University Physics, Revised Edition

by Harris Benson (Vanier College)

• ISBN13: 9780471152644
• ISBN10: 0471152641
• Edition: 1
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1996-04-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Calculus-based introductory physics text that provides a modern approach to traditional topics. This revised edition retains the accurate writing of the first edition and incorporates feedback obtained over five successive printings, resulting in a virtually error-free text.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(16)
What Is Physics?	1	(1)
Concepts, Models, and Theories	2	(3)
Units	5	(2)
Power of Ten Notation and Significant Figures	7	(1)
Order of Magnitude	7	(1)
Dimensional Analysis	8	(1)
References Frames and Coordinate Systems	9	(7)
The Geocentric Theory Versus the Heliocentric Theory	13	(3)
Vectors	16	(15)
Scalars and Vectors	16	(2)
Vector Addition	18	(1)
Components and Unit Vectors	19	(3)
Scalar (Dot) Product	22	(1)
Vector (Cross) Product	23	(8)
One-Dimensional Kinematics	31	(24)
Particle Kinematics	31	(1)
Displacement and Velocity	32	(1)
Instantaneous Velocity	33	(2)
Acceleration	35	(2)
The Use of Areas	37	(1)
The Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration	38	(4)
Falling Bodies	41	(1)
Vertical Free-fall	42	(3)
Terminal Speed	45	(10)
Physiological Effects of Acceleration	46	(9)
Inertia and Two-Dimensional Motion	55	(25)
Newton's First Law	56	(1)
Two-dimensional Motion	57	(1)
Projectile Motion	58	(4)
Uniform Circular Motion	62	(2)
Inertial Reference Frames	64	(1)
Relative Velocity	65	(2)
The Galilean Transformation	67	(1)
Nonuniform Circular Motion	68	(12)
The Development of the Concept of Inertia	69	(2)
Real Projectiles	71	(9)
Particle Dynamics I	80	(22)
Force and Mass	81	(2)
Newton's Second Law	83	(1)
Weight	84	(2)
Newton's Third Law	86	(1)
Applications of Newton's Laws	87	(5)
Apparent Weight	92	(10)
Particle Dynamics II	102	(24)
Friction	102	(3)
Dynamics of Circular Motion	105	(4)
Satellite Orbits	109	(1)
*Motion in Resistive Media	110	(1)
*Noninertial Frames	111	(15)
Friction Phenomena	116	(10)
Work and Energy	126	(20)
Work Done by a Constant Force	127	(3)
Work by a Variable Force in One Dimension	130	(2)
Work-Energy Theorem in One Dimension	132	(2)
Power	134	(1)
Work and Energy in Three Dimensions	135	(11)
Energy and the Automobile	144	(2)
Conservation of Mechanical Energy	146	(26)
Potential Energy	147	(1)
Conservative Forces	148	(1)
Potential Energy and Conservative Forces	149	(1)
Potential Energy Functions	150	(1)
Conservation of Mechanical Energy	151	(4)
Mechanical Energy and Nonconservative Forces	155	(2)
Conservative Forces and Potential Energy Functions	157	(1)
Energy Diagrams	158	(1)
Gravitational Potential Energy; Escape Speed	159	(3)
Generalized Conservation of Energy	162	(10)
Linear Momentum	172	(22)
Linear Momentum	172	(1)
Conservative of Linear Momentum	173	(6)
Robert Goddard and Early Rocketry	177	(2)
Elastic Collisions in One Dimension	179	(1)
Impulse	180	(2)
Comparison of Linear Momentum with Kinetic Energy	182	(1)
*Elastic Collisions in Two Dimensions	182	(1)
*Rocket Propulsion	183	(11)
Collisions and Galilean Relativity	185	(9)
Systems of Particles	194	(17)
Center of Mass	194	(3)
Center of Mass of Continuous Bodies	197	(1)
Motion of the Center of Mass	198	(2)
Kinetic Energy of a System of Particles	200	(2)
Mass-Energy Equivalence, E = mc2	201	(1)
*Work-Energy Theorem for a System of Particles	202	(1)
*Work Done by Friction	203	(1)
*Systems of Variable Mass	204	(7)
