Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants

by Soumyanath; Amala

• ISBN13: 9780415334648
• ISBN10: 0415334640
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2005-11-02
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

The increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus world-wide is an issue of major socio-economic concern. Scientific interest in plant-derived medicine is steadily rising, yet there is often a wide disparity in the caliber of information available. A detailed compilation of scientific information from across the globe, Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants highlights the potential role of dietary and medicinal plant materials in the prevention, treatment, and control of diabetes and its complications. The book not only describes plants traditionally used to treat diabetes, but evaluates the scientific studies on these plants and describes in vitro, in vivo, and clinical methods for their investigation. It examines the theory that changes in dietary patterns from traditional plant foodstuffs containing beneficial components, to richer, more processed "junk" food is responsible for the increased prevalence of diabetes worldwide.The book begins with an introduction to the disease diabetes mellitus written by a consultant physician and an up-to-date, detailed summary table and discussion of scientifically screened antidiabetic plants compiled by authors from the Jodrell Laboratories, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. The next chapters provide an outline of clinical, in vivo, and in vitro methods for assessing antidiabetic activity of plant materials, followed by descriptions of traditional plant remedies used in Asia, the Americas, Africa, Europe, and Australia written by an international group of authors active in antidiabetic plant research. The final chapters emphasize the role of particular phytochemical groups in the treatment or prevention of diabetes. By documenting both traditional and scientifically derived knowledge, Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants brings us closer to the translation of traditional knowledge into new methods for treatment of this important disease.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Diabetes Mellitus	1	(18)
Kevin C.R. Baynes
What Is Diabetes?	1	(1)
Physiological Actions of Insulin	2	(1)
Insulin Action on Glucose Metabolism	2	(1)
Insulin Action on Fat Metabolism	2	(1)
Insulin Action on Protein Metabolism	3	(1)
Physiological Actions of Glucagon	3	(1)
Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin Action	3	(1)
Classification of Diabetes	4	(1)
Disease Mechanisms in Diabetes	4	(3)
Type 1 Diabetes	4	(1)
Type 2 Diabetes	5	(2)
Clinical Presentation of Diabetes	7	(1)
Type 1 Diabetes	7	(1)
Type 2 Diabetes	7	(1)
Long-Term Complications of Diabetes	8	(1)
Global Burden of Diabetes and Ethnicity	8	(2)
Diabetes Treatment Options	10	(3)
Delay Gastric Emptying	11	(1)
Reduce Absorption of Carbohydrate	11	(1)
Increase Pancreatic Insulin Secretion	11	(1)
Insulin Replacement	11	(1)
Insulinomimetic Agents	12	(1)
Reduce Hepatic Glucose Output	12	(1)
Increase Insulin Sensitivity	12	(1)
Weight Loss and Exercise	12	(1)
Alter Renal Glucose Handling	13	(1)
Unmet Needs	13	(1)
References	14	(5)
Plants Used in the Treatment of Diabetes	19	(64)
Monique S.J. Simmonds
Melanie-Jayne R. Howes
Background	19	(1)
Selection of Species	20	(45)
