Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy : Systems, Strategies, and Skills

by Seligman, Linda W.; Reichenberg, Lourie W.

• ISBN13: 9780131149755
• ISBN10: 013114975X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

For courses in Counseling Theories and Techniques. Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy: Systems, Strategies, and Skills categorizes theories by their focus (background; emotions and sensations; thoughts; or actions). This structure helps students better understand similarities and differences among theories and provides an overarching framework that other texts lack. The book explores both established and emerging treatment systems. Using skill development sections, diverse case studies and innovative exercises, the text moves beyond traditional texts to directly connect counseling theories to clinical practice. It reflects current knowledge about effective treatment, theories and interventions, and continually promotes readers skill development and confidence. By the end of the text, readers will have an introduction to the theoretical foundations of the field and the basic clinical skills needed to be an effective helping professional.

Author Biography

Linda Seligman presently is a faculty member at Walden University where she has a joint appointment in Clinical Psychology, Counseling Psychology, and Health Psychology. She also teaches at Johns Hopkins University and George Mason University.

Table of Contents

PART ONE PROVIDING EFFECTIVE COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY
Overview of the Book	1	(16)
Rationale for This Book	1	(1)
Treatment Is Effective	2	(1)
Structure of This Book	3	(2)
Exercises to Promote Learning	5	(2)
Large-Group Exercises: General Instructions	6	(1)
Small-Group Exercises: General Instructions	6	(1)
Individual Exercises: General Instructions	6	(1)
Case Studies and Examples	7	(2)
Edie Diaz	7	(1)
Roberto Diaz	8	(1)
Ava Diaz	9	(1)
Development of Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy	9	(1)
Understanding Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy	10	(1)
Ingredients in Positive Change	11	(1)
Understanding Mental Health	11	(1)
Importance of Understanding Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy	12	(1)
Skill Development and Exercises: Encouragers	13	(3)
Minimal Encouragers	13	(1)
Restatement	14	(1)
Paraphrase	14	(1)
Summarization	15	(1)
Exercise in the Use of Encouragers	15	(1)
Summary	16	(1)
Contexts of Effective Treatment	17	(16)
Characteristics of Successful Clients	18	(3)
Role of the Client	19	(1)
Client Diversity	20	(1)
The Therapeutic Alliance	21	(1)
Essential Conditions of Effective Therapeutic Relationships	22	(2)
Important Clinician Skills, Training, and Experience	24	(1)
Personal and Professional Characteristics of the Effective Clinician	25	(2)
The Impact of Setting on the Treatment Process	27	(1)
Ethical Guidelines and Standards	27	(2)
Skill Development and Exercises	29	(3)
Role Induction	29	(1)
Exercises in Role Induction	30	(1)
Building a Positive Therapeutic Alliance	30	(1)
Exercises in Building a Positive Therapeutic Alliance	31	(1)
Exercises in Self-Assessment	32	(1)
Summary	32	(1)
PART TWO TREATMENT SYSTEMS EMPHASIZING BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT
Overview of Background-Focused Treatment Systems	33	(12)
Importance of Past Experiences in Treatment	34	(1)
Skill Development and Exercises	35	(9)
Asking Helpful Questions	35	(3)
Conducting an Intake Interview	38	(1)
Example of an Intake Interview	39	(3)
Exercises	42	(2)
Summary	44	(1)
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis	45	(25)
Sigmund Freud	46	(1)
The Development of Psychoanalysis	47	(2)
Important Theoretical Concepts	49	(8)
View of Human Nature	50	(1)
Personality Structure	50	(1)
