Theories of Personality (with InfoTrac)

by Schultz, Duane P.; Schultz, Sydney Ellen

• ISBN13: 9780534551070
• ISBN10: 0534551076
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-08-17
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Table of Contents

Preface to the Seventh Edition	xi
A Note to Our Readers	xv
PART I Introduction	1	(40)
The Study of Personality: Assessment, Research, and Theory	3	(38)
The Study of Personality	4	(2)
The Place of Personality in the History of Psychology	6	(2)
Definitions of Personality	8	(2)
Gender and Ethnic Issues in Personality	10	(3)
Assessment in the Study of Personality	13	(12)
Research in the Study of Personality	25	(6)
Theory in the Study of Personality	31	(3)
Questions About Human Nature	34	(3)
Chapter Summary	37	(2)
Review Questions	39	(1)
Suggested Readings	40	(1)
PART 2 The Psychoanalytic Approach	41	(48)
Sigmund Freud	43	(46)
The Life of Freud (1856--1939)	44	(5)
Instincts: The Propelling Forces of the Personality	49	(2)
The Levels of Personality	51	(1)
The Structure of Personality: Id, Ego, and Superego	52	(2)
Anxiety: A Threat to the Ego	54	(2)
Defenses Against Anxiety	56	(3)
Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development	59	(6)
Questions About Human Nature	65	(2)
Assessment in Freud's Theory	67	(2)
Research in Freud's Theory	69	(11)
Extensions of Freudian Theory	80	(4)
A Final Commentary	84	(1)
Chapter Summary	85	(2)
Review Questions	87	(1)
Suggested Readings	88	(1)
PART 3 The Neopsychoanalytic Approach	89	(120)
Carl Jung	91	(29)
The Life of Jung (1875--1961)	92	(3)
Psychic Energy	95	(2)
The Systems of Personality	97	(7)
The Development of the Personality	104	(3)
Questions About Human Nature	107	(2)
Assessment in Jung's Theory	109	(2)
Research in Jung's Theory	111	(4)
A Final Commentary	115	(1)
Chapter Summary	116	(1)
Review Questions	117	(1)
Suggested Readings	118	(2)
Alfred Adler	120	(27)
The Life of Adler (1870--1937)	121	(2)
Inferiority Feelings: The Source of Human Striving	123	(2)
Striving for Superiority or Perfection	125	(2)
Style of Life	127	(1)
Social Interest	128	(1)
Birth Order	129	(3)
Questions About Human Nature	132	(1)
Assessment in Adler's Theory	133	(3)
Research in Adler's Theory	136	(5)
A Final Commentary	141	(3)
Chapter Summary	144	(1)
Review Questions	145	(1)
Suggested Readings	145	(2)
Karen Horney	147	(23)
The Life of Horney (1885--1952)	148	(3)
The Childhood Need for Safety	151	(2)
Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis	153	(1)
Neurotic Needs	154	(1)
Neurotic Trends	155	(2)
The Idealized Self-Image	157	(2)
Feminine Psychology	159	(3)
Cultural Influences on Feminine Psychology	162	(1)
Questions About Human Nature	162	(1)
Assessment in Horney's Theory	163	(1)
Research in Horney's Theory	164	(2)
A Final Commentary	166	(1)
Chapter Summary	167	(1)
Review Questions	168	(1)
Suggested Readings	169	(1)
Erich Fromm	170	(19)
The Life of Fromm (1900--1980)	171	(2)
Freedom versus Security: The Basic Human Dilemma	173	(3)
Personality Development in Childhood	176	(1)
The Basic Psychological Needs	177	(2)
The Productive and Nonproductive Character Types	179	(4)
Questions About Human Nature	183	(1)
Assessment in Fromm's Theory	184	(1)
Research in Fromm's Theory	184	(2)
A Final Commentary	186	(1)
Chapter Summary	187	(1)
Review Questions	188	(1)
Suggested Readings	188	(1)
Henry Murray	189	(20)
The Life of Murray (1893--1988)	190	(3)
The Principles of Personology	193	(1)
The Divisions of Personality	194	(1)
Needs: The Motivation of Behavior	195	(3)
Personality Development in Childhood	198	(2)
Questions About Human Nature	200	(1)
Assessment in Murray's Theory	201	(1)
Research in Murray's Theory	202	(3)
A Final Commentary	205	(1)
Chapter Summary	206	(1)
Review Questions	207	(1)
Suggested Readings	207	(2)
PART 4 The Life-Span Approach	209	(32)
Erik Erikson	211	(30)
The Life of Erikson (1902--1994)	212	(2)
Psychosocial Stages of Development and Basic Strengths	214	(7)
Basic Weaknesses	221	(1)
Questions About Human Nature	222	(2)
Assessment in Erikson's Theory	224	(1)
Research in Erikson's Theory	225	(11)
A Final Commentary	236	(2)
Chapter Summary	238	(1)
Review Questions	239	(1)
Suggested Readings	239	(2)
PART 5 The Trait Approach: The Genetics of Personality	241	(56)
Gordon Allport	243	(21)
The Life of Allport (1897--1967)	244	(2)
The Nature of Personality	246	(2)
Personality Traits	248	(1)
Personality and Motivation	249	(2)
Personality Development in Childhood: The Unique Self	251	(3)
The Healthy Adult Personality	254	(1)
Questions About Human Nature	255	(1)
Assessment in Allport's Theory	256	(2)