Where Do We Go Next?	65	(4)
Acknowledgments	69	(1)
References	69	(14)
Preclinical and Clinical Methods for Evaluating Antidiabetic Activity of Plants	83	(16)
Caroline Day
Clifford J. Bailey
Introduction	83	(1)
Animal Models	83	(1)
Insulin-Dependent Models	84	(1)
Spontaneous and Transgenic Models	84	(1)
Experimentally Induced Models	85	(1)
Non-Insulin-Dependent Models	85	(3)
Spontaneous and Transgenic Models	85	(2)
Experimentally Induced Models	87	(1)
Models of Diabetic Complications	88	(2)
Selecting an Appropriate Model to Test Plant Materials	89	(1)
Tests for Antidiabetic Activity	90	(1)
Clinical Evaluation of Antidiabetic Plants	91	(5)
Phase 1 Trial Designs	93	(1)
Phase 2 Trial Designs	93	(1)
Phase 3 Trial Designs	94	(2)
Ethical Issues	96	(1)
Conclusion	97	(1)
References	97	(2)
In Vitro Models for Assessing Antidiabetic Activity	99	(18)
Amala Soumyanath (nee Raman)
Sairavee Srijayanta
Introduction	99	(2)
Rationale behind the in Vitro Models Used in Diabetes Research	101	(1)
Models to Study Inhibition of Carbohydrate-Digesting Enzymes	102	(1)
Models to Study Inhibition of Intestinal Glucose Uptake	103	(2)
Models to Study Insulin Secretion from β-Cells of the Pancreas	105	(1)
Models Based on the Liver as an Insulin Target Tissue	106	(2)
Models Based on Adipocytes as an Insulin Target Tissue	108	(1)
Models Based on Muscle as an Insulin Target Tissue	109	(1)
Interactions with the Insulin Receptor	109	(1)
Glucagon Receptor Antagonists	110	(1)
Practical Considerations	110	(1)
Potential Interferents in Plant Extracts	110	(1)
Solubilizing Plant Extracts for In Vitro Studies	111	(1)
An Alternative Glucose Substrate for In Vitro Uptake Studies	111	(1)
Conclusions	111	(1)
References	112	(5)
Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Tribal Medicine	117	(18)
Venugopal P. Menon
P. Stanely Mainzen Prince
Introduction	117	(2)
Syzigium cumini Linn. (Jamun)	119	(1)
Phytochemistry	120	(1)
Tinospora cordifolia Miers	120	(2)
Phytochemistry	122	(1)
Trigonella foenum graecum Linn. (Fenugreek)	122	(2)
Phytochemistry	123	(1)
Momordica charantia Linn	124	(2)
Phytochemistry	125	(1)
Gymnema sylvestre R. Br	126	(1)
Phytochemistry	126	(1)
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb	127	(1)
Phytochemistry	128	(1)
Conclusion	128	(1)
References	128	(7)
Traditional Chinese and Kampo Medicines	135	(16)
Masayuki Yoshikawa
Hisashi Matsuda
Introduction	135	(1)
Kampo Medicines with Antidiabetic Effects	136	(4)
Bakumondo-to (Mai-men-dong-tang)	136	(1)
Bofu-tsusho-san (Fang-feng-tong-sheng-san)	136	(2)
Byakko-ka-ninjin-to (Bai-hu-jia-ren-sheng-tang)	138	(1)
Dai-sakiko-to (Dai-chai-hu-tang)	139	(1)
Gosha-jinki-gan (Niu-che-shen-qi-wan)	139	(1)
Hatimi-jio-gan (Bai-wei-di-huang-wan)	139	(1)
Hochu-ekki-to (Bu-zhong-yi-qi-tang)	140	(1)
Keishi-bukuryo-gan (Gui-zhi-fu-ling-wan)	140	(1)
Rokumi-gan (Liu-wei-wan)	140	(1)
Saiko-keishi-kankyo-to (Chai-hu-gui-zhi-gan-jian-tang)	140	(1)
Herbs with Hypoglycemic Effects	140	(4)
Anemarrhenae Rhizoma (Anemarrhena Rhizome)	140	(1)
Araliae Cortex (Aralia Bark)	141	(1)
Corni Fructus (Cornus Fruit)	141	(1)
Dioscoreae Rhizoma (Dioscorea Rhizome)	141	(1)
Ginseng Radix (Ginseng)	141	(1)
Mori Folium (Mulberry Leaf)	142	(1)
Ophiopogonis Tuber (Ophiopogon Tuber)	142	(1)
Paeoniae Radix (Peony Root)	142	(1)
Platycodi Radix (Platycodon Root)	142	(1)
Polygonati Rhizoma (Polygonatum Rhizome)	143	(1)
Poria (Hoelen)	143	(1)
Rehmanniae Radix (Rehmannia Root)	143	(1)
