Western Civilization

by Unknown

• ISBN13: 9780618004768
• ISBN10: 0618004769
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-05-04
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Western Civilization: A Brief Historyemphasizes the history of ideas, presented within a political chronology. Perry's distinctive writing style and unique appoach make this abridged version ofWestern Civilization: Ideas, Politics & Societyan engaging text for the Western civilization survey course.

Table of Contents

Maps	xix
Chronologies	xx
Preface	xxi
Map Essay
PART ONE The Ancient World: Foundation of the West TO. A.D. 500	2	(140)
The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations	4	(24)
Prehistory	4	(3)
The Rise to Civilization	7	(2)
Mesopotamian Civilization	9	(5)
Religion: The basis of Mesopotamian Civilization	10	(2)
Government, Law, and Economy	12	(1)
Mathematics, Astronomy, and Medicine	13	(1)
Egyptian Civilization	14	(6)
From the Old Kingdom to the Middle Kingdom	15	(1)
Religion: The Basis of Egyptian Civilization	16	(1)
Divine Kingship	16	(2)
Science and Mathematics	18	(1)
The New Kingdom and the Decline of Egyptian Civilization	18	(2)
Empire Builders	20	(3)
Hittites	20	(1)
Small Nations	20	(1)
Assyria	21	(1)
Persia: Unifier of the Near East	22	(1)
The Religious Orientation of the Ancient Near East	23	(5)
A Myth-Making World-View	24	(2)
Near Eastern Achievements	26	(1)
Notes
Suggested Reading
Review Questions	26	(2)
The Hebrews: A New View of God and the Individual	28	(13)
Early Hebrew History	28	(2)
God: One, Sovereign, Transcendent, Good	30	(2)
The Individual and Moral Autonomy	32	(2)
The Covenant and the Law	34	(2)
The Hebrew Idea of History	36	(1)
The Prophets	36	(3)
The Legacy of the Ancient Jews	39	(2)
Notes
Suggested Reading
Review Questions	40	(1)
The Greeks: From Myth to Reason	41	(44)
Early Aegean Civilizations	41	(2)
Evolution of the City-States	43	(10)
Homer: Shaper of the Greek Spirit	43	(2)
The Break with Theocratic Politics	45	(1)
Sparta: A Garrison State	46	(1)
Athens: The Rise of Democracy	47	(3)
The Persian Wars	50	(1)
The Mature Athenian Democracy	51	(2)
The Decline of the City-States	53	(3)
The Peloponnesian War	54	(1)
The Fourth Century	55	(1)
The Dilemma of Greek Politics	55	(1)
Philosophy in the Hellenistic Age	56	(11)
The Cosmologists: A Rational Inquiry into Nature	56	(4)
The Sophists: A Rational Investigation of Human Culture	60	(1)
Socrates: Shaping the Rational Individual	61	(2)
Plato: The Rational Society	63	(2)
Aristotle: Synthesis of Greek Thought	65	(2)
Art	67	(1)
Poetry and Drama	68	(2)
History	70	(2)
Herodotus	71	(1)
Thucydides	71	(1)
The Hellenistic Age: The Second Stage of Greek Civilization	72	(4)
Alexander the Great	73	(1)
The Competing Dynasties	74	(1)
Cosmopolitanism	74	(2)
Hellenistic Thought and Culture	76	(5)
History	77	(1)
Art	77	(1)
Science	77	(1)
Philosophy	78	(3)
The Greek Achievement: Reason, Freedom, Humanism	81	(4)
Notes
Suggested Reading
Review Questions	82	(3)
Rome: From City-State to World Empire	85	(37)
Evolution of the Roman Constitution	85	(4)
Roman Expansion to 146 B.C.	89	(5)
The Uniting of Italy	89	(1)
The Conquest of the Mediterranean World	90	(2)
The Consequences of Expansion	92	(2)
Culture in the Republic	94	(2)
The Collapse of the Republic	96	(4)
The Gracchian Revolution	96	(2)
Rival Generals	98	(1)
Julius Caesar	98	(1)
The Republic's Last Years	99	(1)
Augustus and the Foundations of the Roman Empire	100	(1)
The Pax Romana	101	(10)