Stages of Development	51	(3)
Levels of Consciousness	54	(1)
Dreams and Other Reflections of the Unconscious	54	(1)
Defense Mechanisms	55	(2)
Treatment Using Psychoanalysis	57	(3)
Goals of Psychoanalysis	57	(1)
Therapeutic Alliance	58	(1)
Transference and Countertransference	58	(1)
Free Association	59	(1)
Abreaction	59	(1)
Interpretation and Analysis	59	(1)
Application of Freudian Psychoanalysis	60	(2)
Application to Diagnostic Groups	60	(1)
Application to Women	61	(1)
Application to Multicultural Groups	61	(1)
Application to Other Groups	62	(1)
Current Use	62	(1)
Evaluation of Freudian Psychoanalysis	63	(1)
Limitations	63	(1)
Strengths and Contributions	63	(1)
Skill Development: The Lifeline	64	(1)
Instructions for Creating a Lifeline	64	(1)
Case Illustration	65	(2)
Exercises	67	(1)
Large-Group Exercises	67	(1)
Small-Group Exercises	67	(1)
Individual Exercises	68	(1)
Summary	68	(1)
Recommended Readings	69	(1)
Additional Sources of Information	69	(1)
Alfred Adler and Individual Psychology	70	(24)
Alfred Adler	71	(1)
The Development of Individual Psychology	72	(1)
Important Theoretical Concepts	72	(5)
View of Human Nature	73	(1)
The Importance of Feelings of Inferiority	73	(1)
Family Constellation and Birth Order	73	(2)
Lifestyle	75	(1)
Goals	76	(1)
Social Interest	76	(1)
Phenomenological Perspective	77	(1)
Treatment Using Individual Psychology	77	(6)
Therapeutic Alliance	77	(1)
Stages of Treatment	78	(4)
Interventions	82	(1)
Application and Current Use of Individual Psychology	83	(4)
Application to Children	83	(1)
Application to Parenting	84	(1)
Application to Couples	85	(1)
Application to Assessment	85	(1)
Application to Diagnostic Groups	85	(1)
Application to Multicultural Groups	86	(1)
Evaluation of Individual Psychology	87	(1)
Limitations	87	(1)
Strengths and Contributions	87	(1)
Skills Development: Analyzing Earliest Recollections	88	(2)
Case Illustration	90	(1)
Exercises	91	(1)
Large-Group Exercises	91	(1)
Small-Group Exercises	91	(1)
Individual Exercises	92	(1)
Summary	92	(1)
Recommended Readings	93	(1)
Additional Sources of Information	93	(1)
Carl Jung and Jungian Analytical Psychology	94	(19)
Carl Jung	95	(1)
The Development of Jung's Theories	96	(1)
Important Theoretical Concepts	96	(6)
The Components of the Psyche	96	(1)
The Conscious Mind	96	(2)
The Unconscious Mind	98	(2)
Concept of Human Development	100	(1)
Balance and Polarities	101	(1)
Dimensions of Personality	101	(1)
Treatment Using Jungian Analytical Psychology	102	(3)
Goals of Psychotherapy	102	(1)
Therapeutic Alliance	103	(1)
Interventions	103	(2)
Application of Jungian Analytical Psychology	105	(1)
Application to Clients and Diagnostic Groups	105	(1)
Application to Multicultural Groups	105	(1)
Current Use	106	(1)
Evaluation of Jungian Analytical Psychology	106	(2)
Limitations	106	(1)
Strengths and Contributions	107	(1)
Skill Development: Jungian Dreamwork and the MBTI	108	(2)
Illustration of a Jungian Dream Analysis	109	(1)
Case Illustration	110	(1)
Exercises	111	(1)
Large-Group Exercises	111	(1)
Small-Group Exercises	111	(1)
Individual Exercises	112	(1)
Summary	112	(1)
Recommended Readings	112	(1)
Additional Sources of Information	112	(1)
Freudian Revisionists: Ego Psychologists, Object Relations Theorists, Self Psychologists, and Others	113	(27)
The Ego Psychologists	114	(11)
Helene Deutsch	114	(2)
Karen Horney	116	(3)
Harry Stack Sullivan	119	(3)
Anna Freud	122	(3)
Object Relations Theorists	125	(7)
Overview of Object Relations Theory	125	(2)
The Object Relations Theorists	127	(4)
Current Status	131	(1)
Heinz Kohut and Self Psychology	132	(4)
Biography of Heinz Kohut	132	(1)
Kohut's Theories	132	(2)
Intervention Strategies	134	(1)
Current Status	135	(1)
Skill Development: Interpretation	136	(1)
Case Illustration	136	(1)
