The Wadsworth Handbook

by Kirszner, Laurie G.; Mandell, Stephen R.

• ISBN13: 9781413030624
• ISBN10: 1413030629
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-04-03
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

With practical advice on topics ranging from writing effective essays, paragraphs, and sentences to documenting sources and designing Web pages, THE WADSWORTH HANDBOOK is the essential tool for any college student! Tailored to the way students like you study and learn, this handbook is THE go-to guide for every kind of writing-in and out of the classroom. THE WADSWORTH HANDBOOK, Eighth Edition, helps you produce sound academic writing, introducing you to the principles of college writing in the twenty-first century.

Table of Contents

Note to Students	p. xi
Note to Instructors	p. xv
Writing Essays	p. 1
Understanding Purpose, Audience, and Tone	p. 2
Determining Your Purpose	p. 2
Identifying Your Audience	p. 9
Setting Your Tone	p. 12
Reading Texts	p. 15
Previewing a Text	p. 15
Highlighting a Text	p. 16
Annotating a Text	p. 16
Reading Visuals	p. 22
Interpreting a Visual	p. 24
Previewing a Visual	p. 25
Highlighting and Annotating a Visual	p. 26
Planning an Essay	p. 29
Understanding the Writing Process	p. 29
Computers and the Writing Process	p. 30
Analyzing Your Assignment	p. 31
Choosing and Narrowing a Topic	p. 32
Finding Something to Say	p. 34
Using a Thesis to Shape Your Material	p. 41
Understanding Thesis and Support	p. 41
Developing a Thesis	p. 42
Constructing an Informal Outline	p. 46
Constructing a Formal Outline	p. 47
Constructing a Storyboard	p. 49
Drafting and Revising	p. 52
Writing a Rough Draft	p. 52
Moving from Rough Draft to Final Draft	p. 55
Using Specific Revision Strategies	p. 58
Editing and Proofreading	p. 68
Preparing a Final Draft	p. 71
Writing Paragraphs	p. 78
Writing Unified Paragraphs	p. 79
Writing Coherent Paragraphs	p. 82
Writing Well-Developed Paragraphs	p. 88
Patterns of Paragraph Development	p. 90
Writing Special Kinds of Paragraphs	p. 99
Thinking Critically and Writing Arguments	p. 105
Thinking Critically	p. 106
Distinguishing Fact from Opinion	p. 106
Evaluating Supporting Evidence	p. 108
Detecting Bias	p. 109
Using Logic	p. 113
Understanding Inductive Reasoning	p. 113
Understanding Deductive Reasoning	p. 115
Using Toulmin Logic	p. 117
Recognizing Logical Fallacies	p. 120
Writing Argumentative Essays	p. 125
Planning an Argumentative Essay	p. 125
Using Evidence Effectively	p. 129
Organizing an Argumentative Essay	p. 132
Writing and Revising an Argumentative Essay	p. 133
Using Visuals to Support Your Arguments	p. 142
Using Visuals	p. 142
Evaluating Visuals	p. 145
Writing Electronic Arguments	p. 149
Considering Audience and Purpose	p. 149
Shaping Electronic Arguments	p. 150
Writing and Revising Electronic Arguments	p. 151
Doing Research	p. 153
Writing a Research Paper	p. 154
Moving from Assignment to Topic	p. 155
Doing Exploratory Research and Formulating a Research Question	p. 158
Assembling a Working Bibliography	p. 159
Developing a Tentative Thesis	p. 162
Doing Focused Research	p. 163
Taking Notes	p. 164
Fine-Tuning Your Thesis	p. 169
Constructing an Outline	p. 171
Writing a Rough Draft	p. 173
Revising Your Drafts	p. 176
Preparing a Final Draft	p. 180
Using and Evaluating Library Sources	p. 181
Doing Exploratory Library Research	p. 181
Doing Focused Library Research	p. 187
