Theories of Personality (with InfoTrac)

by Schultz, Duane P; Schultz, Sydney Ellen

• ISBN13: 9780534624026
• ISBN10: 0534624022
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-07-20
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

1. The Study of Personality: Assessment, Research, and Theory. 2. Sigmund Freud. 3. Carl Jung. 4. Alfred Adler. 5. Karen Horney. 6. Erich Fromm. 7. Henry Murray. 8. Erik Erikson. 9. Gordon Allport. 10. Raymond Cattell, Hans Eysenck, and Other Trait Theorists. 11. Abraham Maslow. 12. Carl Rogers. 13. George Kelly. 14. B.F. Skinner. 15. Albert Bandura. 16. Other Directions: A Focus on a Limited Domain. 17. Personality in Perspective.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
PART ONE Introduction	1	(42)
The Study of Personality: Assessment, Research, and Theory	3	(40)
The Study of Personality	4	(2)
The Place of Personality in the History of Psychology	6	(3)
Definitions of Personality	9	(2)
Ethnic and Gender Issues in Personality	11	(3)
Assessment in the Study of Personality	14	(13)
Research in the Study of Personality	27	(6)
Theory in the Study of Personality	33	(2)
Questions About Human Nature	35	(4)
Chapter Summary	39	(2)
Review Questions	41	(1)
Suggested Readings	41	(2)
PART TWO The Psychoanalytic Approach	43	(50)
Sigmund Freud	45	(48)
The Life of Freud (1856--1939)	46	(6)
Instincts: The Propelling Forces of the Personality	52	(1)
The Levels of Personality	53	(1)
The Structure of Personality: Id, Ego, and Superego	54	(3)
Anxiety: A Threat to the Ego	57	(1)
Defense Mechanisms Against Anxiety	58	(3)
Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development	61	(7)
Questions About Human Nature	68	(1)
Assessment in Freud's Theory: Free Association and Dream Analysis	69	(2)
Research in Freud's Theory	71	(12)
Extensions of Freudian Theory: Ego Psychology and Object Relations Theories	83	(4)
Reflections on Freud's Theory	87	(2)
Chapter Summary	89	(1)
Review Questions	90	(1)
Suggested Readings	91	(2)
PART THREE The Neopsychoanalytic Approach	93	(124)
Carl Jung	95	(29)
The Life of Jung (1875--1961)	96	(3)
Psychic Energy: Opposites, Equivalence, and Entropy	99	(2)
The Systems of Personality	101	(7)
The Development of the Personality	108	(3)
Questions About Human Nature	111	(1)
Assessment in Jung's Theory: Word Association, Symptom Analysis, and Dream Analysis	112	(3)
Research in Jung's Theory	115	(4)
Reflections on Jung's Theory	119	(1)
Chapter Summary	120	(2)
Review Questions	122	(1)
Suggested Readings	122	(2)
Alfred Adler	124	(27)
The Life of Adler (1870--1937)	125	(2)
Inferiority Feelings: The Source of Human Striving	127	(2)
Striving for Superiority, or Perfection	129	(2)
The Style of Life	131	(2)
Social Interest	133	(1)
Birth Order	134	(3)
Questions About Human Nature	137	(1)
Assessment in Adler's Theory: Early Recollections, Dream Analysis, and Measures of Social Interest	138	(3)
Research in Adler's Theory	141	(5)
Reflections on Adler's Theory	146	(2)
Chapter Summary	148	(1)
Review Questions	149	(1)
Suggested Readings	150	(1)
Karen Horney	151	(23)
The Life of Horney (1885--1952)	152	(3)
The Childhood Need for Safety	155	(2)
Basic Anxiety: The Foundation of Neurosis	157	(1)
Neurotic Needs and Trends	158	(4)
The Idealized Self-Image	162	(1)
Feminine Psychology: The Mommy Track or the Career Path?	163	(4)
Questions About Human Nature	167	(1)