Exercises	137	(1)
Large-Group Exercises	137	(1)
Small-Group Exercises	137	(1)
Individual Exercises	138	(1)
Summary	138	(1)
Recommended Readings	138	(1)
Additional Sources of Information	139	(1)
Brief Psychodynamic Therapy	140	(16)
The Development of Brief Psychodynamic Therapy (BPT)	141	(1)
Important Theoretical Concepts	142	(2)
Underlying Theory	142	(1)
Selection of Appropriate Clients	143	(1)
The Process of BPT	143	(1)
Phases of BPT	143	(1)
Treatment Using Brief Psychodynamic Therapy	144	(1)
Goals	144	(1)
Therapeutic Alliance	144	(1)
Specific Models of BPT	145	(3)
Klerman's Interpersonal Psychotherapy	145	(1)
Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy	146	(1)
Other Models of BPT	147	(1)
Application of Brief Psychodynamic Therapy	148	(1)
Application to Diagnostic Groups	148	(1)
Application to Multicultural Groups	148	(1)
Overall Application	149	(1)
Evaluation of BPT	149	(1)
Limitations of BPT	149	(1)
Strengths and Contributions of BPT	149	(1)
Skill Development: Identifying a Focal Concern	150	(2)
Case Illustration	152	(1)
Exercises	153	(1)
Large-Group Exercises	153	(1)
Small-Group Exercises	153	(1)
Individual Exercises	154	(1)
Summary	154	(1)
Recommended Readings	155	(1)
Additional Sources of Information	155	(1)
PART THREE TREATMENT SYSTEMS EMPHASIZING EMOTIONS AND SENSATIONS
Overview of Emotion-Focused Treatment Systems	156	(13)
Dimensions of Emotions and Sensations	157	(2)
Multicultural Factors and Emotions	159	(1)
Gender and Emotions	159	(1)
Age and Emotions	160	(1)
Culture and Emotions	160	(1)
The Importance of Emotions in Counseling and Psychotherapy	160	(2)
Skill Development: Analyzing and Responding to Emotions	162	(5)
Analysis of Emotions	162	(1)
Reflection of Feeling and Meaning	163	(2)
Communicating Empathy	165	(2)
Exercises	167	(1)
Large-Group Exercises	167	(1)
Small-Group Exercises	167	(1)
Individual Exercises	168	(1)
Summary	168	(1)
Carl Rogers and Person-Centered Counseling	169	(23)
Carl Rogers	170	(1)
The Development of Person-Centered Counseling	171	(1)
Important Theoretical Concepts	172	(3)
Person-Centered Theory and Humanism	172	(1)
Human Potential and Actualization	172	(1)
Conditions of Worth	173	(1)
The Fully Functioning Person	174	(1)
Phenomenological Perspective	174	(1)
Treatment Using Person-Centered Counseling	175	(5)
Goals	175	(1)
Therapeutic Alliance	176	(1)
Facilitative Conditions	177	(3)
Nondirectiveness Updated	180	(1)
Application of Person-Centered Counseling	180	(2)
Motivational Interviewing	181	(1)
Carkhuff's Human Technology	181	(1)
Application to Diagnostic Groups	181	(1)
Application to Multicultural Groups	182	(1)
Current Use	182	(1)
Evaluation of Person-Centered Counseling	183	(2)
Limitations	183	(1)
Strengths and Contributions	184	(1)
Skill Development: Clinician Self-Disclosure	185	(2)
Beneficial Uses of Self-Disclosure	186	(1)
Harmful and Inappropriate Uses of Self-Disclosure	186	(1)
Guidelines for Helpful Use of Self-Disclosure	186	(1)
Case Illustration	187	(1)
Exercises	188	(2)
Large-Group Exercises	188	(1)
Small-Group Exercises	189	(1)
Individual Exercises	189	(1)
Summary	190	(1)
Recommended Readings	190	(1)
Additional Sources of Information	191	(1)
Existential Therapy	192	(22)
The People Who Developed Existential Therapy	193	(2)
Viktor Frankl	193	(1)
Rollo May	194	(1)
Irvin Yalom	194	(1)
Two Other American Existential Therapists: Bugental and Vontress	195	(1)
The Development of Existential Therapy	195	(1)
Important Theoretical Concepts	196	(4)
Ultimate Concerns of the Human Condition	196	(1)
Existential and Neurotic Anxiety	197	(1)
Human Development and the Development of Emotional Difficulties	197	(1)
Dasein	198	(1)
Concept of Mental Health	198	(1)
Potentials of the Human Condition	198	(2)
Treatment Using Existential Therapy	200	(4)
Goals	200	(1)