Evaluating the Library's Print and Electronic Sources	p. 193
Doing Research Outside the Library	p. 196
Using and Evaluating Internet Sources	p. 198
Understanding the Internet	p. 198
Using the World Wide Web for Research	p. 199
Using Other Internet Tools	p. 207
Evaluating Internet Sites	p. 208
Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Quoting, and Synthesizing Sources	p. 213
Writing a Summary	p. 213
Writing a Paraphrase	p. 215
Quoting Sources	p. 217
Integrating Source Material into Your Writing	p. 219
Synthesizing Sources	p. 223
Avoiding Plagiarism	p. 224
Defining Plagiarism	p. 224
Avoiding Unintentional Plagiarism	p. 225
Revising to Eliminate Plagiarism	p. 226
Documenting Sources: MLA Style	p. 233
MLA Documentation Style	p. 239
Using MLA Style	p. 239
MLA-Style Manuscript Guidelines	p. 264
Sample MLA-Style Research Paper	p. 266
Documenting Sources: APA and Other Styles	p. 281
APA Documentation Style	p. 284
Using APA Style	p. 284
APA-Style Manuscript Guidelines	p. 294
Sample APA-Style Research Paper	p. 297
Chicago Documentation Style	p. 310
Using Chicago Style	p. 310
Chicago-Style Manuscript Guidelines	p. 321
Sample Chicago-Style Research Paper (Excerpts)	p. 323
CSE and other Documentation Styles	p. 330
Using CSE Style	p. 330
CSE-Style Manuscript Guidelines	p. 335
Sample CSE-Style Research Paper (Excerpts)	p. 336
Using Other Documentation Styles	p. 339
Writing in the Disciplines	p. 341
Writing in the Humanities	p. 342
Understanding Purpose, Audience, and Tone	p. 342
Writing Assignments	p. 343
Conventions of Style, Format, and Documentation	p. 348
Avoiding Plagiarism	p. 348
Using Visuals and Technology	p. 348
Research Sources	p. 349
Writing a Literary Analysis	p. 352
Reading Literature	p. 352
Writing about Literature	p. 353
Sample Literary Analysis (without Sources)	p. 355
Sample Literary Analysis (with Sources)	p. 359
Writing a Literary Argument	p. 366
Planning a Literary Argument	p. 366
Supporting Your Literary Argument	p. 368
Organizing a Literary Argument	p. 371
Sample Literary Argument	p. 372
Writing in the Social Sciences	p. 380
Understanding Purpose, Audience, and Tone	p. 380
Writing Assignments	p. 381
Conventions of Style, Format, and Documentation	p. 388
Avoiding Plagiarism	p. 388
Using Visuals and Technology	p. 388
Research Sources	p. 389
Writing in the Natural and Applied Sciences	p. 392
Understanding Purpose, Audience, and Tone	p. 392
Writing Assignments	p. 393
Conventions of Style, Format, and Documentation	p. 397
Avoiding Plagiarism	p. 398
Using Visuals and Technology	p. 398
Research Sources	p. 398
Developing Strategies for Academic Success	p. 401
Ten Habits of Successful Students	p. 402
Learn to Manage Your Time Effectively	p. 402
Put Studying First	p. 404
Be Sure You Understand School and Course Requirements	p. 405
Be an Active Learner in the Classroom	p. 407
Be an Active Learner Outside the Classroom	p. 408
Take Advantage of College Services	p. 409
Use the Library	p. 410
Use Technology	p. 411
Make Contacts	p. 412
Be a Lifelong Learner	p. 413
Writing Essay Exams	p. 415
Planning an Essay Exam Answer	p. 416
Shaping an Essay Exam Answer	p. 419
Writing and Revising an Essay Exam Answer	p. 420
Writing Paragraph-Length Essay Exam Answers	p. 426
Writing for the Workplace	p. 428
Writing Letters of Application	p. 428
Designing Print Resumes	p. 430
Designing Electronic Resumes	p. 433
Writing Memos	p. 438
