Thermodynamics and Energy Systems Analysis: Volume 2, Solved Problems and Exercises

by Borel; Lucien

• ISBN13: 9781439894705
• ISBN10: 1439894701
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-02-02
• Publisher: EFPL Press

Summary

This book illustrates the basic concepts of phenomenological thermodynamics, and to move from theory to practice by considering problems in the fields of thermodynamics and energy-systems analysis. Many subjects are handled from a energetics or exergetics angle: calorimeters, evaporators, condensers, flow meters, sub or supersonic nozzles, ejectors, compressors, pumps, turbines, combustion processes, heaters, smoke stacks, cooling towers, motors, turbo-reactors, heat pumps, air conditioning, thermo-electrical generators, energy storage, etc.

Author Biography

Lucien Borel graduated in mechanical engineering from the Ecole Polytechrdque of Lausanne in 1950. He then worked in Swiss industry before his nomination in 1954 as professor of thermodynamics at the same school that became the EPPL in 1969. He directed the Laboratory of Thermodynamics and Energetics, contributing to research in thermodynamics, turbomachines and energy systems analyses until 1988. Daniel Favrat graduated from the EPFL in mechanical engineering in 1972, followed by a Ph.D. in 1976. After 12 years working in industrial research centers in Canada and Switzerland, he became professor and director of the Industrial Energy Systems Laboratory at the EPFL in 1988. His primary fields of research and teaching include the thermodynamics and optimization of energy systems, and the design of advanced energy technologies. He is a member of the Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences, of the French Academy of Technology and vice-chair of the energy committee of the World Federation of Engineering Organizations. He is a member of the editorial board of several journals, including Energy and the International Journal of Thermodynamics. Dinh Lan Nguyen and Magdi Batato work in industry after having received their mechanical engineering masters and Ph.D. degrees from the EPFL.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. v
Tribute to a great thermodynamicist Professor Lucien Borel	p. vii
Generalities and fundamental laws	p. 1
Cooling of a copper piece	p. 1
Shock of a container against a wall	p. 3
Work transfer relative to a closed system	p. 6
Mechanical power of a steam turbine	p. 7
Water power brake	p. 9
Irreversibility in a cooled compressor	p. 10
Irreversibility in a heat transmitter (heat exchanger)	p. 12
Cooling at constant pressure	p. 14
Oxidation of glucose	p. 15
Work and heat transfer relative to a closed system	p. 16
Car battery	p. 17
Slowing down of a car	p. 17
Irreversibility during heating	p. 18
Closed systems and general thermodynamic relations	p. 21
Polytropic compression	p. 21
Thermal factors	p. 23
Polytropic factor	p. 24
Isochoric specific heat	p. 26
Entropy change of a gas	p. 27
Enthalpy and entropy changes of a liquid	p. 29
Shock of a sphere in freefall	p. 31
Fundamental relations between state functions	p. 33
Compression of oxygen according to different paths	p. 35
Compression of air under different conditions	p. 39
Filling of a bottle	p. 45
Expansion without dissipation	p. 46
Experiment of Torricelli	p. 47
Relations of Maxwell	p. 48
Isothermal compression	p. 49
Balances of extensive entities	p. 51
Water dispenser	p. 51
Weighing of a receiver with flows	p. 52
Mixture of two liquid jets	p. 54
Emptying of a reservoir	p. 56
Propulsion of a boat	p. 59
Launch of a rocket	p. 60
Pipe link	p. 62
Reaction force on a bent pipeline	p. 63
Thrust of a turboreactor	p. 65
Open systems in steady-state operation	p. 67
Stack of a thermal power plant	p. 67
Central heating plant of a building	p. 70
Inflating the tube of a tire	p. 74
Supercharging system of a Diesel engine	p. 77
Radial compressor	p. 79
Inlet diffuser of a turboreactor	p. 84
Pitot tube	p. 86
Flow in a channel of constant section	p. 88
Flow in a simple nozzle	p. 90
Flow in a Laval nozzle	p. 93
Curtis turbine	p. 95
Single- or multi-stage compression	p. 101
Expansion in a turbine	p. 103
Compression system	p. 106
Prandtl tube	p. 107
Dimensioning of a Laval nozzle	p. 108
Mass flow measurement with an orifice	p. 109
Thermodynamic properties of matter	p. 111
State function of a perfect gas	p. 111
Experiment of Gay-Lussac-Joule	p. 113
Joule-Thomson expansion	p. 115
Irreversible expansion of a perfect gas	p. 119
Reversible expansions of a perfect gas	p. 123
Work relative to an isothermal expansion	p. 127
Isochoric heating of water	p. 130
Equations of state	p. 131
Fusion by compression	p. 134
Calorific measurements	p. 136
Ejector	p. 140
Joule-Thomson expansion of water (in liquid phase)	p. 147
Kinetic theory of gases	p. 149
Earth atmosphere	p. 150
Equilibrium of a balloon	p. 151
Isobaric heating and partial vaporisation of water	p. 152
Isochoric heating and isobaric cooling of a perfect gas	p. 154
Heat of vaporisation	p. 155
Mixture of ideal or perfect gases	p. 157
Characteristics of a town gas	p. 157
Compression of a mixture of nitrogen and of argon	p. 159
Heating and compression of combustion gas	p. 161
Mixture of gas flowing in a thermal energy transmitter (heat exchanger)	p. 163
Mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, in a hermetic enclosure	p. 165
Fabrication of synthetic air	p. 168
Expansions and mixing of gases	p. 172