The Successors of Augustus	101	(3)
The ``Time of Happiness''	104	(1)
Roman Culture and Law During the Pax Romana	105	(6)
Signs of Trouble	111	(3)
Social and Economic Weaknesses	111	(1)
Cultural Stagnation and Transformation	112	(2)
The Decline of Rome	114	(6)
Third-Century Crisis	114	(1)
Diocletian and Constantine: The Regimented State	115	(2)
Tribal Migrations and Invasions	117	(1)
Reasons for Rome's Decline	117	(3)
The Roman Legacy	120	(2)
Notes
Suggested Reading
Review Questions	120	(2)
Early Christianity: A World Religion	122	(20)
The Origins of Christianity	122	(6)
Judaism in the First Century B.C.	123	(1)
Jesus: Moral Transformation of the Individual	124	(2)
Saint Paul: From a Jewish Sect to a World Religion	126	(2)
The Spread and Triumph of Christianity	128	(3)
The Appeal of Christianity	128	(1)
Christianity and Rome	129	(1)
Christianity and Greek Philosophy	130	(1)
Development of Christian Organization, Doctrine, and Attitudes	131	(5)
The Primacy of the Bishop of Rome	132	(1)
The Rise of Monasticism	132	(1)
The Scriptural Tradition and Doctrinal Disputes	133	(1)
Christianity and Society	134	(1)
Christianity and the Jews	134	(2)
Saint Augustine: The Christian World-View	136	(2)
Christianity and Classical Humanism: Alternative World-Views	138	(4)
Notes
Suggested Reading
Review Questions	140	(2)
PART TWO The Middle Ages: The Christian Centuries 500-1400	142	(68)
The Rise of Europe: Fusion of Classical, Christian, and Germanic Traditions	144	(38)
The Medieval East	144	(5)
Byzantium	144	(2)
Islam	146	(3)
Latin Christendom in the Early Middle Ages	149	(8)
Political, Economic, and Intellectual Transformation	149	(2)
The Church: Shaper of Medieval Civilization	151	(2)
The Kingdom of the Franks	153	(1)
The Era of Charlemagne	153	(3)
The Breakup of Charlemagne's Empire	156	(1)
Feudal Society	157	(3)
Vassalage	157	(1)
Feudal Warriors	158	(1)
Noblewomen	158	(2)
Agrarian Society	160	(1)
Economic Expansion During the High Middle Ages	161	(4)
An Agricultural Revolution	161	(2)
The Revival of Trade	163	(1)
The Rise of Towns	163	(2)
The Rise of States	165	(4)
England	165	(3)
France	168	(1)
Germany	169	(1)
The Growth of Papal Power	169	(9)
Gregorian Reform	169	(4)
The Crusades	173	(2)
Dissenters and Reformers	175	(2)
Innocent III: The Apex of Papal Power	177	(1)
Christians and Jews	178	(4)
Notes
Suggested Reading
Review Questions	180	(2)
The Flowering and Dissolution of Medieval Civilization	182	(28)
Revival of Learning	182	(2)
The Medieval World-View	184	(3)
The Universe: Higher and Lower Worlds	184	(2)
The Individual: Sinful but Redeemable	186	(1)
Philosophy, Science, and Law	187	(5)
Saint Anselm and Abelard	188	(1)
Saint Thomas Aquinas: The Synthesis of Faith and Reason	189	(1)
Science	190	(1)
Recovery of Roman Law	191	(1)
Literature	192	(3)
Art Insert Art as History: The Ancient World Through The Middle Ages After	192	(3)
Architecture	195	(1)
The Fourteenth Century: An Age of Adversity	195	(4)
The Decline of the Papacy	199	(2)
Conflict with France	199	(1)
The Great Schism and the Conciliar Movement	200	(1)
Fourteenth-Century Heresies	201	(1)
Breakup of the Thomistic Synthesis	201	(1)
The Middle Ages and the Modern World: Continuity and Discontinuity	202	(8)
Notes
Suggested Reading
Review Questions	207	(3)
PART THREE The Rise of Modernity: From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment 1350-1789	210	(104)
Transition to the Modern Age: Renaissance and Reformation	212	(32)