Writing Emails and Sending Faxes	p. 440
Designing Effective Documents	p. 442
Creating an Effective Visual Format	p. 442
Using Headings	p. 445
Constructing Lists	p. 447
Using Visuals	p. 449
Using Desktop Publishing	p. 453
Designing a Web Site	p. 456
Planning Your Web Site	p. 456
Creating Your Web Site	p. 457
Selecting and Inserting Visuals	p. 458
Planning Navigation	p. 460
Linking Your Content	p. 462
Editing and Proofreading Your Web Site	p. 463
Posting Your Web Site	p. 463
Making Oral Presentations	p. 464
Getting Started	p. 464
Planning Your Speech	p. 465
Preparing Your Notes	p. 466
Preparing Visual Aids	p. 467
Rehearsing Your Speech	p. 470
Delivering Your Speech	p. 470
Sentence Style	p. 473
Building Simple Sentences	p. 474
Constructing Simple Sentences	p. 474
Identifying Phrases and Clauses	p. 477
Expanding Simple Sentences	p. 479
Building Compound and Complex Sentences	p. 488
Building Compound Sentences	p. 488
Building Complex Sentences	p. 491
Writing Varied Sentences	p. 494
Varying Sentence Length	p. 494
Combining Choppy Simple Sentences	p. 495
Breaking Up Strings of Compound Sentences	p. 497
Varying Sentence Types	p. 498
Varying Sentence Openings	p. 500
Varying Standard Word Order	p. 501
Writing Emphatic Sentences	p. 503
Conveying Emphasis through Word Order	p. 503
Conveying Emphasis through Sentence Structure	p. 506
Conveying Emphasis through Parallelism and Balance	p. 509
Conveying Emphasis through Repetition	p. 509
Conveying Emphasis through Active Voice	p. 510
Writing Concise Sentences	p. 513
Eliminating Wordiness	p. 513
Eliminating Unnecessary Repetition	p. 516
Tightening Rambling Sentences	p. 517
Solving Common Sentence Problems	p. 521
Revising Sentence Fragments	p. 522
Recognizing Sentence Fragments	p. 522
Revising Dependent Clause Fragments	p. 524
Revising Phrase Fragments	p. 525
Revising Compounds	p. 529
Using Fragments Intentionally	p. 530
Revising Run-ons	p. 532
Recognizing Comma Splices and Fused Sentences	p. 532
Revising with Periods	p. 533
Revising with Semicolons	p. 533
Revising with Coordinating Conjunctions	p. 534
Revising with Subordinating Conjunctions or Relative Pronouns	p. 534
Revising Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers	p. 537
Revising Misplaced Modifiers	p. 537
Revising Intrusive Modifiers	p. 541
Revising Dangling Modifiers	p. 542
Using Parallelism	p. 544
Using Parallelism Effectively	p. 544
Revising Faulty Parallelism	p. 546
Revising Awkward or Confusing Sentences	p. 548
Revising Unwarranted Shifts	p. 548
Revising Mixed Constructions	p. 551
Revising Faulty Predication	p. 552
Revising Incomplete or Illogical Comparisons	p. 553
Using Words Effectively	p. 555
Choosing Words	p. 556
Choosing an Appropriate Level of Diction	p. 556
Choosing the Right Word	p. 559
Using Figures of Speech	p. 561
Avoiding Inappropriate Language	p. 563
Avoiding Offensive Language	p. 566
Using a Dictionary	p. 570
Understanding a Dictionary Entry	p. 570
Surveying Dictionaries	p. 574
Improving Spelling	p. 575
Understanding Spelling and Pronunciation	p. 575
Learning Spelling Rules	p. 577
Developing Spelling Skills	p. 581
Understanding Grammar	p. 583
Using Parts of Speech	p. 584
Using Nouns	p. 584
Using Pronouns	p. 584
Using Verbs	p. 586
Using Adjectives	p. 588
Using Adverbs	p. 589
Using Prepositions	p. 590
Using Conjunctions	p. 591
Using Interjections	p. 592
Using Nouns and Pronouns	p. 593
Understanding Case	p. 593
