Understanding Psychology

by Morris, Charles G.; Maisto, Albert A.

• ISBN13: 9780131931992
• ISBN10: 0131931997
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This book presents a scientific, accurate, and thorough overview of the essential concepts of psychology in engaging language that the average reader can easily comprehend.Topics include the science of psychology, the biological basis of behavior, sensation and perception, states of consciousness, learning, memory, cognition and mental abilities, motivation and emotion, life-span development, personality, stress and health psychology, psychological disorders, therapies, and social psychology.For counselors, behavioral analysts and others in various related psychology fields.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
To the Student	xvii
The Science of Psychology	2	(38)
What is Psychology?	3	(9)
The Fields of Psychology	4	(3)
Enduring Issues	7	(1)
Psychology as Science	8	(1)
Critical Thinking: Thinking Like a Scientist	9	(3)
The Growth of Psychology	12	(8)
The ``New Psychology'': A Science of the Mind	12	(2)
Redefining Psychology: The Study of Behavior	14	(1)
The Cognitive Revolution	15	(2)
New Directions	17	(1)
Where Are the Women?	18	(2)
Human Diversity	20	(4)
Gender	20	(2)
Race and Ethnicity	22	(1)
Culture	23	(1)
Research Methods in Psychology	24	(8)
Naturalistic Observation	24	(1)
Case Studies	25	(1)
Surveys	26	(1)
Correlational Research	26	(1)
Experimental Research	27	(1)
Multimethod Research	28	(1)
The Importance of Sampling	29	(2)
Human Diversity and Research	31	(1)
Ethics and Psychology: Research on Humans and Animals	32	(3)
Careers in Psychology	35	(5)
Understanding Ourselves
The Benefits of Studying Psychology	10	(20)
Understanding the World Around US
Internet Users: A Flawed Study?	30	(10)
The Biological Basis of Behavior	40	(38)
Neurons: The Messengers	41	(9)
The Neural Impulse	43	(1)
The Synapse	44	(3)
Neural Plasticity and Neurogenesis	47	(3)
The Central Nervous System	50	(12)
The Organization of the Nervous System	50	(1)
The Brain	51	(4)
Hemispheric Specialization	55	(2)
Tools for Studying the Brain	57	(3)
The Spinal Cord	60	(2)
The Peripheral Nervous System	62	(2)
The Endocrine System	64	(3)
Genes, Evolution, and Behavior	67	(11)
Genetics	67	(2)
Behavior Genetics	69	(2)
Evolutionary Psychology	71	(2)
Social Implications	73
Understanding Ourselves
Drugs and Behavior	47	(21)
Understanding The World Around US
In Search of the Human Genome	68	(10)
Sensation and Perception	78	(40)
The Nature of Sensation	79	(4)
Sensory Thresholds	80	(1)
Subliminal and Extrasensory Perception	81	(2)
Vision	83	(9)
The Visual System	83	(5)
Color Vision	88	(4)
Hearing	92	(5)
Sound	92	(1)
The Ear	93	(2)
Theories of Hearing	95	(2)
The Other Senses	97	(6)
Smell	97	(1)
Taste	98	(1)
Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses	99	(1)
The Skin Senses	100	(2)
Pain	102	(1)
Perception	103	(15)
Perceptual Organization	104	(1)
Perceptual Constancies	105	(2)
Perception of Distance and Depth	107	(3)
Perception of Movement	110	(1)
Visual Illusions	111	(1)
Observer Characteristics	112
Understanding The World Around Us
Pheromones	98	(3)
Understanding Ourselves
Massage: Rubbing People the Right Way?	101	(17)
States of Consciousness	118	(32)
Conscious Experience	119	(2)
Daydreaming and Fantasy	120	(1)
Sleep	121	(7)
Circadian Cycles: The Biological Clock	122	(1)
The Rhythms of Sleep	123	(2)
Inadequate Sleep	125	(1)
Sleep Disorders	126	(2)
Dreams	128	(2)
Why Do We Dream?	128	(2)
Drug-Altered Consciousness	130	(15)
Substance Use, Abuse, and Dependence	132	(1)
Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates, and the Opiates	133	(5)
Stimulants: Caffeine, Nicotine, Amphetamines, and Cocaine	138	(3)
Hallucinogens and Marijuana	141	(2)
Explaining Abuse and Addiction	143	(2)
Meditation and Hypnosis	145	(5)
Meditation	145	(1)
Hypnosis	146
Understanding Ourselves
Coping with Occasional Insomnia	127	(9)
Understanding The World Around Us
Binge Drinking on College Campuses	136	(14)
Learning	150	(32)
Classical Conditioning	151	(5)
Elements of Classical Conditioning	151	(2)
Establishing a Classically Conditioned Response	153	(1)
Classical Conditioning in Humans	153	(1)
Classical Conditioning Is Selective	154	(2)
Operant Conditioning	156	(7)
Elements of Operant Conditioning	156	(1)
Establishing an Operantly Conditioned Response	157	(1)
A Closer Look at Reinforcement	158	(2)
A Closer Look at Punishment	160	(2)
Learned Helplessness	162	(1)
Factors Shared By Classical and Operant Conditioning	163	(9)
The Importance of Contingencies	164	(3)
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery	167	(1)
Stimulus Control, Generalization, and Discrimination	168	(1)
New Learning Based on Original Learning	169	(1)
Summing Up	170	(2)
Cognitive Learning	172	(10)
Latent Learning and Cognitive Maps	173	(1)
Insight and Learning Sets	174	(1)
Learning by Observing	175
Understanding Ourselves
Modifying Your Own Behavior	159	(12)
Understanding The World Around Us
Shaping Behavioral Change through Biofeedback and Neurofeedback	171	(11)
Memory	182	(28)
The Sensory Registers	183	(3)
Visual and Auditory Registers	184	(1)
Attention	184	(2)
Short-Term Memory	186	(3)
Capacity of STM	186	(2)
Encoding in STM	188	(1)
Maintaining STM	188	(1)
Long-Term Memory	189	(7)
Capacity of LTM	189	(1)
Encoding in LTM	189	(1)
Serial Position Effect	190	(1)
Maintaining LTM	190	(3)
Types of LTM	193	(1)
Explicit and Implicit Memory	194	(2)
The Biology of Memory	196	(2)
Where Are Memories Stored?	196	(2)
Forgetting	198	(5)
The Biology of Forgetting	198	(1)
Experience and Forgetting	199	(4)
Special Topics In Memory	203	(7)
Cultural Influences	203	(1)
Autobiographical Memory	203	(1)
Childhood Amnesia	204	(1)
Flashbulb Memories	204	(1)
Recovered Memories	205
Understanding Ourselves
Improving Your Memory	192	(8)
Understanding The World Around Us
Eyewitness Testimony: Can We Trust It?	200	(10)
Cognition and Mental Abilities	210	(40)
Building Blocks of Thought	211	(3)
Language	211	(1)
Images	212	(1)
Concepts	213	(1)
Language, Thought, and Culture	214	(2)
Problem Solving	216	(6)
The Interpretation of Problems	216	(2)
Producing Strategies and Evaluating Progress	218	(1)
Obstacles to Solving Problems	219	(3)
Decision Making	222	(3)
Logical Decision Making	222	(1)
Decision-Making Heuristics	223	(1)
Explaining Our Decisions	224	(1)
Intelligence and Mental Abilities	225	(9)
Theories of Intelligence	227	(2)
Intelligence Tests	229	(2)
What Makes a Good Test?	231	(3)
Heredity, Environment, and Intelligence	234	(9)
Heredity	234	(1)
Environment	235	(2)
The IQ Debate: A Useful Model	237	(1)
Mental Abilities and Human Diversity: Gender and Culture	238	(1)
Extremes of Intelligence	239	(4)
Creativity	243	(1)
Intelligence and Creativity	243	(1)
Creativity Tests	243	(1)
Answers to Problems in the Chapter	244	(2)
Answers to Intelligence Test Questions	246	(4)
Understanding Ourselves
Becoming a More Skillful Problem Solver	220	(20)
Understanding The World Around Us
Smarter Students or Different Attitudes? Culture and Success in School	240	(10)
Motivation and Emotion	250	(32)
Perspectives on Motivation	251	(4)
