University Physics

by Young, Hugh D.

• ISBN13: 9780201603293
• ISBN10: 0201603292
• Edition: 10th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-12-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Table of Contents

MECHANICS
Units, Physical Quantities, and Vectors	1	(30)
Introduction	1	(1)
The Nature of Physics	1	(2)
Idealized Models	3	(1)
Standards and Units	3	(3)
Unit Consistency and Conversions	6	(1)
Uncertainty and Significant Figures	7	(2)
Estimates and Orders of Magnitude	9	(1)
Vectors and Vector Addition	10	(3)
Components of Vectors	13	(4)
Unit Vectors	17	(1)
Products of Vectors	18	(13)
Summary/Key Terms	23	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	24	(7)
Motion Along a Straight Line	31	(30)
Introduction	31	(1)
Displacement, Time, and Average Velocity	31	(3)
Instantaneous Velocity	34	(3)
Average and Instantaneous Acceleration	37	(4)
Motion with Constant Acceleration	41	(5)
Freely Falling Bodies	46	(3)
Velocity and Position by Integration	49	(12)
Summary/Key Terms	51	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	52	(9)
Motion in Two or Three Dimensions	61	(31)
Introduction	61	(1)
Position and Velocity Vectors	61	(3)
The Acceleration Vector	64	(4)
Projectile Motion	68	(8)
Motion in a Circle	76	(2)
3-6 Relative Velocity	78	(14)
Summary/Key Terms	82	(2)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	84	(8)
Newton's Laws of Motion	92	(28)
Introduction	92	(1)
Force and Interactions	93	(2)
Newton's First Law	95	(4)
Newton's Second Law	99	(5)
Mass and Weight	104	(3)
Newton's Third Law	107	(3)
Using Newton's Laws	110	(3)
Free-Body Diagrams Visualized	113	(7)
Summary/Key Terms	114	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	114	(6)
Applications of Newton's Laws	120	(44)
Introduction	120	(1)
Using Newton's First Law: Particles in Equilibrium	120	(5)
Using Newton's Second Law: Dynamics of Particles	125	(7)
Frictional Forces	132	(7)
Dynamics of Circular Motion	139	(6)
The Fundamental Forces of Nature	145	(1)
Projectile Motion with Air Resistance: A Case Study in Computer Analysis	146	(18)
Summary/Key Terms	149	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	149	(15)
Work and Kinetic Energy	164	(30)
Introduction	164	(1)
Work	164	(4)
Work and Kinetic Energy	168	(6)
Work and Energy with Varying Forces	174	(5)
Power	179	(2)
Automotive Power: A Case Study in Energy Relations	181	(13)
Summary/Key Terms	184	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	185	(9)
Potential Energy and Energy Conservation	194	(33)
Introduction	194	(1)
Gravitational Potential Energy	194	(10)
Elastic Potential Energy	204	(5)
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces	209	(4)
Force and Potential Energy	213	(3)
Energy Diagrams	216	(11)
Summary/Key Terms	218	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	218	(9)
Momentum, Impulse, and Collisions	227	(41)
Introduction	227	(1)
Momentum and Impulse	227	(5)
Conservation of Momentum	232	(6)
Inelastic Collisions	238	(3)
Elastic Collisions	241	(5)
Center of Mass	246	(4)
Rocket Propulsion	250	(3)
The Neutrino: A Case Study in Modern Physics	253	(15)
Summary/Key Terms	256	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	257	(11)
Rotation of Rigid Bodies	268	(26)
Introduction	268	(1)
Angular Velocity and Acceleration	268	(4)
Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration	272	(2)
Relating Linear and Angular Kinematics	274	(2)
Energy in Rotational Motion	276	(5)
Parallel-Axis Theorem	281	(1)
Moment of Inertia Calculations	282	(12)
Summary/Key Terms	285	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	286	(8)
Dynamics of Rotational Motion	294	(35)
Introduction	294	(1)
Torque	294	(3)
Torque and Angular Acceleration for a Rigid Body	297	(4)
Rigid-Body Rotation about a Moving Axis	301	(6)
