Ultra-fast Material Metrology

by Horn, Alexander

• ISBN13: 9783527408870
• ISBN10: 3527408878
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-10-12
• Publisher: Wiley-VCH

Summary

This book is the first to describe novel measurement techniques of processes during laser-matter interaction using ultra-fast lasers. Targeted at both engineers and physicists, initial chapters address the working tools, the history of laser ultra-fast metrology, an overview of ultra-fast laser sources, and the fundamentals of laser radiation-matter interaction. Ultra-fast laser radiation is discussed in chapter 4, while further chapters describe the methodology of pump and probe in practice, as well as applications for pump and probe metrology in engineering, including spectroscopy and imaging techniques. Chapter 7 describes the perspectives for this new field of research and predicts the metrology of the future, showing new potential applications of laser sources and new detectors in combination with improved pump and probe methods.

Author Biography

Alexander Horn has been Senior Scientist at the chair for Laser Technology (LLT) of the RWTH Aachen since 2003, and Group Leader of the Ultrafast-Technology group since 2004. He studied Physics in Siegen, Germany, and graduated in 2003 to Dr. rer. nat. with "suma cum laude". In March 2008 he starts a new position as a representative professor at the Institute for Physics of the University of Kassel (Germany). His main field of research is the ultra-fast detection of laser-induced processes, especially the development & usage of novel pump & probe techniques. He has authored over 40 scientific publications.