Instincts	251	(1)
Drive-Reduction Theory	252	(1)
Arousal Theory	252	(1)
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation	253	(1)
A Hierarchy of Motives	254	(1)
Hunger and Thirst	255	(5)
Biological and Emotional Factors	255	(1)
Cultural and Social Factors	256	(1)
Eating Disorders and Obesity	257	(3)
Sex	260	(4)
Biological Factors	261	(1)
Cultural and Environmental Factors	262	(1)
Patterns of Sexual Behavior Among Americans	262	(1)
Sexual Orientation	262	(2)
Other Important Motives	264	(6)
Exploration and Curiosity	264	(1)
Manipulation and Contact	265	(1)
Aggression	265	(3)
Achievement	268	(1)
Affiliation	269	(1)
Emotions	270	(4)
Basic Emotions	271	(1)
Theories of Emotion	272	(2)
Communicating Emotion	274	(8)
Voice Quality and Facial Expression	275	(1)
Body Language, Personal Space, and Gestures	275	(1)
Gender and Emotion	276	(1)
Culture and Emotion	277
Understanding Ourselves
The Slow (but Lasting) Fix for Weight Gain	259	(8)
Understanding The World Around Us
What Motivates Rape?	267	(15)
Life-Span Development	282	(44)
Enduring Issues and Methods in Developmental Psychology	283	(2)
Prenatal Development	285	(2)
The Newborn	287	(3)
Reflexes	287	(1)
Temperament	287	(1)
Perceptual Abilities	288	(2)
Infancy and Childhood	290	(15)
Physical Development	290	(1)
Motor Development	291	(1)
Cognitive Development	292	(2)
Moral Development	294	(2)
Language Development	296	(2)
Social Development	298	(4)
Sex-Role Development	302	(1)
Television and Children	303	(2)
Adolescence	305	(6)
Physical Changes	305	(1)
Cognitive Changes	306	(1)
Personality and Social Development	307	(2)
Some Problems of Adolescence	309	(2)
Adulthood	311	(6)
Love, Partnerships, and Parenting	312	(2)
The World of Work	314	(1)
Cognitive Changes	315	(1)
Personality Changes	316	(1)
The ``Change of Life''	316	(1)
Late Adulthood	317	(9)
Physical Changes	318	(1)
Social Development	319	(1)
Cognitive Changes	320	(1)
Facing the End of Life	321
Understanding The World Around Us
Kids Who Kill	310	(3)
Understanding Ourselves
Resolving Conflicts in Intimate Relationships	313	(13)
Personality	326	(28)
Studying Personality	327	(1)
Psychodynamic Theories	328	(10)
Sigmund Freud	328	(3)
Carl Jung	331	(1)
Alfred Adler	332	(1)
Karen Horney	333	(1)
Erik Erikson	334	(2)
A Psychodynamic View of Jaylene Smith	336	(1)
Evaluating Psychodynamic Theories	336	(2)
Humanistic Personality Theories	338	(2)
Carl Rogers	338	(1)
A Humanistic View of Jaylene Smith	339	(1)
Evaluating Humanistic Theories	339	(1)
Trait Theories	340	(4)
The Big Five	341	(1)
A Trait View of Jaylene Smith	342	(1)
Evaluating Trait Theories	343	(1)
Cognitive-Social Learning Theories	344	(2)
Expectancies, Self-Efficacy and Locus of Control	344	(1)
A Cognitive-Social Learning View of Jaylene Smith	345	(1)
Evaluating Cognitive-Social Learning Theories	345	(1)
Personality Assessment	346	(8)
The Personal Interview	347	(1)
Direct Observation	347	(1)
Objective Tests	348	(1)
Projective Tests	349
Understanding The World Around Us
Are the Big Five Personality Traits Universal?	342	(7)
Understanding Ourselves
Evaluating Your Personality	349	(5)
Stress and Health Psychology	354	(28)
Sources of Stress	356	(5)
Change	356	(1)
Everyday Hassles	356	(3)
Self-Imposed Stress	359	(1)
Stress and Individual Differences	359	(2)
Coping With Stress	361	(5)
Direct Coping	361	(1)
Defensive Coping	362	(3)
Socioeconomic and Gender Differences in Coping with Stress	365	(1)
How Stress Affects Health	366	(3)
Stress and Heart Disease	368	(1)
Stress and the Immune System	368	(1)
Staying Healthy	369	(5)