Work and Power in Rotational Motion	307	(2)
Angular Momentum	309	(2)
Conservation of Angular Momentum	311	(3)
Gyroscopes and Precession	314	(15)
Summary/Key Terms	317	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	318	(11)
Equilibrium and Elasticity	329	(29)
Introduction	329	(1)
Conditions for Equilibrium	329	(1)
Center of Gravity	330	(3)
Solving Rigid-Body Equilibrium Problems	333	(4)
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli	337	(4)
Bulk Stress and Strain	341	(2)
Shear Stress and Strain	343	(1)
Elasticity and Plasticity	344	(14)
Summary/Key Terms	345	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	346	(12)
Gravitation	358	(34)
Introduction	358	(1)
Newton's Law of Gravitation	358	(4)
Weight	362	(2)
Gravitational Potential Energy	364	(3)
The Motion of Satellites	367	(3)
The Motion of Planets	370	(3)
Spherical Mass Distributions	373	(4)
Apparent Weight and the Earth's Rotation	377	(2)
Black Holes: A Case Study in Modern Physics	379	(13)
Summary/Key Terms	383	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	384	(8)
Periodic Motion	392	(35)
Introduction	392	(1)
The Causes of Oscillation	392	(2)
Simple Harmonic Motion	394	(6)
Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion	400	(4)
Applications of Simple Harmonic Motion	404	(3)
The Simple Pendulum	407	(2)
The Physical Pendulum	409	(2)
Damped Oscillations	411	(2)
Forced Oscillations, Resonance, and Chaos	413	(14)
Summary/Key Terms	416	(2)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	418	(9)
Fluid Mechanics	427	(33)
Introduction	427	(1)
Density	427	(1)
Pressure in a Fluid	428	(4)
Buoyancy	432	(2)
Surface Tension	434	(4)
Fluid Flow	438	(2)
Bernoulli's Equation	440	(4)
Turbulence	444	(2)
Viscosity	446	(14)
Summary/Key Terms	448	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	449	(11)
THERMODYNAMICS
Temperature and Heat	460	(39)
Introduction	460	(1)
Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium	460	(2)
Thermometers and Temperature Scales	462	(1)
Gas Thermometers and the Kelvin Scale	463	(2)
Thermal Expansion	465	(5)
Quantity of Heat	470	(3)
Calorimetry and Phase Changes	473	(5)
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer	478	(7)
Integrated Circuits: A Case Study in Heat Transfer	485	(14)
Summary/Key Terms	487	(2)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	489	(10)
Thermal Properties of Matter	499	(34)
Introduction	499	(1)
Equations of State	499	(6)
Molecular Properties of Matter	505	(2)
Kinetic-Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas	507	(6)
Heat Capacities	513	(4)
Molecular Speeds	517	(3)
Phases of Matter	520	(13)
Summary/Key Terms	523	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	524	(9)
The First Law of Thermodynamics	533	(26)
Introduction	533	(1)
Thermodynamic Systems	533	(1)
Work Done During Volume Changes	534	(3)
Paths Between Thermodynamic States	537	(2)
Internal Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics	539	(4)
Kinds of Thermodynamic Processes	543	(2)
Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas	545	(1)
Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas	546	(3)
Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas	549	(10)
Summary/Key Terms	551	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	552	(7)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics	559	(34)
Introduction	559	(1)
Directions of Thermodynamic Processes	559	(1)
Heat Engines	560	(3)
Internal-Combustion Engines	563	(2)
Refrigerators	565	(2)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics	567	(2)
The Carnot Cycle	569	(5)
The Kelvin Temperature Scale	574	(1)
Entropy	574	(5)
Microscopic Interpretation of Entropy	579	(3)
Energy Resources: A Case Study in Thermodynamics	582	(11)
Summary/Key Terms	585	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	586	(7)