Research in Allport's Theory	258	(2)
A Final Commentary	260	(1)
Chapter Summary	261	(1)
Review Questions	262	(1)
Suggested Readings	262	(2)
Raymond Cattell, Hans Eysenck, and Other Trait Theorists	264	(33)
The Life of Cattell (1905--1998)	265	(2)
Cattell's Approach to Personality Traits	267	(2)
Source Traits: The Basic Factors of Personality	269	(1)
Dynamic Traits: The Motivating Forces	270	(2)
The Influences of Heredity and Environment	272	(1)
Stages of Personality Development	272	(2)
Questions About Human Nature	274	(1)
Assessment in Cattell's Theory	275	(3)
Research in Cattell's Theory	278	(1)
A Commentary on Cattell	279	(1)
Behavioral Genetics	280	(1)
Hans Eysenck (1916--1997)	280	(1)
The Dimensions of Personality	280	(4)
Robert McCrae and Paul Costa: The Five-Factor Model	284	(4)
Arnold Buss and Robert Plomin: The Temperament Theory	288	(4)
A Final Commentary	292	(1)
Chapter Summary	293	(1)
Review Questions	294	(1)
Suggested Readings	294	(3)
PART 6 The Humanistic Approach	297	(48)
Abraham Maslow	299	(24)
The Life of Maslow (1908--1970)	300	(2)
Personality Development: The Hierarchy of Needs	302	(6)
The Study of Self-Actualizers	308	(6)
Questions About Human Nature	314	(1)
Assessment in Maslow's Theory	315	(1)
Research in Maslow's Theory	316	(3)
A Final Commentary	319	(1)
Chapter Summary	320	(1)
Review Questions	321	(1)
Suggested Readings	322	(1)
Carl Rogers	323	(22)
The Life of Rogers (1902--1987)	324	(2)
The Importance of the Self	326	(1)
The Actualization Tendency	327	(1)
The Experiential World	328	(1)
The Development of the Self in Childhood	328	(3)
Characteristics of Fully Functioning Persons	331	(2)
Questions About Human Nature	333	(2)
Assessment in Rogers's Theory	335	(2)
Research in Rogers's Theory	337	(3)
A Final Commentary	340	(1)
Chapter Summary	341	(1)
Review Questions	342	(1)
Suggested Readings	343	(2)
PART 7 The Cognitive Approach	345	(24)
George Kelly	347	(22)
The Role of Cognitive Processes	348	(1)
The Life of Kelly (1905--1967)	349	(2)
Personal Construct Theory	351	(1)
Anticipating Life Events	352	(6)
Questions About Human Nature	358	(1)
Assessment in Kelly's Theory	359	(4)
Research in Kelly's Theory	363	(2)
A Final Commentary	365	(1)
Chapter Summary	366	(1)
Review Questions	367	(1)
Suggested Readings	368	(1)
PART 8 The Behavioral Approach	369	(26)
B. F. Skinner	371	(24)
Rats, Pigeons, and an Empty Organism	372	(1)
The Life of Skinner (1904--1990)	373	(2)
Reinforcement: The Basis of Behavior	375	(4)
Schedules of Reinforcement	379	(2)
Successive Approximation: The Shaping of Behavior	381	(1)
Superstitious Behavior	382	(1)
The Self-Control of Behavior	383	(1)
Applications of Operant Conditioning	384	(2)
Questions About Human Nature	386	(1)
Assessment in Skinner's Theory	387	(3)
Research in Skinner's Theory	390	(1)
A Final Commentary	391	(1)
Chapter Summary	392	(1)
Review Questions	393	(1)
Suggested Readings	394	(1)
PART 9 The Social-Learning Approach	395	(48)
Albert Bandura	397	(26)
The Life of Bandura (1925-- )	398	(1)
Modeling: The Basis of Observational Learning	399	(4)
Observational Learning Processes	403	(3)
The Self	406	(3)
Developmental Stages of Modeling and Self-Efficacy	409	(1)
Behavior Modification	410	(4)
Questions About Human Nature	414	(1)
Assessment in Bandura's Theory	415	(1)
Research in Bandura's Theory	415	(5)
A Final Commentary	420	(1)
Chapter Summary	420	(1)
Review Questions	421	(1)
Suggested Readings	422	(1)
Julian Rotter	423	(20)
The Life of Rotter (1916-- )	424	(1)
Social-Learning Theory	425	(1)
Primary Concepts	426	(3)
Broader Concepts	429	(1)
Psychological Needs	430	(1)
Locus of Control	431	(2)
Interpersonal Trust	433	(1)
Questions About Human Nature	434	(1)
Assessment in Rotter's Theory	435	(1)
Research in Rotter's Theory	436	(3)
A Final Commentary	439	(1)
Chapter Summary	439	(1)
Review Questions	440	(1)
Suggested Readings	441	(2)
PART 10 The Limited-Domain Approach	443	(44)
Limited-Domain Theories of Personality	445	(30)
David McClelland: The Need for Achievement	446	(9)
Marvin Zuckerman: Sensation Seeking	455	(6)
Martin E. P. Seligman: Learned Helplessness	461	(11)
Chapter Summary	472	(1)
Review Questions	473	(1)
Suggested Readings	474	(1)
Personality in perspective	475	(12)
The Genetic Factor	476	(1)
The Environmental Factor	477	(1)
The Learning Factor	477	(1)
The Parental Factor	478	(2)
The Developmental Factor	480	(2)
The Consciousness Factor	482	(1)
The Unconscious Factor	482	(1)
The Happy Personality	483	(2)
Review Questions	485	(2)
Glossary	487	(12)
References	499	(28)
Author Index	527	(6)
Subject Index	533