Rotation of a Rigid Body About a Fixed Axis	211	(26)
Rotational Kinematics	211	(4)
Rotational Kinetic Energy, Moment of Inertia	215	(2)
Moments of Inertia of Continuous Bodies	217	(1)
Conservation of Mechanical Energy Including Rotation	218	(1)
Torque	219	(2)
Rotational Dynamics of a Rigid Body (Fixed Axis)	221	(3)
Work and Power	224	(1)
*Dynamics of Rolling Friction	224	(1)
*Vector Nature of Angular Velocity	225	(12)
Angular Momentum and Statics	237	(28)
The Torque Vector	237	(1)
Angular Momentum	238	(2)
Rotational Dynamics	240	(2)
Conservation of Angular Momentum	242	(3)
Conditions for Static Equilibrium	245	(1)
Center of Gravity	245	(3)
*Dynamic Balance	248	(1)
*Spin and Orbital Angular Momentum	249	(1)
*Gyroscopic Motion	250	(15)
Twists and Somersaults	252	(13)
Gravitation	265	(19)
Newton's Law of Gravitation	266	(1)
Gravitational and Inertial Mass	267	(2)
The Gravitational Field Strength	269	(1)
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion	270	(3)
Continuous Distributions of Mass	273	(11)
Background to the Principia	275	(2)
The Tides	277	(7)
Solids and Fluids	284	(20)
Density	284	(1)
Elastic Moduli	285	(3)
Pressure in Fluids	288	(3)
Archimedes's Principle	291	(1)
The Equation of Continuity	292	(2)
Bernoulli's Equation	294	(10)
Oscillations	304	(20)
Simple Harmonic Oscillation	305	(2)
The Block-Spring System	307	(2)
Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion	309	(1)
Pendulums	310	(3)
*Damped Oscillations	313	(1)
*Forced Oscillations	314	(10)
Mechanical Waves	324	(23)
Wave Characteristics	325	(1)
Superposition of Waves	326	(1)
Speed of a Pulse on a String	327	(1)
Reflection and Transmission	328	(2)
Traveling Waves	330	(1)
Traveling Harmonic Waves	331	(2)
Standing Waves	333	(1)
Resonant Standing Waves on a String	333	(3)
The Wave Equation	336	(1)
Energy Transport on a String	337	(1)
Velocity of Waves on a String	338	(9)
Sound	347	(18)
The Nature of a Sound Wave	347	(3)
Resonant Standing Sound Waves	350	(2)
The Doppler Effect	352	(2)
Interference in Time; Beats	354	(1)
Velocity of Longitudinal Waves in a Fluid	355	(1)
Sound Intensity	356	(2)
*Fourier Series	358	(7)
Temperature, Thermal Expansion, and the Ideal Gas Law	365	(12)
Temperature	365	(1)
Temperature Scales	366	(1)
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics	367	(1)
The Equation of State of an Ideal Gas	368	(2)
*Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer	370	(1)
Thermal Expansion	371	(6)
First Law of Thermodynamics	377	(24)
Specific Heat	378	(2)
Latent Heat	380	(1)
The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat	381	(2)
Work in Thermodynamics	383	(2)
First Law of Thermodynamics	385	(1)
Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics	386	(2)
Ideal Gases	388	(3)
*Speed of Sound	391	(1)
Heat Transport	391	(10)
Kinetic Theory	401	(16)
The Model of an Ideal Gas	401	(1)
Kinetic Interpretation of Pressure	402	(2)
Kinetic Interpretation of Temperature	404	(1)
Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas	405	(2)
Equipartition of Energy	407	(2)
*Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution of Speeds	409	(1)
*Mean Free Path	410	(1)
*Van der Waals Equation; Phase Diagrams	411	(6)
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics	417	(23)
Heat Engines and the Kelvin-Planck Statement of the Second Law	419	(1)
Refrigerators and the Clausius Statement of the Second Law	420	(1)
*Equivalence of the Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements	421	(1)
Reversible and Irreversible Processes	422	(1)
