Understanding Phonology

by Gussenhoven, Carlos; Jacobs, Haike

• ISBN13: 9780340807354
• ISBN10: 0340807350
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-03-24
• Publisher: Hodder Education Publishers

Summary

This text provides a broad yet up-to-date introduction to phonology. Assuming no previous knowledge of phonology or linguistic theory, the authors introduce the basic concepts and build on these progressively, discussing the main theories and illustrating key points with carefully chosenexamples. The book covers a wide range of phenomena, including speech production, segmental contrasts, tone, quantity, prosodic structure, metrical relations, and intonation, as well as such key theories as feature geometry and Optimality Theory. In this new edition the authors have revised andupdated the text of the original in light of recent research and as a result of users' comments.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
1 The production of speech	1	(16)
1.1 Introduction	1	(1)
1.2 The lungs and the larynx	2	(3)
1.2.1 The vocal folds: the open and vibrating glottis	2	(1)
1.2.2 Devoicing and aspiration	3	(1)
1.2.3 Special types of phonation	4	(1)
1.2.4 Pitch	4	(1)
1.2.5 The glottal stop	5	(1)
1.3 The vocal tract	5	(2)
1.3.1 The pharynx	7	(1)
1.3.2 The nasal cavity	7	(1)
1.3.3 The mouth	7	(1)
1.4 Vowels	7	(2)
1.5 Constrictions	9	(3)
1.5.1 Places of articulation	9	(1)
1.5.2 Types of constriction	10	(2)
1.6 Segmental duration	12	(1)
1.7 Complex consonants	13	(1)
1.7.1 Secondary articulations	13	(1)
1.7.2 Double articulations	13	(1)
1.7.3 Manner-contour consonants	13	(1)
1.8 Nonpulmonic consonants	14	(1)
1.9 Stress	14	(1)
1.10 Conclusion	15	(2)
2 Some typology: sameness and difference	17	(17)
2.1 Introduction	17	(1)
2.2 Morphosyntactic structure	17	(2)
2.2.1 Morphological structure	17	(1)
2.2.2 Syntactic structure	18	(1)
2.3 A world without phonological structure	19	(5)
2.3.1 One phonology for all languages?	21	(1)
2.3.2 Two kinds of structure	22	(2)
2.4 There's a difference	24	(2)
2.5 Universals and implicational relations	26	(6)
2.5.1 Plain or special?	27	(1)
2.5.2 Avoiding complexity	28	(1)
2.5.3 A word of caution	29	(1)
2.5.4 Speech ergonomics	29	(2)
2.5.5 System gaps	31	(1)
2.6 Conclusion	32	(2)
3 Making the form fit	34	(14)
3.1 Introduction	34	(1)
3.2 Hawaiian	34	(1)
3.3 Adjustment processes	35	(5)
3.3.1 The process of nativization	35	(4)
3.3.2 Adjustments in the native vocabulary	39	(1)
3.4 Two approaches	40	(3)
3.4.1 Rules	40	(1)
3.4.2 Constraints	40	(3)
3.5 Choosing between rules and constraints	43	(4)
3.5.1 Gradient violation and unranked constraints	45	(2)
3.6 Conclusion	47	(1)
4 Underlying and surface representations	48	(9)
4.1 Introduction	48	(1)
4.2 Allophonic variation	48	(3)
4.3 Two levels of representation	51	(2)
4.4 Neutralization	53	(1)
4.5 Choosing the underlying form	54	(1)
4.6 Conclusion	55	(2)
5 Distinctive features	57	(20)
5.1 Introduction	57	(1)
5.2 Motivating distinctive features	57	(2)
5.3 Feature values	59	(1)
5.4 A set of distinctive features	59	(8)
5.4.1 Major-class features	60	(3)
5.4.2 Laryngeal features	63	(1)
5.4.3 Manner features	64	(1)
5.4.4 Ambiguity and nonspecification	65	(2)
5.5 Place features	67	(3)
5.5.1 Labial	67	(1)
5.5.2 Coronal	68	(1)
5.5.3 Dorsal	68	(1)
5.5.4 Radical	69	(1)
5.6 Some examples	70	(2)
5.7 Redundant vs contrastive features	72	(4)
5.8 Conclusion	76	(1)
6 Ordered rules	77	(18)
6.1 Introduction	77	(1)
6.2 SPE representations	77	(1)
6.3 SPE rules	78	(4)
6.3.1 Reference to the syllable	80	(1)
6.3.2 The brace	80	(1)
6.3.3 Variable feature values	81	(1)
6.3.4 Parentheses	81	(1)
6.3.5 The transformational rule format	81	(1)
6.4 Linear order	82	(3)
6.5 Extrinsic and intrinsic ordering	85	(2)
6.6 Feeding, counterfeeding, bleeding, counterbleeding	87	(4)
6.6.1 Feeding order	87	(1)
6.6.2 Counterfeeding order	88	(1)
6.6.3 Bleeding order	88	(1)
6.6.4 Counterbleeding order	89	(2)
6.7 Opacity	91	(2)
6.8 Conclusion	93	(2)
7 A case study: the diminutive suffix in Dutch	95	(11)
7.1 Introduction	95	(1)
7.2 General Dutch rules	95	(2)