Therapeutic Alliance	200	(1)
The Process of Treatment	201	(1)
Specific Intervention Strategies	202	(2)
Application to Existential Therapy	204	(2)
Application to Diagnostic Groups	204	(1)
Application to Culturally Diverse Groups	204	(1)
Application to Other Groups	204	(2)
Current Use of Existential Treatment	206	(1)
Evaluation of Existential Therapy	206	(2)
Limitations	206	(1)
Strengths and Contributions	207	(1)
Skill Development: Values Clarification	208	(2)
Expressed Values	208	(1)
Manifest Values	208	(1)
Inventoried Values	209	(1)
Case Illustration	210	(1)
Exercises	211	(1)
Large-Group Exercises	211	(1)
Small-Group Exercises	211	(1)
Individual Exercises	212	(1)
Summary	212	(1)
Recommended Readings	212	(1)
Additional Sources of Information	213	(1)
Gestalt Therapy	214	(30)
The People Who Developed Gestalt Therapy	215	(1)
The Development of Gestalt Therapy	216	(1)
Important Theoretical Concepts	217	(4)
View of Humankind	217	(1)
Wholeness, Integration, and Balance	217	(2)
Awareness	219	(1)
The Nature of Growth Disorders	220	(1)
Treatment Using Gestalt Therapy	221	(6)
Goals	221	(1)
How People Change	222	(1)
Therapeutic Alliance	222	(1)
Experiments	223	(1)
Use of Language	223	(1)
Dreams	224	(1)
Fantasy	224	(1)
Role Play Using Empty Chair Methods	225	(1)
The Body as a Vehicle of Communication	226	(1)
The Use of Gestalt Therapy in Groups	227	(1)
The Hot Seat	227	(1)
Making the Rounds	227	(1)
Gouldings's Redecision Therapy: Gestalt Therapy and Transactional Analysis	227	(1)
Transactional Analysis	228	(6)
The Person Who Developed Transactional Analysis	228	(1)
Theoretical Concepts and Development of Transactional Analysis	228	(4)
Treatment Using Transactional Analysis	232	(1)
Application of Transactional Analysis	233	(1)
Application of Gestalt Therapy	234	(1)
Application to Diagnostic Groups	234	(1)
Application to Culturally Diverse Groups	235	(1)
Application to Other Groups	235	(1)
Current Use	235	(1)
Evaluation of Gestalt Therapy	236	(1)
Limitations	236	(1)
Strengths	237	(1)
Contributions	237	(1)
Skill Development: Gestalt Dreamwork	237	(2)
Case Illustration	239	(1)
Exercises	240	(2)
Large-Group Exercises	240	(1)
Small-Group Exercises	241	(1)
Individual Exercises	242	(1)
Summary	242	(1)
Recommended Readings	243	(1)
Additional Sources of Information	243	(1)
Emerging Approaches Emphasizing Emotions and Sensations	244	(28)
Narrative Therapy	245	(6)
The Development of Narrative Therapy	245	(1)
Theories and Strategies	246	(4)
Current Status	250	(1)
Constructivist Psychotherapy	251	(3)
The Development of Constructivism	251	(1)
Theories and Strategies	251	(3)
Current Status	254	(1)
Feminist Therapy	254	(4)
Underlying Concepts	255	(1)
Role of the Clinician	256	(1)
Strategies of Feminist Therapy	257	(1)
Current Status	257	(1)
Transpersonal Therapy	258	(6)
The People Who Developed Transpersonal Therapy	258	(1)
Important Theoretical Concepts	259	(1)
The Process of Change	260	(1)
Treatment	261	(2)
Application	263	(1)
Current Status	263	(1)
Evaluation	264	(1)
Skill Development: Guided Imagery	264	(4)
Encouraging Cooperation with Visualization	264	(1)
The Process of Guided Imagery	265	(2)
Uses for Visualization	267	(1)
Case Illustration	268	(1)
Exercises	269	(1)
Large-Group Exercises	269	(1)
Small-Group Exercises	270	(1)
Individual Exercises	270	(1)
Summary	270	(1)
Recommended Readings	271	(1)
Additional Sources of Information	271	(1)
PART FOUR TREATMENT SYSTEMS EMPHASIZING THOUGHTS
Overview of Thought-Focused Treatment Systems	272	(11)
Use of Cognitions in Counseling and Psychotherapy	273	(1)
Skill Development: Analyzing and Modifying Cognitions	274	(6)
Eliciting Actions, Emotions, and Thoughts	275	(1)
Assessing the Validity of the Cognitions	276	(1)
Identifying a Core Cognition	277	(1)
Categorizing the Cognitive Distortions	277	(1)