Swertiae Herba (Swertia Herb)	143	(1)
Others	144	(1)
Herbs with Inhibitory Activity against Aldose Reductase	144	(1)
Glycyrrhizae Radix (Glycyrrhiza)	144	(1)
References	145	(6)
Treating Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus from a Western Herbalist's Perspective	151	(18)
Joanne Roberts
Amanda McQuade Crawford
Jamie Bowen Crowley
Introduction	152	(1)
Traditional Western Antidiabetic Herbs	153	(3)
Bitters	153	(1)
Barberry Root Bark (Berberis vulgaris L.; Berberidaceae)	154	(1)
Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum Gaertn; Asteraceae/Compositae)	154	(1)
Bilberry Leaf and Fruit (Vaccinium myrtillus L.; Vacciniaceae)	154	(1)
Aloe Vera (Aloe vera L.; Liliaceae)	155	(1)
Juniper (Juniperus communis L.; Coniferae)	155	(1)
Goat's Rue (Galega officinalis L.; Leguminosae/Fabaceae)	156	(1)
Treatment of Diabetes by the Modern Western Herbalist	156	(3)
Gymnema (Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.; Asclepiadaceae)	156	(1)
Fenugreek Seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.; Leguminosae/Fabaceae)	157	(1)
Suma (Pfaffia paniculata (Mart.) Kuntze; Amaranthaceae)	157	(1)
American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.; Araliaceae)	158	(1)
Prickly Pear (Opuntia spp.; Cactaceae)	158	(1)
Devil's Club (Oplopanax horridum (Sm.) Torr. & A. Gray ex. Miq.; Araliaceae)	159	(1)
Queen's Crepe Myrtle (Lagerstroemia speciosa L.; Lythraceae)	159	(1)
Herbs for Use in Adjunct Therapies	159	(2)
Bilberry Fruit (Vaccinium myrtillus L.; Vacciniaceae)	160	(1)
Ginkgo Biloba (Ginkgo biloba L.; Ginkgoaceae)	160	(1)
Cayenne (Capsicum spp.; Solanaceae)	160	(1)
Nutritional Therapies and Exercise	161	(2)
Diet	161	(1)
Exercise	162	(1)
Conclusion	163	(1)
References	163	(6)
Native American Medicine	169	(10)
Robert H. Cichewicz
Laura J. Clifford
Introduction	169	(1)
Rise in Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes among Native Americans: Historic Evidence and Modern Trends	170	(1)
Plants Used for the Treatment of Diabetes in North America	171	(3)
Conclusions	174	(1)
References	175	(4)
Antidiabetic Plants in Mexico and Central America	179	(16)
Francisco Javier Alarcon-Aguilar
Ruben Roman-Ramos
Introduction	179	(1)
Methods	180	(1)
Results	180	(8)
Discussion	188	(2)
Conclusions	190	(1)
References	191	(4)
Antidiabetic Plants in the Caribbean	195	(8)
Compton E. Seaforth
Introduction	195	(1)
Dietary Aspects	196	(1)
The Herbal Remedies	197	(1)
Future Directions	198	(2)
References	200	(3)
Management of Diabetes in African Traditional Medicine	203	(18)
David R. Katerere
Jacobus N. Eloff
Introduction	203	(1)
Dietary Approaches	204	(1)
Ethnomedicinal Approaches	205	(13)
Acanthaceae Family	205	(1)
Anarcadiaceae Family	205	(1)
Apocynaceae Family	206	(1)
Asteraceae Family	206	(2)
Bignoniaceae Family	208	(1)
Combretaceae Family	208	(1)
Cruciferae Family	208	(1)
Cucurbitaceae Family	209	(1)
Ebenaceae Family	210	(1)
Euphorbiaceae Family	210	(1)
Fabaceae Family	211	(1)
Liliaceae Family sensu lato	212	(2)
Menispermaceae Family	214	(1)
Moraceae Family	214	(1)
Musaceae Family	215	(1)
Myrtaceae Family	215	(1)
Oxalidaceae Family	216	(1)
Tiliaceae Family	216	(1)
Miscellaneous Families	217	(1)
Conclusion	218	(1)
References	218	(3)
Antidiabetic Plants of North Africa and the Middle East	221	(22)
Pierre S. Haddad
Louis C. Martineau
Badiaa Lyoussi
Phuong Mai Le
Introduction	221	(1)
Allium cepa and Allium sativum (Liliaceae Family)	221	(5)