Determining Pronoun Case in Special Situations	p. 594
Revising Pronoun Reference Errors	p. 596
Using Verbs	p. 600
Understanding Verb Forms	p. 600
Understanding Tense	p. 604
Understanding Mood	p. 609
Understanding Voice	p. 610
Revising Agreement Errors	p. 613
Making Subjects and Verbs Agree	p. 613
Making Pronouns and Antecedents Agree	p. 619
Using Adjectives and Adverbs	p. 623
Understanding Adjectives and Adverbs	p. 623
Using Adjectives	p. 623
Using Adverbs	p. 624
Using Comparative and Superlative Forms	p. 625
Avoiding Illogical Comparatives and Superlatives	p. 627
Understanding Punctuation and Mechanics	p. 629
Using End Punctuation	p. 630
Using Periods	p. 630
Using Question Marks	p. 632
Using Exclamation Points	p. 633
Using Commas	p. 634
Setting Off Independent Clauses	p. 634
Setting Off Items in a Series	p. 635
Setting Off Introductory Elements	p. 637
Setting Off Nonessential Material	p. 639
Using Commas in Other Conventional Contexts	p. 643
Using Commas to Prevent Misreading	p. 645
Editing Misused Commas	p. 646
Using Semicolons	p. 649
Separating Independent Clauses	p. 649
Separating Independent Clauses Introduced by Transitional Words and Phrases	p. 651
Separating Items in a Series	p. 652
Editing Misused Semicolons	p. 654
Using Apostrophes	p. 656
Forming the Possessive Case	p. 656
Indicating Omissions in Contractions	p. 658
Forming Plurals	p. 660
Editing Misused Apostrophes	p. 661
Using Quotation Marks	p. 663
Setting Off Quoted Speech or Writing	p. 663
Setting Off Long Prose Passages and Poetry	p. 665
Setting Off Titles	p. 667
Setting Off Words Used in Special Ways	p. 668
Using Quotation Marks with Other Punctuation	p. 668
Editing Misused Quotation Marks	p. 669
Using other Punctuation Marks	p. 672
Using Colons	p. 672
Using Dashes	p. 674
Using Parentheses	p. 675
Using Brackets	p. 677
Using Slashes	p. 677
Using Ellipses	p. 678
Knowing When to Capitalize	p. 681
Capitalizing the First Word of a Sentence	p. 681
Capitalizing Proper Nouns	p. 681
Capitalizing Important Words in Titles	p. 685
Capitalizing the Pronoun I, the Interjection O, and Other Single Letters in Special Constructions	p. 685
Capitalizing Salutations and Closings of Letters	p. 686
Editing Misused Capitals	p. 686
Using Italics	p. 688
Setting Off Titles and Names	p. 688
Setting Off Foreign Words and Phrases	p. 689
Setting Off Elements Spoken of as Themselves and Terms Being Defined	p. 689
Using Italics for Emphasis	p. 690
Using Hyphens	p. 691
Breaking a Word at the End of a Line	p. 691
Dividing Compound Words	p. 691
Using Abbreviations	p. 695
Abbreviating Titles	p. 695
Abbreviating Organization Names and Technical Terms	p. 695
Abbreviating Dates, Times of Day, and Temperatures	p. 696
Editing Misused Abbreviations	p. 697
Using Numbers	p. 700
Spelled-Out Numbers versus Numerals	p. 700
Conventional Uses of Numerals	p. 701
Bilingual and ESL Writers	p. 705
Adjusting to the US Classroom	p. 706
Understanding the Writing Process	p. 706
Understanding English Language Basics	p. 708
Learning to Edit Your Work	p. 708
Grammar and Style for ESL Writers	p. 713
Using Verbs	p. 713
Using Nouns	p. 720
Using Pronouns	p. 723
Using Adjectives and Adverbs	p. 726
Using Prepositions	p. 727
Understanding Word Order	p. 730
Glossary of Usage	p. 733
Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms	p. 743
Credits	p. 757
Index	p. 761
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