Voices of Wisdom A Multicultural Philosophy Reader (with InfoTrac)

by Kessler, Gary E.

• ISBN13: 9780534605704
• ISBN10: 0534605702
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-06-19
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Part I: INTRODUCTION. 1. What is Philosophy? A Definition of Philosophy. What is Rationality? Why Study Multicultural Philosophy? Joseph Prabhu: "The Clash or Dialogue of Civilizations?" Does Philosophy Bake Bread? Bertrand Russell: "On the Value of Philosophy." Reading Philosophy. Part II: ETHICS. 2. How Should One Live? Introduction. The Buddha and the Middle Way. Buddha: "The Four Noble Truths." Walpola Rahula: "The Fourth Noble Truth." Confucius and the Life of Virtue. D.C.Lau: "Confucius and Moral Character." Socrates on Living the Examined Life. Plato: "The Apology." Aristotle on Happiness and the Life of Moderation. Aristotle: "Nicomachean Ethics." The Song of God. Bhagavad-Gita. Does Life Have Meaning? Daniel Kolak and Raymond Martin: "The Ethics of Emergencies." 3. How Can I Know What Is Right? Introduction. The Categorical Imperative. Immanuel Kant: "Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals." Utilitarianism. John Stuart Mill: "What Utilitarianism Is." Revaluation of Values. Friedrich Nietzsche: "Beyond Good and Evil and On the Genealogy of Morality." Care versus Rights. Joy Roeger-Mappes: "The Ethic of Care vis-à-vis the Ethic of Rights." Moral Relativism. David Wong: "Relativism." 4. What Makes a Society Just? Introduction. God and Justice. Majid Khadduri: "The Islamic Conception of Justice." Capitalism and Exploitation. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: "Manifesto of the Communist Party." The Original Position. John Rawls: "A Theory of Justice." Our Obligation to the State. Plato: "Crito." Civil Disobedience. Martin Luther King, Jr.: "Letter from Birmingham Jail." Sovereignty and Justice: An Indigenist''s Viewpoint. Ward Churchill: "Perversions of Justice." 5. Is Justice for All Possible? Introduction. Universal Human Rights. René Trujillo: "Human Rights in the "Age of Discovery"."United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Racism and Feminism. bell hooks: "Ain''t I a Woman." Globalization and Justice. Benjamin R. Barber: "Jihad vs. McWorld." Terrorism and Morality. Bat-Ami Bar On: "Why Terrorism is Morally Problematic." Justice and the Land. Aldo Leopold: "The Land Ethic." Part III: EPISTEMOLOGY. 6. Is Knowledge Possible? Introduction. Sufi Mysticism. Al-Ghazali: "Deliverance from Error." Is Certainty Possible? René Descartes: "Meditations I and II." Empiricism and Limited Skepticism. David Hume: "An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding." Should We Believe Beyond the Evidence? William K. Clifford: "The Ethics of Belief." William James: "The Will to Believe." Classical Indian Epistemology. D. M. Datta: "Knowledge and the Methods of Knowledge." Afrocentric Feminist Epistemology. Patricia Hill Collins: "Toward an Afrocentric Feminist Epistemology." 7. Does Science Tell us the Whole Truth and Nothing But the Truth? Introduction. The Growth of Scientific Knowledge. Karl R. Popper: "Conjectures and Refutations." Scientific Revolutions. Thomas S. Kuhn: "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions." Feminism and Science. Elizabeth Anderson: "Knowledge, Human Interests, and Objectivity in Feminist Epistemology." Japanese Views of Western Science. Thomas P. Kasulis: "Sushi, Science, and Spirituality." Science and Traditional Thought. Kwame Anthony Appiah: "Old Gods, New Worlds." Part IV: METAPHYSICS. 