Aloe vera (Liliaceae Family)	226	(1)
Artemisia herba-alba (Compositae Family)	227	(1)
Atriplex halimus (Chenopodiaceae Family)	227	(1)
Lupinus albus (Leguminosae Family)	228	(1)
Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae Family)	228	(1)
Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae Family)	229	(1)
Olea europea (Oleaceae Family)	230	(1)
Poterium spinosum (Rosaceae Family)	231	(1)
Rhazya stricta (Apocynaceae Family)	231	(1)
Trigonella foenum graecum (Leguminosae Family)	232	(1)
Zygophyllum gaetulum (Zygophylaceae Family)	233	(1)
Conclusion and Perspectives	233	(1)
References	234	(9)
Australian and New Zealand Plants with Antidiabetic Properties	243	(14)
E.L. Ghisalberti
Introduction	243	(1)
Indigenous People	244	(1)
Australia	244	(1)
New Zealand	244	(1)
Aboriginal Health	244	(2)
Attitude to Illness	245	(1)
Diabetes	245	(1)
Australian Plants with Hypoglycemic Properties	246	(2)
Acacia Species (Mimosaceae)	246	(1)
Eucalyptus Species (Myrtaceae)	247	(1)
Eremophila Species (Myoporaceae)	248	(1)
Other Plants Useful in Treatment of Diabetes	248	(2)
Plants Related to Species with Known Hypoglycemic Properties	250	(2)
Australian	250	(1)
New Zealand	250	(2)
Concluding Remarks	252	(1)
References	252	(5)
Plant Polysaccharides in the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus	257	(16)
Patricia A. Judd
Peter R. Ellis
Introduction	257	(1)
Definition of Polysaccharides	258	(1)
The Role of Starch	259	(2)
Factors Affecting Glycemic Response to Foods	261	(4)
The Glycemic Index and Diabetes	261	(1)
The Role of Water-Soluble NSP	262	(1)
Mechanisms of Action of Viscous Polysaccharides	262	(3)
New Sources of Plant Polysaccharides	265	(2)
Conclusions	267	(1)
References	268	(5)
Saponins	273	(20)
Masayuki Yoshikawa
Hisashi Matsuda
Steroidal Saponins with Hypoglycemic Effects in Diabetic Animals	274	(1)
Triterpene Saponins with Hypoglycemic Effects in Diabetic Animals	275	(2)
Triterpene Saponins with Accelerating Effects on Glucose Transport In Vitro	277	(1)
Triterpene Saponins with Antihyperglycemic Effects in Sugar-Loaded Animals	277	(7)
Olean-12-en-28-oic Acid 3-Monodesmosides	278	(2)
Acylated Polyhydroxyolean-12-ene 3-Monodesmoside	280	(1)
Escins	280	(1)
Gymnema Saponins	281	(1)
Tea Saponins	281	(1)
Olean-12-ene 3,28-Acylated Bisdesmoside	282	(1)
Senega Saponins	282	(2)
Mode of Action of Triterpene Saponins on the Antihyperglycemic Effect in Glucose-Loaded Rats	284	(2)
Inhibitory Effects of Oleanolic Acid Glycosides on GE in Mice	286	(2)
References	288	(5)
Flavonoids, Xanthones, and Other Antioxidant Polyphenols	293	(12)
Letitia M. McCune
Patrick Owen
Timothy Johns
Diabetes and Oxidative Stress	293	(1)
Role in Diabetic Complications	294	(1)
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α	294	(1)
Endothelial Dysfunction: Diabetic Macro- and Microvascular Complications	294	(1)
Antioxidants and Diabetes	295	(3)
General Antioxidants	295	(2)
Antioxidants in Models of Diabetes	297	(1)
Glucose-Lowering Effects of Flavonoids and Xanthones	297	(1)
Protectors and Enhancers of Endogenous Defense	297	(1)
Inhibition of Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs)	298	(1)
Aldose Reductase Inhibitors	298	(1)
Inhibition of LDL Peroxidation and Hypolipidemic Effects	298	(1)
Implications for Therapies and Diets	298	(1)
Methodological Considerations	298	(1)
Patterns of Traditional and Contemporary Plant Use	299	(1)
Conclusions	299	(1)
References	299	(6)
Index	305