The Violence of Hate Confronting Racism, Anti-Semitism, and Other Forms of Bigotry

by Levin, Jack A.; Nolan, Jim

• ISBN13: 9780205710843
• ISBN10: 0205710840
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2010-04-05
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

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Author Biography

JACK LEVIN, Ph.D. is the Irving and Betty Brudnick Professor of Sociology and Criminology and co-director of the Brudnick Center on Conflict and Violence at Northeastern University, where he teaches courses in prejudice and violence. He has authored or co-authored 30 books and hundreds of articles in professional journals and columns in newspapers, such as The New York Times, Boston Globe, Dallas Morning News, Philadelphia Inquirer, Christian Science Monitor, Chicago Tribune, and USA Today. He appears frequently on national television programs, including 48 Hours, 20/20, Dateline NBC, The Today Show, Good Morning America, Oprah, Rivera Live, Larry King Live, and all network newscasts. Dr. Levin was honored by the Massachusetts Council for Advancement and Support of Education as its “Professor of the Year," and was the recipient of the American Sociological Association's 2009 Public Understanding of Sociology Award. He has spoken to a wide variety of community, academic, and professional groups, including the White House Conference on Hate Crimes, the Department of Justice, the Department of Education, and the International Association of Chiefs of Police.

 

JIM NOLAN is an associate professor in the Division of Sociology and Anthropology at West Virginia University where he teaches courses on the topic of deviance and hate crime. His research currently focuses on community policing, intergroup relations, and the measurement of hate crimes and other crimes that are reported to the police. Dr. Nolan’s professional career began as a police officer in Wilmington, Delaware. He is a 1992 graduate of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) National Academy.  Just prior to joining the faculty at West Virginia University, Dr. Nolan worked for the FBI as a unit chief in the Crime Analysis, Research and Development Unit that provided management oversight for the National Hate Crime Data Collection Program.  He was recently involved in a project sponsored by the Organization for Security & Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) to implement hate crime reporting throughout Europe.  His recent publications have appeared in the American Behavioral Scientist, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, The Justice Professional, Policing & Society, Criminal Justice Studies, Homicide Studies, Journal of Criminal Justice, and The American Sociologist. Dr. Nolan earned a Ph.D. from Temple University.  His graduate work focused on the study of group and social processes.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Perspectives on Hate and Violence	p. 1
Hate, Prejudice, and Discrimination	p. 1
Transforming the Terms	p. 1
Prejudice Versus Discrimination	p. 2
The Role of the Individual	p. 4
Hate as a Justification for Violence	p. 5
Social Construction of Differences	p. 6
When Stereotypes Turn Nasty	p. 9
Is Hate on the Decline?	p. 11
Underestimating Bigotry	p. 13
The Difference Between Small and Insignificant	p. 15
Hate Crimes Are Vastly Under-Reported	p. 16
It Takes Only a Few Bad Apples	p. 19
Threatening Situations Can Inspire Hate	p. 19
A Continuing Racial Gap	p. 23
The Obama Factor	p. 26
Is the Significance of Hate on the Decline?	p. 27
The Environmental View	p. 28
The Hereditary View	p. 33
The Situationist View of Hate and Violence	p. 40
Conclusion	p. 44
Hate Crimes	p. 45
Motive Matters	p. 45
The Hate Crime Statistics Act	p. 46
The FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting Program	p. 47
NIBRS Hate Crime Data	p. 47
Why Now?	p. 51
Pros and Cons of Hate Crime Laws	p. 51
Hate Crime Laws Today	p. 53
Federal Civil Rights Statutes	p. 56
New Federal Legislation (2009)	p. 57
State Hate Crime Statutes	p. 58
Hate Crime Laws and the U.S. Constitution	p. 61
Policing Hate Crimes	p. 63
Seeing Hate Crimes	p. 66
Intension and Extension of the Term "Hate Crime"	p. 67
Classification of Hate Crime Incidents	p. 70
Why is this Distinction Important?	p. 74
Hate Crimes in Europe	p. 75
The Roma in Europe	p. 76
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Violence	p. 77
Conclusion	p. 79
A Typology of Hate	p. 81
Hatemongers	p. 81
The Role of Organized Hate	p. 82
Hate from a Distance	p. 83
Biblical Bigotry	p. 83
The Militia Movement and White Supremacy	p. 85
Expanding the Influence of Organized Hate	p. 87
Dabblers	p. 90
Getting a Thrill	p. 90
Being Defensive	p. 93
Getting Even	p. 97
Sympathizers	p. 99
Behind Closed Doors	p. 100
An Eliminationist Anti-Semitism	p. 100
Cultural Hate	p. 101
Culture Transcends Generations	p. 104
Spectators	p. 105
The Failure to Act	p. 105
Middleman Minorities	p. 107
Middleman Minorities in the United States	p. 108
The American Version of Spectatorship	p. 109
Conclusion	p. 112
The Benefits of Bigotry	p. 115
Protest by Proxy	p. 122
Psychological Advantages	p. 126
Enhancing and Protecting Self-Esteem	p. 127
Reducing Uncertainty	p. 132
Economic and Status Advantages	p. 133
Getting the Dirty Work Done	p. 133
Eliminating Opponents	p. 136
Maintaining Political Power	p. 144
Conclusion	p. 145
The Production of Rebels, Deviants, and Other Decent People	p. 147
The Power of the Situation	p. 147
When Normal People Do Abnormally Nasty Things	p. 147
Fighting Spectatorship	p. 149
Intergroup Contact	p. 150
The Impact of Competition	p. 150
Reducing Hostility Between Groups	p. 151
Structuring Opportunities for Cooperation	p. 153
Follow the Leader	p. 156
Obeying Orders	p. 157
The Role of Leadership	p. 159
The Impact of Deviance	p. 161
When Rebels Rebel	p. 162
The Importance of Empathy Across Groups	p. 163
Human Agency: The Ability to Create "Good" Situations	p. 167
The Agentic Perspective	p. 167
Collective Efficacy in Neighborhoods	p. 170
Neighborhood Agency and Collective Efficacy	p. 170
Conclusion	p. 173
Anti-Hate Websites	p. 175
Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act	p. 177
References	p. 189
Index	p. 203
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