8. What Is Really Real? Introduction. The Dao. Laozi: "Dao De Jing." Platonic Dualism. Plato: "The Republic." Nondualism. Shankara: "The Crest-Jewel of Discrimination." Subjective Idealism. George Berkeley: "The Principles of Human Knowledge." Pre-Columbian Cosmologies. Jorge Valadez: "Pre-Columbian Philosophical Perspectives." So What Is Real? Jorge Luis Borges: "The Circular Ruins." 9. Are We Free or Determined? Introduction. We Are Determined. Laura Waddell Ekstrom: "Arguments for Incompatibilism." We Are Free. Jean-Paul Sartre: "Existentialism." Karma and Freedom. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: "Karma and Freedom." We Are Both Free and Determined. Raymond M. Smullyan: "Is God a Taoist?" 10. What Am I? Introduction. You Are Yo

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
PART I INTRODUCTION	1	(22)
What Is Philosophy?	2	(21)
A Definition of Philosophy	2	(5)
What Is Rationality?	7	(5)
Why Study Multicultural Philosophy?	12	(3)
The Clash or Dialogue of Civilizations?	14	(1)
Joseph Prabhu
Does Philosophy Bake Bread?	15	(5)
On the Value of Philosophy	17	(3)
Bertrand Russell
Reading Philosophy	20	(3)
PART II ETHICS	23	(224)
How Should One Live?	24	(56)
Introduction	24	(2)
The Buddha and the Middle Way	26	(6)
The Buddha: The Four Noble Truths	27	(2)
The Fourth Noble Truth	29	(3)
Walpola Rahula
Confucius and the Life of Virtue	32	(8)
Confucius and Moral Character	34	(6)
D. C. Lau
Socrates on Living the Examined Life	40	(15)
The Apology	42	(13)
Plato
Aristotle on Happiness and the Life of Moderation	55	(10)
Nicomachean Ethics	57	(8)
Aristotle
The Song of God	65	(8)
Bhagavad-Gita	67	(6)
Does Life Have Meaning?	73	(7)
Meaning	74	(6)
Daniel Kolak
Raymond Martin
How Can I Know What Is Right?	80	(51)
Introduction	80	(1)
Kant and the Categorical Imperative	81	(7)
Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals	83	(5)
Immanuel Kant
Utilitarianism	88	(8)
What Utilitarianism Is	90	(6)
John Stuart Mill
Revaluation of Values	96	(12)
Beyond Good and Evil	99	(4)
Friedrich Nietzsche
On the Genealogy of Morality	103	(5)
Care versus Rights	108	(15)
The Ethic of Care vis-a-vis the Ethic of Rights	110	(13)
Joy Kroeger-Mappes
Moral Relativism	123	(8)
Relativism	124	(7)
David Wong
What Makes a Society Just?	131	(65)
Introduction	131	(1)
God and Justice	132	(9)
The Islamic Conception of Justice	135	(6)
Majid Khadduri
Capitalism and Exploitation	141	(11)
Manifesto of the Communist Party	144	(8)
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
The Original Position	152	(12)
A Theory of Justice	153	(11)
John Rawls
Our Obligation to the State	164	(8)
Crito	166	(6)
Plato
Civil Disobedience	172	(11)
Letter from Birmingham Jail	174	(9)
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Sovereignty and Justice: An Indigenist's Viewpoint	183	(13)
Perversions of Justice	184	(12)
Ward Churchill
Is Justice for All Possible?	196	(51)
Introduction	196	(1)
Universal Human Rights	197	(7)
Human Rights in the ``Age of Discovery''	198	(2)
Rene Trujillo
United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights	200	(4)
Racism and Feminism	204	(9)
Ain't I a Woman	205	(8)
bell hooks
Globalization and Justice	213	(11)
Jihad vs. McWorld	214	(10)
Benjamin R. Barber
Terrorism and Morality	224	(10)
Bat-Ami Bar On: Why Terrorism Is Morally Problematic	225	(9)
Justice and the Land	234	(13)
The Land Ethic	235	(12)
Aldo Leopold
PART III EPISTEMOLOGY	247	(116)
Is Knowledge Possible?	248	(53)
Introduction	248	(2)
Sufi Mysticism	250	(9)