7.2.1 Final devoicing	95	(1)
7.2.2 Palatalization	96	(1)
7.2.3 Degemination	96	(1)
7.3 Standard Dutch	97	(2)
7.4 The dialect of Sittard	99	(5)
7.5 Conclusion	104	(2)
8 Levels of representation	106	(16)
8.1 Introduction	106	(1)
8.2 Defining an intermediate level of representation	106	(3)
8.3 Lexical Phonology	109	(3)
8.3.1 Reference to morphological labels	109	(1)
8.3.2 Exceptions	110	(1)
8.3.3 Structure preservation	110	(1)
8.3.4 Native-speaker intuitions	111	(1)
8.3.5 Application across word boundaries	111	(1)
8.3.6 Lexical rules apply before postlexical rules	112	(1)
8.4 Phonological information in the lexicon	112	(2)
8.5 Controversial properties of lexical rules	114	(1)
8.6 Beyond the surface representation	115	(5)
8.6.1 Phonetic implementation	116	(1)
8.6.2 Models of implementation	117	(2)
8.6.3 Deciding between phonology and phonetic implementation	119	(1)
8.7 Conclusion	120	(2)
9 Representing tone	122	(13)
9.1 Introduction	122	(1)
9.2 The inadequacy of a linear model	123	(1)
9.3 Word-based tone patterns	123	(4)
9.3.1 Language-specific associations	126	(1)
9.4 Stability	127	(1)
9.5 Postlexical tone	128	(1)
9.6 The Obligatory Contour Principle	129	(5)
9.6.1 Violating the OCP	130	(4)
9.7 Conclusion	134	(1)
10 Between the segment and the syllable	135	(22)
10.1 Introduction	135	(1)
10.2 A skeletal tier	135	(2)
10.3 Syllabification: the Maximum Onset Principle	137	(2)
10.3.1 The sonority profile	138	(1)
10.4 Arguments for the CV tier	139	(6)
10.4.1 The templatic use of the CV tier	139	(3)
10.4.2 Unfilled and unassociated slots	142	(1)
10.4.3 Compensatory lengthening	143	(2)
10.5 Moras	145	(4)
10.6 Syllable-based generalizations	149	(1)
10.7 Post-MOP syllabification rules	150	(5)
10.7.1 Ambisyllabicity in English	151	(4)
10.8 Conclusion	155	(2)
11 Feature geometry	157	(13)
11.1 Introduction	157	(1)
11.2 Two properties of assimilations	157	(1)
11.3 Natural feature classes	158	(1)
11.4 Building a tree	159	(5)
11.4.1 The place node	160	(1)
11.4.2 The laryngeal node	161	(1)
11.4.3 The supralaryngeal node	162	(2)
11.5 Spreading and delinking	164	(2)
11.5.1 Writing rules	165	(1)
11.6 Implications of underspecification	166	(3)
11.6.1 Default rules	167	(2)
11.7 Conclusion	169	(1)
12 Exploiting the feature tree	170	(16)
12.1 Introduction	170	(1)
12.2 Long-distance assimilation	170	(6)
12.2.1 Vowel harmony	174	(2)
12.3 Complex segments	176	(9)
12.3.1 Evidence for complex segments	179	(1)
12.3.2 The representation of palatals and palatoalveolars	180	(3)
12.3.3 Distinguishing among palatoalveolars	183	(2)
12.4 Conclusion	185	(1)
13 Stress and feet	186	(13)
13.1 Introduction	186	(1)
13.2 The phonological nature of stress	186	(2)
13.2.1 Metrical feet and feet in poetry	187	(1)
13.3 Stress as an absolute property of segments: linear phonology	188	(3)
13.4 Stress as relative prominence: nonlinear phonology	191	(6)
13.4.1 A parametric theory of relative prominence	191	(2)
13.4.2 Four types of bounded stress system	193	(4)
13.5 Conclusion	197	(2)
14 Further constraining stress	199	(18)
14.1 Introduction	199	(1)
14.2 Iambic and trochaic rhythm	199	(5)
14.3 Foot-based rules	204	(3)
14.3.1 Quantitative adjustments	204	(1)
14.3.2 Foot-based segmental rules	205	(2)
14.4 Stress and morphology	207	(2)
14.5 Stress and Optimality Theory	209	(7)
14.5.1 Constraining stress	210	(6)
14.6 Conclusion	216	(1)
15 Phonology above the word	217	(16)
15.1 Introduction	217	(1)
15.2 Generalizations involving prosodic constituents	218	(1)
15.3 The Strict Layer Hypothesis	219	(1)
15.4 Factors determining prosodic phrasing	220	(2)
15.5 The prosodic constituents	222	(6)
15.5.1 The utterance	222	(1)
15.5.2 The intonational phrase	223	(1)
15.5.3 The phonological phrase	224	(2)
15.5.4 The phonological word	226	(2)
15.6 Deriving prosodic constituents	228	(3)
15.6.1 Clitics	229	(1)
15.6.2 The syntactic residue	230	(1)
15.7 Prosodic constituency below the phonological word	231	(1)
15.8 Conclusion	232	(1)
Epilogue	233	(2)
Key to questions	235	(30)
References	265	(11)
Language index	276	(5)
Subject index	281