Disputing and Replacing Cognitions	278	(1)
Rerating Thoughts and Feelings and Modifying Actions	279	(1)
Review of Steps in Analyzing and Modifying Cognitions	279	(1)
Case Illustration	280	(1)
Exercises	280	(2)
Large-Group Exercises	280	(1)
Small-Group Exercises	281	(1)
Individual Exercises	281	(1)
Summary	282	(1)
Aaron Beck and Cognitive Therapy	283	(27)
Aaron Beck	284	(1)
The Development of Cognitive Therapy	284	(1)
Important Theoretical Concepts	285	(4)
Development of Cognitive Distortions	286	(1)
Principles of Cognitive Therapy	286	(1)
Levels of Cognitions	287	(2)
Treatment Using Cognitive Therapy	289	(8)
Goals	290	(1)
Therapeutic Alliance	290	(1)
Cognitive Distortions in Clinicians	291	(1)
Case Formulation	291	(1)
Eliciting and Rating Cognitions	291	(1)
Determining the Validity of Cognitions	292	(1)
Labeling the Distortion	293	(1)
Assessment of Mood	294	(1)
Changing Cognitions	295	(2)
Termination and Relapse Prevention	297	(1)
Application of Cognitive Therapy	297	(3)
Application to Diagnostic Groups	297	(2)
Application to Multicultural Groups	299	(1)
Current Use of Cognitive Therapy	300	(1)
Core Cognitions and Schemas	300	(1)
Integration with Other Treatment Approaches	300	(1)
Group, Family, and Psychoeducational Cognitive Therapy	300	(1)
Evaluation of Cognitive Therapy	301	(2)
Limitations	301	(1)
Strengths and Contributions	302	(1)
Skill Development: Planning and Processing Homework	303	(2)
Terminology	303	(1)
Determining the Assignment	303	(2)
Processing Homework	305	(1)
Case Illustration	305	(1)
Exercises	306	(2)
Large-Group Exercises	306	(1)
Small-Group Exercises	307	(1)
Individual Exercises	308	(1)
Summary	308	(1)
Recommended Readings	308	(1)
Additional Sources of Information	309	(1)
Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy	310	(26)
Albert Ellis	311	(1)
The Development of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)	312	(1)
Important Theoretical Concepts	313	(5)
Human Development and Emotional Health	313	(1)
Secular Humanism	314	(1)
Thoughts as the Route to Change	315	(1)
Irrational Beliefs	316	(2)
The Format of Sessions	318	(1)
General Versus Elegant REBT	319	(1)
Treatment Using Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy	319	(7)
Goals	319	(1)
Therapeutic Alliance	319	(1)
Identifying, Disputing, and Modifying Irrational Beliefs	320	(2)
Approaches to Disputing Irrational Beliefs	322	(2)
Other Intervention Strategies	324	(2)
Application of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy	326	(2)
Application to Groups, Families, and Psychoeducation	326	(1)
Application to Diagnostic Groups	326	(1)
Application to Multicultural Groups	327	(1)
Current Use	328	(1)
Evaluation of REBT	328	(2)
Limitations	328	(1)
Strengths and Contributions	329	(1)
Skill Development: Rational Emotive Imagery	330	(2)
Case Illustration	332	(1)
Exercises	333	(1)
Large-Group Exercises	333	(1)
Small-Group Exercises	334	(1)
Individual Exercises	334	(1)
Summary	334	(1)
Recommended Readings	334	(1)
Additional Sources of Information	335	(1)
Emerging Approaches Emphasizing Thoughts	336	(16)
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing	337	(4)
The Development of EMDR	337	(1)
Important Theoretical Concepts	337	(1)
Strategies of EMDR	338	(2)
Evaluation and Application	340	(1)
Neuro-Linguistic Programming	341	(5)
The Development of NLP	341	(1)
Important Theoretical Concepts	342	(1)
The Process of Facilitating Change	343	(1)
Strategies for Change	344	(1)
Application, Evaluation, and Current Use	345	(1)
Thought Field Therapy	346	(1)
Current Use and Evaluation	346	(1)
Other Emerging Approaches Emphasizing Thoughts	347	(1)
Cognitive Therapy of Evaluation	347	(1)
Emotional Freedom Techniques	347	(1)
Skill Development: Anchoring	348	(1)
Case Illustration	349	(1)
Exercises	350	(1)