Deliverance from Error	252	(7)
Al-Ghazali
Is Certainty Possible?	259	(8)
Meditations I and II	261	(6)
Rene Descartes
Empiricism and Limited Skepticism	267	(9)
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding	270	(6)
David Hume
Should We Believe Beyond the Evidence?	276	(8)
The Ethics of Belief	278	(1)
William K. Clifford
The Will to Believe	279	(5)
William James
Classical Indian Epistemology	284	(5)
Knowledge and the Methods of Knowledge	286	(3)
D. M. Datta
Afrocentric Feminist Epistemology	289	(12)
Toward an Afrocentric Feminist Epistemology	291	(10)
Patricia Hill Collins
Does Science Tell Us the Whole Truth and Nothing but the Truth?	301	(62)
Introduction	301	(1)
The Growth of Scientific Knowledge	302	(7)
Conjectures and Refutations	304	(5)
Karl R. Popper
Scientific Revolutions	309	(13)
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions	311	(11)
Thomas S. Kuhn
Feminism and Science	322	(14)
Knowledge, Human Interests, and Objectivity in Feminist Epistemology	324	(12)
Elizabeth Anderson
Japanese Views of Western Science	336	(15)
Sushi, Science, and Spirituality	338	(13)
Thomas P. Kasulis
Science and Traditional Thought	351	(12)
Old Gods, New Worlds	352	(11)
Kwame Anthony Appiah
PART IV METAPHYSICS	363	(198)
What Is Really Real?	364	(48)
Introduction	364	(2)
The Dao	366	(9)
Dao De Jing	369	(6)
Laozi
Platonic Dualism	375	(10)
The Republic	378	(7)
Plato
Nondualism	385	(8)
The Crest-Jewel of Discrimination	386	(7)
Shankara
Subjective Idealism	393	(7)
The Principles of Human Knowledge	396	(4)
George Berkeley
Pre-Columbian Cosmologies	400	(6)
Pre-Columbian Philosophical Perspectives	401	(5)
Jorge Valadez
So What Is Real?	406	(6)
The Circular Ruins	407	(5)
Jorge Luis Borges
Are We Free or Determined?	412	(29)
Introduction	412	(1)
We Are Determined	413	(6)
Arguments for Incompatibilism	415	(4)
Laura Waddell Ekstrom
We Are Free	419	(8)
Existentialism	420	(7)
Jean-Paul Sartre
Karma and Freedom	427	(4)
Karma and Freedom	428	(3)
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
We Are Both Free and Determined	431	(10)
Is God a Taoist?	433	(8)
Raymond M. Smullyan
What Am I?	441	(32)
Introduction	441	(2)
You Are Your Mind	443	(4)
Meditation VI	445	(2)
Rene Descartes
You Are an Embodied Self	447	(10)
Body, Mind, and Gender	449	(8)
Eve Browning Cole
You Are a Computing Machine	457	(6)
Computing the Mind	458	(5)
Bruce H. Hinrichs
You Are Not a Machine	463	(10)
Can Computers Think?	465	(8)
John Searle
Who Am I?	473	(36)
Introduction	473	(1)
There Is No Self	474	(5)
The Buddha: False Doctrines about the Soul	476	(1)
The Simile of the Chariot	477	(2)
Down with the Ego	479	(6)
Divided Minds and the Nature of Persons	480	(5)
Derek Parfit
Where Am I?	485	(10)
Brainstorms	487	(8)
Daniel Dennett
Social Identity	495	(8)
How to Tame a Wild Tongue	496	(7)
Gloria Anzaldua
Gender Identity	503	(6)
Crossing	504	(5)
Deirdre (Donald) N. McCloskey
Is There a God?	509	(52)
Introduction	509	(1)
Arguments for God's Existence	510	(6)
The Five Ways	512	(2)
St. Thomas Aquinas
The Kalam Argument from Islam	514	(1)
William Craig
Problems with the Cosmological Argument	515	(1)
Gunapala Dharmasiri
Hinduism and Science	516	(6)
Science and Dharma	518	(4)
P. Venugopala Rao
Creation vs. Evolution	522	(12)
The Blind Watchmaker	525	(9)
Richard Dawkins
The Mystery of Evil	534	(8)
The Problem of Evil	535	(7)
Louis P. Pojman
The Gender of God	542	(7)
Beyond God the Father	544	(5)
Mary Daly
Are All Religions True?	549	(12)
Beyond Pluralism	551	(10)
John B. Cobb, Jr.
Appendix I Glossary	561	(8)
Appendix II Pronunciation Guides	569