Assessment in Horney's Theory	167	(1)
Research in Horney's Theory	168	(2)
Reflections on Horney's Theory	170	(1)
Chapter Summary	171	(1)
Review Questions	172	(1)
Suggested Readings	173	(1)
Erich Fromm	174	(20)
The Life of Fromm (1900--1980)	175	(2)
Freedom or Security: The Basic Human Dilemma	177	(3)
Personality Development in Childhood	180	(1)
The Basic Psychological Needs	181	(2)
The Productive and Nonproductive Character Types	183	(4)
Questions About Human Nature	187	(1)
Assessment in Fromm's Theory	188	(1)
Research in Fromm's Theory: Studies of Social Character	189	(1)
Reflections on Fromm's Theory	190	(1)
Chapter Summary	191	(1)
Review Questions	192	(1)
Suggested Readings	193	(1)
Henry Murray	194	(23)
The Life of Murray (1893--1988)	195	(3)
Principles of Personology	198	(1)
The Divisions of Personality: Id, Superego, and Ego	199	(1)
Needs: The Motivators of Behavior	200	(3)
Personality Development in Childhood	203	(1)
Questions About Human Nature	204	(1)
Assessment in Murray's Theory: The OSS Program and the Thematic Apperception Test	205	(3)
Research in Murray's Theory	208	(5)
Chapter Summary	213	(1)
Review Questions	214	(1)
Suggested Readings	215	(2)
PART FOUR The Life-Span Approach	217	(32)
Erik Erikson	219	(30)
The Life of Erikson (1902--1994)	220	(3)
Psychosocial Stages of Personality Development	223	(7)
Basic Weaknesses	230	(1)
Questions About Human Nature	231	(1)
Assessment in Erikson's Theory: Psychohistorical Analysis and Psychological Tests	232	(1)
Research in Erikson's Theory	233	(12)
Reflections on Erikson's Theory	245	(1)
Chapter Summary	246	(1)
Review Questions	247	(1)
Suggested Readings	248	(1)
PART FIVE The Trait Approach: The Genetics of Personality	249	(56)
Gordon Allport	251	(22)
The Life of Allport (1897--1967)	252	(3)
The Nature of Personality	255	(1)
Personality Traits	256	(2)
Motivation: The Functional Autonomy of Motives	258	(2)
Personality Development in Childhood: The Unique Self	260	(2)
The Healthy Adult Personality	262	(2)
Questions About Human Nature	264	(1)
Assessment in Allport's Theory: The Personal-Document Technique and the Study of Values	265	(1)
Research in Allport's Theory: Expressive Behavior	266	(3)
Reflections on Allport's Theory	269	(1)
Chapter Summary	270	(1)
Review Questions	271	(1)
Suggested Readings	271	(2)
Raymond Cattell, Hans Eysenck, and Other Trait Theorists	273	(32)
The Life of Cattell (1905--1998)	274	(2)
Cattell's Approach to Personality Traits	276	(2)
Source Traits: The Basic Factors of Personality	278	(1)
Dynamic Traits: The Motivating Forces	278	(3)
The Influences of Heredity and Environment	281	(1)
Stages of Personality Development	281	(2)
Questions About Human Nature	283	(1)
Assessment in Cattell's Theory	284	(2)
Research in Cattell's Theory	286	(1)
Reflections on Cattell's Theory	287	(1)
Behavioral Genetics	288	(1)
Hans Eysenck (1916--1997)	288	(1)
The Dimensions of Personality: Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism	289	(3)
Robert McCrae and Paul Costa: The Five-Factor Model	292	(6)
Arnold Buss and Robert Plomin: The Temperament Theory	298	(4)
Reflections on the Trait Approach	302	(1)
Chapter Summary	302	(1)
Review Questions	303	(1)
Suggested Readings	304	(1)
PART SIX The Humanistic Approach	305	(48)
Abraham Maslow	307	(25)
The Life of Maslow (1908--1970)	308	(3)