Large-Group Exercises/Discussion Questions	350	(1)
Summary	351	(1)
Recommended Readings	351	(1)
PART FIVE TREATMENT SYSTEMS EMPHASIZING ACTIONS
Overview of Action-Focused Treatment Systems	352	(13)
The Importance of Actions in Counseling and Psychotherapy	353	(3)
The Advantages of Focusing on Actions	353	(2)
The Limitations of Focusing on Actions	355	(1)
Skill Development: Planning and Implementing Behavior Change	356	(5)
Describing the Behavior	356	(1)
Establishing a Baseline	356	(1)
Determining Goals	357	(1)
Developing Strategies	357	(2)
Implementation	359	(1)
Assessment	360	(1)
Reinforcement	360	(1)
Continuing the Process	360	(1)
Case Illustration	361	(1)
Exercises	362	(2)
Large-Group Exercises	362	(1)
Small-Group Exercises	363	(1)
Individual Exercises	363	(1)
Summary	364	(1)
Behavior Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy	365	(27)
The Development and Developers of Behavior Therapy	366	(2)
B. F. Skinner	366	(1)
Ivan Pavlov	366	(1)
John W. Watson	367	(1)
John Dollard and Neal Miller	367	(1)
Joseph Wolpe	367	(1)
Albert Bandura	368	(1)
Current Development	368	(1)
Important Theoretical Concepts	368	(2)
Principles of Behavior Therapy	369	(1)
The Development of Personality	370	(1)
Understanding Terminology	370	(1)
Steps in Treatment	371	(1)
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy	372	(3)
Meichenbaum's Cognitive Behavior Modification	373	(1)
Stress Inoculation Training	374	(1)
Treatment Using Behavior Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy	375	(6)
Goals	375	(1)
Therapeutic Alliance	376	(1)
Strategies and Interventions	376	(5)
Application of Behavior Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy	381	(3)
Application to Diagnostic Groups	381	(2)
Application to Multicultural Groups	383	(1)
Current Use	384	(1)
Evaluation of Behavior Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy	384	(2)
Limitations	385	(1)
Strengths and Contributions	385	(1)
Skill Development: Systematic Desensitization	386	(2)
Case Illustration	388	(1)
Exercises	389	(1)
Large-Group Exercises	389	(1)
Small-Group Exercises	389	(1)
Individual Exercises	390	(1)
Summary	390	(1)
Recommended Readings	391	(1)
Additional Sources of Information	391	(1)
Reality Therapy	392	(21)
William Glasser	393	(1)
Robert Wubbolding	394	(1)
The Development of Reality Therapy	394	(1)
Control Theory	394	(1)
Choice Theory	395	(1)
Important Theoretical Concepts	395	(5)
Human Development	395	(1)
Five Basic Needs	396	(1)
Concept of Mental Illness	396	(1)
Concept of Mental Health	397	(1)
Total Behavior and Motivation	397	(1)
Quality Worlds	397	(1)
WDEP System	398	(1)
Importance of Relationships	399	(1)
Treatment Using Reality Therapy	400	(3)
Goals	400	(1)
Therapeutic Alliance	400	(1)
Strategies	401	(2)
Application of Reality Therapy	403	(3)
Application to Diagnostic Groups	403	(1)
Application to Multicultural Groups	404	(1)
Application to Schools	405	(1)
Application to Business and Industry	406	(1)
Current Use of Reality Therapy	406	(1)
Evaluation of Reality Therapy	406	(1)
Limitations	406	(1)
Strengths and Contributions	407	(1)
Skill Development: Caring Confrontation	407	(1)
Case Illustration	408	(1)
Exercises	409	(2)
Large-Group Exercises	409	(1)
Small-Group Exercises	410	(1)
Individual Exercises	411	(1)
Summary	411	(1)
Recommended Readings	411	(1)
Additional Sources of Information	412	(1)
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy	413	(20)
The Development of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy	414	(1)
Important Theoretical Concepts	415	(5)
Underlying Assumptions	416	(1)
Stages in Treatment	417	(2)
Timing	419	(1)
Finding Solutions	420	(1)
Treatment Using Solution-Focused Brief Therapy	420	(4)
Therapeutic Alliance	420	(1)
Specific Interventions	421	(3)
Application of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy	424	(2)