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance	213	(3)
The Renaissance Outlook	216	(4)
Humanism	216	(3)
A Revolution in Political Thought	219	(1)
Renaissance Art	220	(2)
The Spread of the Renaissance	222	(3)
Erasmian Humanism	223	(1)
French and English Humanism	224	(1)
The Renaissance and the Modern Age	225	(1)
Background to the Reformation: The Medieval Church in Crisis	226	(2)
The Lutheran Revolt	228	(4)
The Break with Catholicism	228	(3)
The Appeal and Spread of Lutheranism	231	(1)
The Spread of the Reformation	232	(5)
Calvinism	232	(2)
France	234	(1)
England	234	(1)
The Radical Reformation	235	(2)
The Catholic Response	237	(2)
The Reformation and the Modern Age	239	(5)
Notes
Suggested Reading
Review Questions	242	(2)
Political and Economic Transformation: National States, Overseas Expansion, Commercial Revolution	244	(34)
Toward the Modern State	244	(3)
Hapsburg Spain	247	(4)
Ferdinand and Isabella	248	(1)
The Reign of Charles V: King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor	248	(2)
Philip II	250	(1)
The End of the Spanish Hapsburgs	250	(1)
The Growth of French Power	251	(6)
Religion and the French State	252	(2)
The Consolidation of French Monarchical Power	254	(3)
The Growth of Limited Monarchy and Constitutionalism in England	257	(4)
The Tudor Achievement	258	(1)
The English Revolution, 1640-1660 and 1688-1689	258	(3)
The Holy Roman Empire: The Failure to Unify Germany	261	(2)
European Expansion	263	(5)
Forces Behind the Expansion	263	(2)
The Portuguese Empire	265	(1)
The Spanish Empire	266	(2)
Black Slavery and the Slave Trade	268	(1)
The Price Revolution	269	(1)
The Expansion of Agriculture	269	(2)
The Expansion of Trade and Industry	271	(3)
Innovations in Business	272	(1)
Different Patterns of Commercial Development	272	(2)
The Fostering of Mercantile Capitalism	274	(1)
Toward a Global Economy	275	(3)
Notes
Suggested Reading
Review Questions	276	(2)
Intellectual Transformation: The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment	278	(36)
The Medieval View of the Universe	278	(1)
A New View of Nature	279	(6)
Nicolaus Copernicus: The Dethronement of the Earth	280	(1)
Galileo: Uniformity of Nature and Experimental Physics	281	(2)
Attack on Authority	283	(1)
Johannes Kepler: Laws of Planetary Motion	284	(1)
The Newtonian Synthesis	285	(1)
Prophets of Modern Science	286	(3)
Francis Bacon: The Inductive Method	287	(1)
Rene Descarts: The Deductive Method	287	(2)
The Meaning of the Scientific Revolution	289	(2)
The Age of Enlightenment: Affirmation of Reason and Freedom	291	(1)
Christianity Assailed: The Search for a Natural Religion	292	(2)
Political Thought	294	(5)
Seventeenth-Century Antecedents: Hobbes and Locke	294	(2)
Montesquieu	296	(1)
Voltaire	296	(2)
Rousseau	298	(1)
Social and Economic Thought	299	(6)
Epistemology, Psychology, and Education	299	(1)
Freedom of Conscience and Thought	300	(1)
Humanitarianism	301	(3)
Laissez-Faire Economics	304	(1)
The Idea of Progress	304	(1)
War, Revolution, and Politics	305	(4)
Warfare and Revolution	306	(2)
Enlightened Despotism	308	(1)
The Enlightenment and the Modern Mentality	309	(5)
Notes
Suggested Reading
Review Questions	310	(4)
PART FOUR The Modern West: Progress and Breakdown 1789-1914	314	(186)
The Era of the French Revolution: Affirmation of Liberty and Equality	316	(33)
The Old Regime	316	(7)
The First Estate	316	(1)
The Second Estate	317	(1)
The Third Estate	318	(2)
Inefficient Administration and Financial Disorder	320	(1)