Personality Development: The Hierarchy of Needs	311	(5)
The Study of Self-Actualizers	316	(6)
Questions About Human Nature	322	(1)
Assessment in Maslow's Theory	323	(2)
Research in Maslow's Theory	325	(2)
Self-Determination Theory	327	(1)
Reflections on Maslow's Theory	328	(1)
Chapter Summary	329	(1)
Review Questions	330	(1)
Suggested Readings	330	(2)
Carl Rogers	332	(21)
The Life of Rogers (1902--1987)	333	(3)
The Self and the Tendency Toward Actualization	336	(1)
The Experiential World	337	(1)
The Development of the Self in Childhood	338	(3)
Characteristics of Fully Functioning Persons	341	(1)
Questions About Human Nature	342	(2)
Assessment in Rogers's Theory: Person-Centered Therapy, Encounter Groups, and Psychological Tests	344	(2)
Research in Rogers's Theory	346	(3)
Reflections on Rogers's Theory	349	(1)
Chapter Summary	350	(1)
Review Questions	351	(1)
Suggested Readings	351	(2)
PART SEVEN The Cognitive Approach	353	(24)
George Kelly	355	(22)
The Cognitive Movement in Psychology	356	(1)
The Life of Kelly (1905--1967)	357	(2)
Personal Construct Theory	359	(1)
Ways of Anticipating Life Events	360	(6)
Questions About Human Nature	366	(1)
Assessment in Kelly's Theory	367	(5)
Research in Kelly's Theory	372	(2)
Reflections on Kelly's Theory	374	(1)
Chapter Summary	375	(1)
Review Questions	375	(1)
Suggested Readings	376	(1)
PART EIGHT The Behavioral Approach	377	(26)
B. F. Skinner	379	(24)
Rats, Pigeons, and an Empty Organism	380	(1)
The Life of Skinner (1904--1990)	381	(2)
Reinforcement: The Basis of Behavior	383	(2)
Operant Conditioning and the Skinner Box	385	(1)
Schedules of Reinforcement	386	(2)
Successive Approximation: The Shaping of Behavior	388	(2)
Superstitious Behavior	390	(1)
The Self-Control of Behavior	390	(1)
Applications of Operant Conditioning	391	(2)
Questions About Human Nature	393	(2)
Assessment in Skinner's Theory	395	(1)
Research in Skinner's Theory	396	(1)
Reflections on Skinner's Theory	397	(2)
Chapter Summary	399	(1)
Review Questions	400	(1)
Suggested Readings	401	(2)
PART NINE The Social-Learning Approach	403	(30)
Albert Bandura	405	(28)
The Life of Bandura (1925-- )	406	(1)
Modeling: The Basis of Observational Learning	407	(4)
The Processes of Observational Learning	411	(3)
Self-Reinforcement and Self-Efficacy	414	(3)
Developmental Stages of Modeling and Self-Efficacy	417	(2)
Behavior Modification	419	(3)
Questions About Human Nature	422	(2)
Assessment in Bandura's Theory	424	(1)
Research in Bandura's Theory	424	(5)
Reflections on Bandura's Theory	429	(1)
Chapter Summary	430	(1)
Review Questions	431	(1)
Suggested Readings	432	(1)
PART TEN Advances in Personality Theory	433	(44)
Other Directions: A Focus on a Limited Domain	435	(31)
Julian Rotter: Locus of Control	436	(4)
Marvin Zuckerman: Sensation Seeking	440	(6)
Martin E. P. Seligman: Learned Helplessness	446	(11)
Martin E. P. Seligman: Positive Psychology	457	(4)
Comment	461	(1)
Chapter Summary	462	(1)
Review Questions	463	(1)
Suggested Readings	464	(2)
Personality in Perspective	466	(11)
The Genetic Factor	467	(1)
The Environmental Factor	468	(1)
The Learning Factor	469	(1)
The Parental Factor	470	(2)
The Developmental Factor	472	(2)
The Consciousness Factor	474	(1)
The Unconscious Factor	475	(1)
Review Questions	476	(1)
Glossary	477	(8)
References	485	(35)
Credits	520	(1)
Author Index	521	(8)
Subject Index	529