Change of the concentrations of a mixture of nitrogen and of carbon dioxide	p. 176
Mixing of air and of methane, in steady-state operation	p. 178
Characteristics of a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen	p. 180
Characteristics of a gas of a blast furnace	p. 181
Compression of a mixture of ethane and air	p. 182
Change of the composition and compression of a mixture of ethane and propane	p. 183
Introduction of nitrogen in a reservoir of hydrogen	p. 185
Conditioning of fumes for drying	p. 186
Mixtures of a gas with a condensable substance	p. 189
Mixture of two mixtures	p. 189
Wet cooling tower	p. 192
Humidification of the air of a room	p. 195
Condensation on a wall	p. 198
Paraisothermal compressor	p. 200
Drying of a product	p. 205
Air conditioning of an indoor swimming pool	p. 209
Air conditioning of an office in summer	p. 216
State of the air in a room	p. 222
Characteristics of atmospheric air	p. 224
Cooling of air by humidification	p. 225
Cold room	p. 226
Air conditioning of an office in winter	p. 227
Thermodynamic processes and diagrams	p. 231
Adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas	p. 231
Emptying of a compressed air tank	p. 233
Feeding a start-up turbine	p. 235
Expansion of steam in a turbine	p. 238
Phase change of water	p. 241
Displacement of a piston by expansion of a gas	p. 244
Processes relative to the expansion of helium	p. 247
Theoretical cycle of a hot air engine	p. 251
Theoretical cycle of -a Diesel engine	p. 256
Typical thermodynamic processes	p. 261
Condensation of a refrigerant	p. 264
Phase change of carbon dioxide	p. 265
Production of compressed air	p. 267
Processes during a cycle	p. 268
Simple examples of application of the First and Second Laws	p. 271
Process of conversion from mechanical energy to internal energy (experiment of Joule)	p. 271
Expansion without transfer of mechanical energy (experiment of Gay-Lussac-Joule)	p. 271
Expansion with transfer of mechanical energy	p. 272
Energy conversion processes	p. 273
Evolution of a heterogeneous system	p. 273
Heat transfer between two bodies	p. 274
Energy and exergy analyses (thermomechanical processes)	p. 275
Reheater of a nuclear power plant	p. 275
Cold room of a refrigeration plant	p. 277
Condenser of a steam power plant	p. 281
Open and closed feedwater reheaters	p. 284
High pressure turbine of the power plant of Leibstadt	p. 287
Paraisothermal compressor of a refrigeration plant	p. 289
Cooled compressor	p. 293
Liquid air production plant	p. 296
Cost of energy relative to a cogeneration plant	p. 303
Ejector	p. 307
Expansion without work transfer (Experiment of Gay-Lussac-Joule)	p. 309
Flow in an orifice	p. 310
Heat transfer between two parts	p. 310
Isochoric mixture of two gases	p. 311
Mixing of several gases, in steady-state conditions	p. 312
Isochoric heating	p. 313
Isobaric heating	p. 314
Heating under steady-state conditions	p. 315
Thermal energy storage	p. 316
Combustion	p. 319
Combustion of a light oil	p. 319
Incomplete combustion of heavy oil	p. 321
Combustion of natural gas	p. 327
Dewpoint of combustion gases	p. 333
Combustion chamber of a thermal power plant	p. 335
Industrial steam boiler	p. 339
Cooling and diffusion of a plume of combustion gas in the atmosphere	p. 347
Gasoline engine	p. 351
Incomplete combustion	p. 353
Turboreactor of a airplane	p. 357
Liquid fuel for a steam boiler	p. 362
Bomb calorimeter	p. 363
Influence of the reference conditions on the heating value	p. 365
Characteristics of a liquid fuel	p. 366
Combustion of hexane	p. 367
Combustion chamber of a gas plant	p. 367
Thermal losses of a combustion chamber	p. 368
Examples of application of chapter 10 and 11	p. 371
Combustion chamber	p. 371
Steam boiler	p. 372
Internal combustion engine	p. 376
Thermodynamic cycles	p. 379
Beau-de-Rochas or Otto cycle	p. 379
Stirling cycle	p. 383
Ericsson's pseudo-cycle	p. .386
Cycle of a hot air engine	p. 388
Simple Diesel cycle	p. 391
Brayton cycle	p. 394
Rankine cycle	p. 400
Turboreactor cycle	p. 402
Reversed Brayton cycle	p. 409
Carnot cycle	p. 412
Improved Diesel cycle	p. 413
Statoreactor cycle	p. 415
Superposed thermopump cycles	p. 418
Reversed pseudo-Stirling cycle	p. 419
Reversed pseudo-Ericsson cycle	p. 421
Comparative study of theoretical power cycles	p. 422
Comparative study of theoretical thermopump cycles	p. 424
Comparative study of theoretical frigopump cycles	p. 426
Study of theoretical cogeneration cycles	p. 428
Applications: Examples from Chapters 10 to 13	p. 431
Atmospheric cooling of a condenser	p. 431
Industrial open cycle gas turbine	p. 435
Gas-steam combined cycle plant	p. 447
Closed cycle gas turbine, with two shaft lines	p. 451
System of compression thermopump (heating heat pump system)	p. 456
Compression frigopump system (cooling heat-pump system)	p. 462
Liquid helium production plant	p. 469
Turbocompression frigopump system	p. 475
Simple steam power plant	p. 480
Steam cycle with reheat	p. 481
Steam power plant, with extraction	p. 481
Steam power plant, in quasi-steady-state operation	p. 482
Cogeneration steam power plant	p. 483
Open cycle gas turbine	p. 484
Thermopump plant with a semi-hermetic compressor	p. 487
Frigopump system with subcooler	p. 490
Linear thermodynamics of irreversible phenomena	p. 495
Source of entropy in a bar	p. 495
Thermocouple	p. 497
Thermoelectric generator	p. 499
Thermoelectric module	p. 506
Thermoelectric thermopump	p. 512
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