The Carnot Cycle	422	(3)
The Gasoline Engine (Otto Cycle)	425	(2)
Entropy	427	(4)
Entropy and the Second Law	431	(1)
The Availability of Energy	432	(1)
Entropy and Disorder	432	(1)
*Statistical Mechanics	433	(1)
*Entropy and Probability	434	(1)
*Absolute Temperature Scale	435	(5)
Electrostatics	440	(15)
Charge	441	(2)
Conductors and Insulators	443	(2)
Charging by Induction	445	(1)
Gold Leaf Electroscope	446	(1)
Coulomb's Law	446	(9)
The Electric Field	455	(21)
The Electric Field	455	(3)
Lines of Force	458	(2)
Electric Field and Conductors	460	(1)
Motion of Charges in Uniform Static Fields	461	(1)
Continuous Charge Distributions	462	(2)
Dipoles	464	(3)
*Dipole in a Nonuniform Field	467	(1)
*Millikan Oil Drop Experiment	468	(8)
Gauss's Law	476	(13)
Electric Flux	476	(2)
Gauss's Law	478	(3)
Conductors	481	(2)
*Proof of Gauss's Law	483	(6)
Electric Potential	489	(23)
Potential	489	(2)
Potential and Potential Energy in a Uniform Field	491	(2)
Potential and Potential Energy of Point Charges	493	(4)
Electric Field Derived from Potential	497	(1)
Continuous Charge Distributions	498	(1)
Conductors	499	(13)
Electrostatics	509	(3)
Capacitors and Dielectrics	512	(18)
Capacitance	513	(3)
Series and Parallel Combinations	516	(3)
Energy Stored in a Capacitor	519	(1)
Energy Density of the Electric Field	519	(1)
Dielectrics	520	(2)
Atomic View of Dielectrics	522	(2)
*Gauss's Law for Dielectrics	524	(6)
Current and Resistance	530	(21)
Current	532	(2)
Current Density	534	(1)
Resistance	535	(3)
Ohm's Law	538	(1)
Power	538	(1)
*Microscopic Theory of Conduction	539	(12)
Atmospheric Electricity	545	(6)
Direct Current Circuits	551	(27)
Electromotive Force	551	(3)
Kirchhoff's Rules	554	(1)
Series and Parallel Connections	555	(4)
RC Circuits	559	(2)
Direct Current Instruments	561	(17)
The Electric Light	565	(13)
The Magnetic Field	578	(27)
The Magnetic Field	579	(2)
Force on a Current-carrying Conductor	581	(2)
Torque on a Current Loop	583	(2)
The Galvanometer	585	(3)
The Electric Motor	587	(1)
The Motion of Charged Particles in Magnetic Fields	588	(2)
Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields	590	(2)
The Cyclotron	592	(2)
The Hall Effect	594	(11)
Sources of the Magnetic Field	605	(24)
Field Due to a Long, Straight Wire	605	(2)
Magnetic Force between Parallel Wires	607	(1)
Biot-Savart Law for a Current Element	608	(4)
Ampere's Law	612	(17)
Electromagnets	616	(8)
The Earth's Magnetic Field	624	(5)
Electromagnetic Induction	629	(23)
Electromagnetic Induction	630	(1)
Magnetic Flux	631	(1)
Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law	632	(4)
Generators	636	(1)
The Origins of the Induced emf	637	(1)
Induced Electric Fields	638	(1)
Motional emf	639	(2)
Eddy Currents	641	(11)
The Search for Electromagnetic Induction	643	(9)
Inductance and Magnetic Materials	652	(23)
Inductance	653	(2)
LR Circuits	655	(2)
Energy Stored in an Inductor	657	(2)
LC Oscillations	659	(2)
Damped LC Oscillations	661	(1)
*Magnetic Properties of Matter	662	(13)
Magnetic Levitation and Propulsion	671	(4)
Alternating Current Circuits	675	(16)
Some Preliminaries	675	(1)
A Resistor in an ac Circuit; Root Mean Square Values	676	(1)
An Inductor in an ac Circuit	677	(1)
A Capacitor in an ac Circuit	678	(1)
Phasors	679	(1)
RLC Series Circuit	680	(2)
RLC Series Resonance	682	(1)
Power in ac Circuits	682	(1)
*The Transformer	683	(8)
Maxwell's Equations; Electromagnetic Waves	691	(18)
Displacement Current	692	(1)
Maxwell's Equations	693	(1)
Electromagnetic Waves	694	(2)