Table of Contents

A Personal Foreword	p. vii
Preface to the First Edition	p. xiii
Acknowledgment	p. xv
Introduction	p. 1
Motivation	p. 1
Definition of Optical Pump and Probe	p. 4
Guideline	p. 4
Matrix of Laser Effects and Applications	p. 5
Historical Survey of Optical Ultra-fast Metrology	p. 6
Metrology Techniques Before the Advent of Laser	p. 6
Ultra-fast Pump and Probe Metrology	p. 7
Ultra-fast Engineering Working Tools	p. 11
Ultra-fast Laser Sources	p. 11
General Aspects for Ultra-precise Engineering	p. 12
General Aspects on Ultra-fast Lasers for Ultra-fast Metrology	p. 13
Laser Oscillator	p. 15
Rod and Disk Solid-State Laser	p. 15
Fiber Oscillator	p. 16
Amplifier	p. 18
Amplification Media	p. 18
Chirped-Pulse Amplification (CPA)	p. 18
Optical Parametric Chirped-Pulse Amplification (OPCPA)	p. 19
Amplifier Designs	p. 20
Commercial Systems	p. 24
Facilities	p. 25
Focusing of Ultra-fast Laser Radiation	p. 26
Ultra-small Laser Focus	p. 26
Gaussian Beam	p. 27
Beam Parameters of Gaussian Radiation	p. 29
Pulse Duration	p. 32
Beam Stability	p. 34
Key Parameters for Ultra-precision Machining and Diagnostics	p. 35
Ultra-precise Machining	p. 35
Ultra-fast Pump and Probe Diagnostics for Mechanical Engineering	p. 36
Beam Positioning and Scanning	p. 36
Positioning	p. 37
Scanning Systems	p. 39
New Challenges to Ultra-fast Metrology	p. 41
Temporal Domain	p. 42
Spatial Domain	p. 42
Domains of Optical Pump and Probe Techniques for Process Diagnosis	p. 43
Fundamentals of Laser Interaction	p. 45
Linear to Non-linear Optics	p. 45
Linear Optics: Group Velocity Dispersion and Chirp	p. 45
Non-linear Processes	p. 48
Non-linear Polarization	p. 48
Self-focusing	p. 49
Spectral Broadening by Self-phase Modulation	p. 51
Catastrophic Self-focusing	p. 53
High-Power Photon-Matter Interaction	p. 54
Absorption of Laser Radiation in Matter	p. 54
Energy Transfer from Electrons to Matter	p. 56
Melting and Vaporization	p. 58
Melt Dynamics	p. 60
Onset of Ablation	p. 62
Ionization	p. 63
Matching of Plasma Dynamics on Ultra-fast Time-Scale	p. 64
Absorption of Radiation in a Plasma	p. 64
Electromagnetic Waves in Plasmas	p. 64
Inverse Bremsstrahlung	p. 66
Plasma Heating	p. 69
Ionization of a Plasma	p. 72
Cross-Section and Collision Frequency	p. 73
Electron Transitions and Energy Transport	p. 74
The Total Emission	p. 76
The Opacity	p. 76
Dielectric Function of a Plasma	p. 77
Ponderomotive Force	p. 78
Fundamentals of Pump and Probe	p. 81
Ultra-fast Laser Radiation	p. 81
Beam Propagation	p. 82
Dispersion	p. 82
Coherence	p. 83
Preparation of States and Conditions for Probe Beams	p. 85
Preparation of States	p. 86
Preparation of States by Spectro-Temporal Shaping	p. 86
Measurement of States	p. 88
Measurement of Radiation Properties	p. 89
Pulse Duration	p. 89
Spectral Phase	p. 90
Imaging with Ultra-fast Laser Radiation	p. 91
Diffraction Theory and Incoherent Illumination	p. 91
Image Formation by Microscopy and Coherent Illumination	p. 95
Temporal Delaying	p. 97
Mechanical Delay	p. 98
Single-Pass Delay Stage	p. 98
Multi-Pass Delay Stage	p. 99
Mechanical Optoelectronic Scanning	p. 101
Non-mechanical Delay	p. 101
Free-Running Lasers	p. 102
Synchronized Lasers	p. 103
Examples for Ultra-fast Detection Methods	p. 105
Non-imaging Detection	p. 106
Transient Absorption Spectroscopy (TAS)	p. 106
Principle and Setup	p. 106
Characterization of the White-Light Continuum	p. 108
Measurement by TAS	p. 112
Temporal Shaped Pulses	p. 113
Principle and Setup	p. 113
Characterization of the Si-K¿-Radiation Source	p. 115
Imaging Detection	p. 118
Non-coherent Methods	p. 119
Shadowgraphy	p. 119
Transient Quantitative Phase Microscopy (TQPm)	p. 120
Coherent Methods	p. 124
Mach-Zehnder Micro-Interferometry	p. 124
Speckle Microscopy	p. 127
Nomarsky Microscopy	p. 129
Applications of Pump and Probe Metrology	p. 133
Drilling of Metals	p. 134
Introduction	p. 134
Measurement of Ejected Plasma, Vapor and Melt	p. 134
Microstructuring of Metals	p. 137
Introduction	p. 137
Detection of Plasma Dynamics	p. 138
Marking of Glass	p. 140
Introduction	p. 140
Detection of Laser-Induced Defects	p. 141
Detection of Refractive-Index Changes and Cracking	p. 143
Welding of Technical Glasses and Silicon	p. 145
Introduction	p. 145
Detection of Laser-Induced Melting	p. 146
Perspectives for the Future	p. 151
Laser and Other Sources	p. 152
Methodology	p. 153
Scanning Technology	p. 153
Spatial Scanning	p. 153
Temporal Scanning	p. 153
Beam Shaping	p. 153
Spatial Shaping	p. 153
Temporal Shaping	p. 154
Summary	p. 155
Lock-in Amplifier	p. 159
Onset on Optics	p. 161
Abbe Sine Condition	p. 161
Quantitative Phase Microscopy	p. 162
Plasma Parameters	p. 165
Transport Coefficients	p. 165
Electrical Conductivity	p. 165
Thermal Conductivity	p. 165
Diffusivity of Electrons	p. 166
Viscosity	p. 167
Debye Length	p. 168
Plasma Oscillations and Waves	p. 169
Coupling Between Electrons and Ions	p. 171
Hydrodynamic Instabilities	p. 172
Facilities	p. 173
List of Abbreviations and Symbols	p. 177
Abbreviations	p. 177
Symbols	p. 178
References	p. 183
Glossary	p. 195
Index	p. 199
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