
Thinking Critically	664	(2)
APPENDIX B Project Schedules with PERT/CPM Charts	666	(10)
Building PERT/CPM Charts	666	(4)
RMO Project Scheduling with Microsoft Project	670	(4)
Key Terms	674	(1)
Review Questions	674	(1)
Thinking Critically	675	(1)
APPENDIX C Calculating Net Present Value, Payback Period, and Return on Investment	676	(4)
Net Present Value Calculations	676	(2)
Payback Period Calculations	678	(1)
Return on Investment	678	(1)
Key Terms	679	(1)
Review Questions	679	(1)
Thinking Critically	679	(1)
APPENDIX D Presenting the Results to Management	680	(6)
Preparing the Presentation	681	(1)
Giving the Presentation	682	(1)
Use of Visual Aids	683	(1)
Questions and Answers	684	(2)
Index	686