Reduce Stress	369	(3)
Adopt a Healthy Life Style	372	(2)
Extreme Stress	374	(8)
Sources of Extreme Stress	374	(2)
Reactions to Extreme Stress	376	(2)
The Well-Adjusted Person	378
Understanding Ourselves
Coping with Stress at College	362	(14)
Understanding The World Around Us
Traumatic Stress: Recovering from War and Other Traumatic Events	376	(6)
Psychological Disorders	382	(32)
Perspectives on Psychological Disorders	383	(6)
Historical Views of Psychological Disorders	385	(1)
The Biological Model	386	(1)
The Psychoanalytic Model	386	(1)
The Cognitive--Behavioral Model	386	(1)
The Diathesis--Stress Model and Systems Theory	387	(1)
Classifying Abnormal Behavior	387	(1)
The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders	387	(2)
Mood Disorders	389	(4)
Depression	389	(1)
Suicide	389	(2)
Mania and Bipolar Disorder	391	(1)
Causes of Mood Disorders	392	(1)
Anxiety Disorders	393	(3)
Specific Phobias	393	(1)
Panic Disorder	394	(1)
Other Anxiety Disorders	394	(1)
Causes of Anxiety Disorders	395	(1)
Psychosomatic and Somatoform Disorders	396	(2)
Dissociative Disorders	398	(2)
Sexual and Gender-Identity Disorders	400	(2)
Personality Disorders	402	(3)
Schizophrenic Disorders	405	(3)
Childhood Disorders	408	(1)
Gender and Cultural Differences in Abnormal Behavior	409	(5)
Understanding Ourselves
Recognizing Depression	390	(16)
Understanding The World Around Us
The Insanity Defense	406	(8)
Therapies	414	(32)
Insight Therapies	415	(5)
Psychoanalysis	415	(2)
Client-Centered Therapy	417	(1)
Gestalt Therapy	418	(1)
Recent Developments	419	(1)
Behavior Therapies	420	(3)
Using Classical Conditioning Techniques	421	(1)
Therapies Based on Operant Conditioning	422	(1)
Therapies Based on Modeling	422	(1)
Cognitive Therapies	423	(2)
Stress-Inoculation Therapy	424	(1)
Rational-Emotive Therapy	424	(1)
Beck's Cognitive Therapy	424	(1)
Group Therapies	425	(4)
Family Therapy	426	(1)
Couple Therapy	426	(2)
Self-Help Groups	428	(1)
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy	429	(2)
Biological Treatments	431	(5)
Drug Therapies	431	(2)
Electroconvulsive Therapy	433	(1)
Psychosurgery	434	(2)
Institutionalization and Its Alternatives	436	(3)
Deinstitutionalization	436	(1)
Alternative Forms of Treatment	437	(1)
Prevention	437	(2)
Client Diversity and Treatment	439	(7)
Gender and Treatment	439	(2)
Culture and Treatment	441
Understanding Ourselves
How to Find Help	427	(13)
Understanding The World Around Us
Access to Mental Health Care---Who Gets Treatment?	440	(6)
Social Psychology	446
Social Cognition	447	(7)
Forming Impressions	448	(1)
Attribution	449	(2)
Interpersonal Attraction	451	(3)
Attitudes	454	(10)
The Nature of Attitudes	455	(1)
Prejudice and Discrimination	456	(4)
Changing Attitudes	460	(4)
Social Influence	464	(5)
Cultural Influences	464	(1)
Conformity	465	(1)
Compliance	466	(1)
Obedience	467	(2)
Social Action	469	(10)
Deindividuation	469	(1)
Helping Behavior	469	(1)
Groups and Decision Making	470	(2)
Leadership	472	(1)
Organizational Behavior	473
Understanding The World Around Us
Ethnic Conflict and Violence	458	(8)
Understanding Ourselves
Beliefs and Binge Drinking	466	(13)
Appendix
Scales of Measurement	479	(1)
Measurements of Central Tendency	480	(2)
Differences Between the Mean, Median, and Mode	480	(2)
The Normal Curve	482	(1)
Skewed Distributions	482	(1)
Measures of Variation	483	(2)
Range	483	(1)
The Standard Deviation	484	(1)
Measures of Correlation	485	(1)
Using Statistics to Make Predictions	486
Probability	486
Glossary	1	(1)
References	1	(1)
Photo Credits	1	(1)
Name Index	1	(1)
Subject Index	1