Energy Transport and the Poynting Vector	696	(2)
Momentum and Radiation Pressure	698	(1)
Hertz's Experiment	699	(1)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	700	(3)
*Derivation of the Wave Equation	703	(6)
Light: Reflection and Refraction	709	(31)
Ray Optics	709	(1)
Reflection	710	(3)
Refraction	713	(2)
Total Internal Reflection	715	(2)
The Prism and Dispersion	717	(2)
Images Formed by Plane Mirrors	719	(2)
Spherical Mirrors	721	(5)
*The Speed of Light	726	(14)
Newton's Prism Experiment	728	(2)
The Rainbow	730	(10)
Lenses and Optical Instruments	740	(20)
Lenses	740	(4)
The Simple Magnifier	744	(2)
The Compound Microscope	746	(2)
Telescopes	748	(3)
The Eye	751	(2)
*Spherical Boundaries	753	(1)
*Lens Maker's Formula	753	(7)
Wave Optics (I)	760	(22)
Interference	761	(2)
Diffraction	763	(1)
Young's Experiment	764	(1)
Intensity of the Double-Slit Pattern	765	(1)
Thin Films	766	(4)
Michelson Interferometer	770	(2)
*Coherence	772	(10)
Two Theories of Light	774	(8)
Wave Optics (II)	782	(26)
Fraunhofer and Fresnel Diffraction	783	(1)
Single-Slit Diffraction	783	(3)
The Rayleigh Criterion	786	(1)
Gratings	787	(1)
Multiple Slits	788	(3)
Intensity of Single-Slit Diffraction	791	(2)
*Resolving Power of a Grating	793	(1)
*X-Ray Diffraction	794	(1)
*Polarization	795	(13)
Holography	803	(5)
Special Relativity	808	(28)
Introduction	808	(1)
The Michelson-Morley Experiment	809	(1)
Covariance	810	(2)
The Two Postulates	812	(1)
Some Preliminaries	812	(2)
Relativity of Simultaneity	814	(1)
Time Dilation	815	(2)
Length Contraction	817	(3)
The Relativistic Doppler Effect	820	(1)
The Twin Paradox	820	(2)
The Lorentz Transformation	822	(1)
The Addition of Velocities	823	(1)
Momentum and Energy	824	(3)
*Relativity and Electromagnetism	827	(1)
*Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation	827	(1)
*Pole-Barn Paradox	828	(8)
Early Quantum Theory	836	(24)
Blackbody Radiation	836	(4)
The Photoelectric Effect	840	(2)
The Compton Effect	842	(1)
Line Spectra	843	(1)
Atomic Models	844	(2)
The Bohr Model	846	(2)
Wave-Particle Duality of Light	848	(2)
Bohr's Correspondence Principle	850	(10)
Lasers	856	(4)
Wave Mechanics	860	(19)
De Broglie Waves	860	(1)
Electron Diffraction	861	(2)
Schrodinger's Wave Equation	863	(1)
The Wave Function	864	(1)
Applications of Wave Mechanics	865	(3)
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle	868	(2)
Wave-Particle Duality	870	(9)
Electron Microscopes	875	(4)
Atoms and Solids	879	(24)
Quantum Numbers for the Hydrogen Atom	879	(2)
Spin	881	(1)
Wavefunctions for the Hydrogen Atom	882	(1)
X Rays and Moseley's Law	883	(2)
Pauli Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table	885	(2)
Magnetic Moments	887	(1)
Band Theory of Solids	888	(3)
*Semiconductor Devices	891	(12)
Superconductivity	898	(5)
Nuclear Physics	903	(23)
The Structure of the Nucleus	904	(1)
Binding Energy and Nuclear Stability	905	(2)
Radioactivity	907	(3)
The Radioactive Decay Law	910	(2)
Nuclear Reactions	912	(1)
Fission	913	(2)
Fusion	915	(11)
Fission and Fusion Reactors	922	(4)
Elementary Particles	926
Antimatter	926
Exchange Forces	928
Classification of Particles	930
Symmetry and Conservation Laws	933
The Eightfold Way and Quarks	934
Color	937
*Gauge Theory	937
*The Electroweak Interaction	938
*The New Quarks	939
*Quantum Chromodynamics	941
*Grand Unified Theory	942
APPENDICES
A SI Units	A1
B Mathematics Review	A3
C Calculus Review	A7
D The Periodic Table	A11
E Table of Isotopes	A13
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems	A15
Credits	C1
Index	I1