WAVES/ACOUSTICS
Mechanical Waves	593	(27)
Introduction	593	(1)
Types of Mechanical Waves	593	(2)
Periodic Waves	595	(1)
Mathematical Description of a Wave	596	(6)
Speed of a Transverse Wave	602	(4)
Speed of a Longitudinal Wave	606	(3)
Sound Waves in Gases	609	(1)
Energy in Wave Motion	610	(10)
Summary/Key Terms	613	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	614	(6)
Wave Interference and Normal Modes	620	(26)
Introduction	620	(1)
Boundary Conditions for a String and the Principle of Superposition	620	(2)
Standing Waves on a String	622	(5)
Normal Modes of a String	627	(4)
Longitudinal Standing Waves and Normal Modes	631	(5)
Interference of Waves	636	(1)
Resonance	637	(9)
Summary/Key Terms	640	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	641	(5)
Sound and Hearing	646	(23)
Introduction	646	(1)
Sound Waves	646	(4)
Sound Intensity	650	(4)
Beats	654	(2)
The Doppler Effect	656	(5)
Shock Waves	661	(8)
Summary/Key Terms	664	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	664	(5)
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electric Charge and Electric Field	669	(35)
Introduction	669	(1)
Electric Charge	669	(2)
Electric Charge and the Structure of Matter	671	(1)
Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges	672	(2)
Coulomb's Law	674	(5)
Electric Field and Electric Forces	679	(4)
Electric-Field Calculations	683	(6)
Electric Field Lines	689	(1)
Electric Dipoles	690	(14)
Summary/Key Terms	694	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	695	(9)
Gauss's Law	704	(27)
Introduction	704	(1)
Electric Charge and Electric Flux	704	(3)
Calculating Electric Flux	707	(4)
Gauss's Law	711	(3)
Applications of Gauss's Law	714	(5)
Charges on Conductors	719	(12)
Summary/Key Terms	723	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	724	(7)
Electric Potential	731	(40)
Introduction	731	(1)
Electric Potential Energy	731	(6)
Electric Potential	737	(6)
Calculating Electric Potential	743	(3)
Equipotential Surfaces	746	(3)
Potential Gradient	749	(2)
The Cathode-Ray Tube	751	(3)
Calculating Potentials Due to Charged Conductors: A Case Study in Computer Analysis	754	(17)
Summary/Key Terms	759	(2)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	761	(10)
Capacitance and Dielectrics	771	(28)
Introduction	771	(1)
Capacitors and Capacitance	772	(4)
Capacitors in Series and Parallel	776	(3)
Energy Storage in Capacitors and Electric-Field Energy	779	(3)
Dielectrics	782	(5)
Molecular Model of Induced Charge	787	(2)
Gauss's Law in Dielectrics	789	(10)
Summary/Key Terms	790	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	791	(8)
Current, Resistance, and Electromotive Force	799	(33)
Introduction	799	(1)
Current	799	(4)
Resistivity	803	(2)
Resistance	805	(4)
Electromotive Force and Circuits	809	(6)
Energy and Power in Electric Circuits	815	(4)
Theory of Metallic Conduction	819	(2)
Physiological Effects of Currents	821	(11)
Summary/Key Terms	823	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	824	(8)
Direct-Current Circuits	832	(33)
Introduction	832	(1)
Resistors in Series and Parallel	832	(5)
Kirchhoff's Rules	837	(5)
Electrical Measuring Instruments	842	(4)
Resistance-Capacitance Circuits	846	(4)
Power Distribution Systems: A Case Study in Circuit Analysis	850	(15)
Summary/Key Terms	853	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	854	(11)
Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces	865	(38)
Introduction	865	(1)
Magnetism	865	(2)
Magnetic Field	867	(3)
Magnetic Field Lines and Magnetic Flux	870	(3)
Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field	873	(4)
Applications of Motion of Charged Particles	877	(3)
Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor	880	(3)
Force and Torque on a Current Loop	883	(5)
The Direct-Current Motor	888	(2)
