Understanding Laboratory Investigations : A Guide for Nurses, Midwives and Healthcare Professionals

by Higgins, Chris

Edition:

3rd

ISBN13:

9780470659519

ISBN10:

0470659513

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

3/11/2013

Publisher(s):

Wiley-Blackwell

Other versions by this Author

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Summary

The purpose of this book is to help nurses, midwives and health professionals to better understand how the work of clinical laboratories contributes to patient care. It answers the following questions: Why is this test being ordered on my patient? What sort of sample is required? How is that sample obtained? And most importantly: What is the significance of the test result for my patient? Retaining its accessible and user-friendly style, the aim of this book remains the same : to provide nurses with as much relevant information as possible about the most commonly requested laboratory rests. This is not a book about laboratory technique (which is of little interest to nurses)- its focus is on the clinical significance of test results, and therefore the patient. The third edition is more comprehensive in terms of the number of tests discussed, now includes colour to aid the accessibility, and now includes more paediatric content.

Preface vii

Acknowledgements viii

Part 1 Introduction 1

1 Introduction to Clinical Laboratories 3

2 Some Principles of Laboratory Testing 13

Part 2 Clinical Biochemistry Tests 31

3 Blood Glucose and HbA1c 33

4 Plasma/Serum Sodium and Potassium 54

5 Plasma/Serum Urea and Creatinine; and e-GFR 75

6 Plasma/Serum Calcium and Phosphate 90

7 Arterial Blood Gases 108

8 Plasma/Serum Cholesterol and Triglycerides 134

9 Cardiac Markers – Troponin, Creatine Kinase (MB) and Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) 148

10 Tests of Thyroid Function – Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 160

11 Liver Function Tests: Alanine Transferase (ALT), Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT), Alkaline Phosphatase (AP), Bilirubin and Albumin 176

12 Plasma/Serum Amylase 196

13 Drug Overdose: Paracetamol and Salicylate 205

14 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Lithium, Digoxin and Theophylline 215

Part 3 Haematology Tests 225

15 Full Blood Count – 1: Red Blood Cell Count, Haemoglobin and Other Red Cell Indices 227

16 Full Blood Count – 2: White Cell Count and Differential 243

17 Tests of Haemostasis: Platelet Count, Prothrombin Time (PT), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APPT), Thrombin Time (TT) and D-dimer 255

18 Laboratory Investigation of Anaemia: Serum Iron, Total Iron Binding Capacity, Serum Ferritin, Serum B12 and Folate 274

19 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Plasma C-Reactive Protein (CRP) 290

Part 4 Blood Transfusion Testing 299

20 Blood Group, Antibody Screen and Crossmatch 301

Part 5 Microbiology Testing 323

21 Urine Microscopy, Culture and Sensitivity (M,C&S) 325

22 Blood Culture 339

Part 6 Screening Tests 353

23 Newborn Screening Blood Tests 355

24 Cervical Screening Test 370

25 Dipstick Testing of Urine 384

Glossary of Some Terms used in Laboratory Medicine 395

Abbreviations 400

Appendix: Adult Reference Ranges 402

Alphabetical Index of Tests 405

Index 407