Application to Diagnostic Groups	424	(1)
Application to Multicultural Groups	425	(1)
Application to Other Groups	425	(1)
Current Use	426	(1)
Evaluation of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy	426	(1)
Limitations	426	(1)
Strengths and Contributions	427	(1)
Skill Development: Goal Setting	427	(1)
Case Illustration	428	(2)
Exercises	430	(1)
Large-Group Exercises	430	(1)
Small-Group Exercises	430	(1)
Individual Exercises	431	(1)
Summary	431	(1)
Recommended Readings	431	(1)
Additional Sources of Information	432	(1)
PART SIX INTEGRATED AND ECLECTIC TREATMENT SYSTEMS
Overview of Integrated and Eclectic Treatment Systems	433	(1)
Reasons for the Growth of Eclectic and Integrated Approaches	434	(1)
The Challenges of Eclectic and Integrated Approaches	435	(1)
Benefits of Eclectic and Integrated Approaches	436	(1)
The Nature of Eclectic and Integrated Approaches	436	(10)
Types of Eclectic and Integrated Approaches	437	(1)
Integrating Treatment Systems	438	(1)
Characteristics of Sound Eclectic and Integrated Approaches	438	(1)
Formulating an Eclectic/Integrated Treatment System	438	(1)
Skill Development: Treatment Planning	439	(4)
Case Illustration	443	(1)
Exercises	444	(1)
Large-Group Exercises	444	(1)
Small-Group Exercises	444	(1)
Individual Exercises	445	(1)
Summary	445	(1)
Recommended Readings	445	(1)
Theories of Integrated and Eclectic Treatment	446	(23)
Multimodal Therapy	447	(4)
Arnold Lazarus	447	(1)
Theory and Practice of Multimodal Therapy	447	(4)
Developmental Counseling and Therapy	451	(7)
The People Who Developed DCT	451	(1)
Theory and Practice	452	(4)
Application	456	(1)
Evaluation	457	(1)
Emerging Integrated and Eclectic Treatment Systems	458	(4)
Transtheoretical Model of Change	458	(1)
Other Stages of Change and Matching Models	459	(1)
Hill and O'Brien's Three-Stage Integrated Model	460	(1)
Integrative Psychodynamic-Behavior Therapy	461	(1)
Common Factors Models	461	(1)
Skill Development: Termination of Treatment	462	(2)
Case Illustration	464	(2)
Exercises	466	(1)
Large-Group Exercises	466	(1)
Small-Group Exercises	466	(1)
Individual Exercises	466	(1)
Summary	467	(1)
Recommended Readings	467	(1)
Additional Sources of Information	468	(1)
PART SEVEN UNDERSTANDING TREATMENT SYSTEMS
Solidifying Understanding of Treatment Systems	469	(26)
Common Factors in Effective Treatment	470	(1)
Overview of Treatment Systems	471	(1)
Treatment Systems Emphasizing Background	472	(5)
Psychoanalysis	472	(1)
Individual Psychology	473	(1)
Analytical Psychology	474	(1)
Developmental/Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (Freudian Revisionists)	475	(1)
Brief Psychodynamic Psychotherapy	476	(1)
Treatment Systems Emphasizing Emotions and Sensations	477	(2)
Person-Centered Counseling	477	(1)
Existential Therapy	477	(1)
Gestalt Therapy	478	(1)
Treatment Systems Emphasizing Thoughts	479	(2)
Cognitive Therapy	479	(1)
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)	480	(1)
Treatment Systems Emphasizing Actions	481	(4)
Behavior Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy	481	(2)
Reality Therapy	483	(1)
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy	484	(1)
Treatment Efficacy	485	(1)
Finding Your Preferred Clinical Style	485	(2)
Determinants of Theoretical Orientation	486	(1)
Development of the Author's Style	487	(1)
Questions to Help You Identify Your Treatment Style	487	(3)
Background Questions	487	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	488	(1)
Evaluating the Questionnaire	489	(1)
Clinical Orientation and Clinician Personality	490	(1)
Future Directions in Counseling and Psychotherapy	490	(2)
Exercises	492	(2)
Large-Group Exercises	492	(1)
Small-Group Exercises	493	(1)
Individual Exercises	493	(1)
Summary	494	(1)
References	495	(22)
Index	517