The Hall Effect	890	(13)
Summary/Key Terms	892	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	893	(10)
Sources of Magnetic Field	903	(38)
Introduction	903	(1)
Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge	903	(3)
Magnetic Field of a Current Element	906	(2)
Magnetic Field of a Straight Current-Carrying Conductor	908	(3)
Force between Parallel Conductors	911	(2)
Magnetic Field of a Circular Current Loop	913	(2)
Ampere's Law	915	(3)
Applications of Ampere's Law	918	(4)
Magnetic Materials	922	(5)
Displacement Current	927	(14)
Summary/Key Terms	930	(2)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	932	(9)
Electromagnetic Induction	941	(30)
Introduction	941	(1)
Induction Experiments	941	(2)
Faraday's Law	943	(7)
Lenz's Law	950	(1)
Motional Electromotive Force	951	(3)
Induced Electric Fields	954	(2)
Eddy Currents	956	(1)
Maxwell's Equations	957	(2)
Superconductivity: A Case Study in Magnetic Properties	959	(12)
Summary/Key Terms	962	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	963	(8)
Inductance	971	(26)
Inductance	971	(1)
Introduction	971	(1)
Mutual Inductance	971	(3)
Self-Inductance and Inductors	974	(3)
Magnetic-Field Energy	977	(2)
The R-L Circuit	979	(3)
The L-C Circuit	982	(5)
The L-R-C Series Circuit	987	(10)
Summary/Key Terms	989	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	990	(7)
Alternating Current	997	(28)
Introduction	997	(1)
Phasors and Alternating Currents	997	(2)
Resistance and Reactance	999	(5)
The L-R-C Series Circuit	1004	(4)
Power in Alternating-Current Circuits	1008	(3)
Resonance in Alternating-Current Circuits	1011	(3)
Transformers	1014	(11)
Summary/Key Terms	1017	(2)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	1019	(6)
Electromagnetic Waves	1025	(28)
Introduction	1025	(1)
Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves	1025	(3)
Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of Light	1028	(5)
Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Waves	1033	(2)
Energy and Momentum in Electromagnetic Waves	1035	(5)
Electromagnetic Waves in Matter	1040	(2)
Standing Electromagnetic Waves	1042	(2)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	1044	(1)
Radiation from an Antenna	1045	(8)
Summary/Key Terms	1047	(2)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	1049	(4)
OPTICS
The Nature and Propagation of Light	1053	(32)
Introduction	1053	(1)
The Nature of Light	1053	(2)
Reflection and Refraction	1055	(5)
Total Internal Reflection	1060	(3)
Dispersion	1063	(1)
Polarization	1064	(8)
Scattering of Light	1072	(1)
Huygens' Principle	1073	(12)
Summary/Key Terms	1076	(2)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	1078	(7)
Geometric Optics	1085	(33)
Introduction	1085	(1)
Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface	1085	(3)
Reflection at a Spherical Surface	1088	(7)
Graphical Methods for Mirrors	1095	(2)
Refraction at a Spherical Surface	1097	(4)
Thin Lenses	1101	(4)
Graphical Methods for Lenses	1105	(13)
Summary/Key Terms	1110	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	1111	(7)
Optical Instruments	1118	(20)
Introduction	1118	(1)
Cameras and Projectors	1118	(5)
The Eye	1123	(3)
The Magnifier	1126	(1)
The Microscope	1127	(2)
Telescopes	1129	(2)
Lens Aberrations	1131	(7)
Summary/Key Terms	1133	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	1134	(4)
Interference	1138	(27)
Introduction	1138	(1)
Interference and Coherent Sources	1138	(4)
Two-Source Interference of Light	1142	(3)
Intensity in Interference Patterns	1145	(4)
Interference in Thin Films	1149	(5)
The Michelson Interferometer	1154	(2)
The Photon: A Case Study in Quantum Physics	1156	(9)
Summary/Key Terms	1158	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	1159	(6)
Diffraction	1165	(30)
Introduction	1165	(1)
Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction	1165	(2)
Diffraction from a Single Slit	1167	(3)
Intensity in the Single-Slit Pattern	1170	(3)
Multiple Slits	1173	(3)
The Diffraction Grating	1176	(3)
X-Ray Diffraction	1179	(3)
Circular Apertures and Resolving Power	1182	(3)
Holography	1185	(10)
Summary/Key Terms	1187	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	1188	(7)
MODERN PHYSICS
Relativity	1195	(36)
Introduction	1195	(1)
Invariance of Physical Laws	1195	(3)
Relativity of Simultaneity	1198	(2)
Relativity of Time Intervals	1200	(4)
Relativity of Length	1204	(4)
The Lorentz Transformations	1208	(4)
Spacetime Diagrams	1212	(1)
The Doppler Effect for Electromagnetic Waves	1213	(2)
Relativistic Momentum	1215	(2)
Relativistic Work and Energy	1217	(3)
Newtonian Mechanics and Relativity	1220	(11)
Summary/Key Terms	1222	(2)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	1224	(7)
Photons, Electrons, and Atoms	1231	(40)
Introduction	1231	(1)
Emission and Absorption of Light	1231	(2)
The Photoelectric Effect	1233	(5)
Atomic Line Spectra and Energy Levels	1238	(5)
The Nuclear Atom	1243	(3)
The Bohr Model	1246	(5)
The Laser	1251	(3)
X-Ray Production and Scattering	1254	(4)
Continuous Spectra	1258	(3)
Wave-Particle Duality	1261	(10)
Summary/Key Terms	1263	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	1264	(7)
The Wave Nature of Particles	1271	(23)
Introduction	1271	(1)
De Broglie Waves	1271	(3)
Electron Diffraction	1274	(3)
Probability and Uncertainty	1277	(4)
The Electron Microscope	1281	(3)
Wave Functions	1284	(10)
Summary/Key Terms	1288	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	1288	(6)
Quantum Mechanics	1294	(26)
Introduction	1294	(1)
Particle in a Box	1294	(4)
The Schrodinger Equation	1298	(3)
Potential Wells	1301	(4)
Potential Barriers and Tunneling	1305	(2)
The Harmonic Oscillator	1307	(5)
Three-Dimensional Problems	1312	(8)
Summary/Key Terms	1313	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	1313	(7)
Atomic Structure	1320	(29)
Introduction	1320	(1)
The Hydrogen Atom	1320	(7)
The Zeeman Effect	1327	(4)
Electron Spin	1331	(4)
Many-Electron Atoms and the Exclusion Principle	1335	(6)
X-Ray Spectra	1341	(8)
Summary/Key Terms	1344	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	1345	(4)
Molecules and Condensed Matter	1349	(34)
Introduction	1349	(1)
Types of Molecular Bonds	1349	(3)
Molecular Spectra	1352	(4)
Structure of Solids	1356	(4)
Energy Bands	1360	(2)
Free-Electron Model of Metals	1362	(4)
Semiconductors	1366	(4)
Semiconductor Devices	1370	(5)
Superconductivity	1375	(8)
Summary/Key Terms	1376	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	1377	(6)
Nuclear Physics	1383	(38)
Introduction	1383	(1)
Properties of Nuclei	1383	(4)
Nuclear Binding and Nuclear Structure	1387	(6)
Nuclear Stability and Radioactivity	1393	(6)
Activities and Half-Lives	1399	(3)
Biological Effects of Radiation	1402	(3)
Nuclear Reactions	1405	(3)
Nuclear Fission	1408	(4)
Nuclear Fusion	1412	(9)
Summary/Key Terms	1415	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	1415	(6)
Particle Physics and Cosmology	1421
Introduction	1421	(1)
Fundamental Particles---A History	1421	(5)
Particle Accelerators and Detectors	1426	(6)
Particles and Interactions	1432	(6)
Quarks and the Eightfold Way	1438	(4)
The Standard Model and Beyond	1442	(2)
The Expanding Universe	1444	(5)
The Beginning of Time	1449
Summary/Key Terms	1457	(1)
Questions/Exercises/Problems	1457
Appendices	669	(8)
A The International System of Units	669	(2)
B Useful Mathematical Relations	671	(1)
C The Greek Alphabet	672	(1)
D Periodic Table of the Elements	673	(1)
E Unit Conversion Factors	674	(1)
F Numerical Constants	675	(2)
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems	677	(9)
Credits	686	(1)
Index	687