The Roles of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution	320	(1)
A Bourgeois Revolution?	321	(2)
The Moderate Stage, 1789-1791	323	(5)
Formation of the National Assembly	323	(1)
Storming of the Bastille	324	(1)
The Great Fear	325	(1)
October Days	325	(1)
Reforms of the National Assembly	326	(2)
The Radical Stage, 1792-1794	328	(7)
The Sans-Culottes	328	(1)
Foreign Invasion	329	(2)
The Jacobins	331	(1)
The Nation in Arms	331	(1)
The Republic of Virtue and the Reign of Terror	332	(2)
The Fall of Robespierre	334	(1)
Napoleon and France: Return to Autocratic Rule	335	(3)
An Enlightened Despot	335	(2)
Legal, Educational, and Financial Policies	337	(1)
Napolean and Europe: Diffusion of Revolutionary Institutions	338	(2)
The Fall of Napolean	340	(4)
Failure to Subdue England	341	(1)
The Spanish Ulcer	341	(1)
The German War of Liberation	341	(1)
Disaster in Russia	342	(1)
Final Defeat	343	(1)
The Meaning of the French Revolution	344	(5)
Notes
Suggested Reading
Review Questions	346	(3)
The Industrial Revolution: The Transformation of Society	349	(19)
The Rise of the Industrial Age	349	(5)
Britain First	351	(1)
Changes in Technology	351	(3)
Society Transformed	354	(4)
Changes in Social Structure	355	(2)
Working-Class Life	357	(1)
The Rise of Reform in Britain	358	(4)
Responses to Industrialization	362	(3)
Liberalism	362	(1)
Early Socialism	363	(2)
Industrialism in Perspective	365	(3)
Note
Suggested Reading
Review Questions	367	(1)
Thought and Culture in the Early Nineteenth Century	368	(20)
Romanticism: A New Cultural Orientation	368	(5)
Exalting Imagination and Feelings	369	(2)
Nature, God, History	371	(1)
The Impact of the Romantic Movement	372	(1)
German Idealism	373	(5)
The Challenge Posed by Hume's Empiricism	374	(1)
Immanuel Kant	374	(1)
G. W. F. Hegel	375	(3)
Conservatism: The Value of Tradition	378	(2)
Hostility to the French Revolution	378	(1)
The Quest for Social Stability	379	(1)
Liberalism: The Value of the Individual	380	(3)
The Sources of Liberalism	380	(1)
Individual Liberty	381	(1)
Liberalism and Democracy	382	(1)
Nationalism: The Sacredness of the Nation	383	(5)
The Emergence of Modern Nationalism	383	(2)
Nationalism and Liberalism	385	(1)
Notes
Suggested Reading
Review Questions	386	(2)
Surge of Liberalism and Nationalism: Revolution, Counterrevolution, and Unification	388	(26)
The Congress of Vienna	388	(4)
Statesmen and Issues	388	(2)
The Settlement	390	(2)
Revolutions, 1820 --- 1829	392	(2)
Revolutions, 1830 --- 1832	394	(2)
The Revolutions of 1848: France	396	(2)
The February Revolution	396	(1)
The June Days: Revolution of the Oppressed	397	(1)
The Revolutions of 1848: Germany, Austria, and Italy	398	(3)
The German States: Liberalism Discredited	398	(1)
Austria: Hapsburg Dominance	399	(2)
Italy: Continued Fragmentation	401	(1)
The Revolutions of 1848: An Assessment	401	(1)
The Unification of Italy	402	(4)
Mazzini: The Soul of the Risorgimento	402	(1)
Cavour and Victory over Austria	403	(1)
Garibaldi and Victory in the South	404	(1)
Italian Unification Completed	405	(1)
The Unification of Germany	406	(5)
Prussia, Agent of Unification	406	(1)
Bismarck and the Road to Unity	406	(5)
Nationality Problems in the Hapsburg Empire	411	(3)
Notes
Suggested Reading
Review Questions	412	(2)
Thought and Culture in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: Realism and Social Criticism	414	(21)
Realism and Naturalism	414	(2)
Positivism	416	(1)
Darwinism	417	(4)
Natural Selection	417	(1)
Darwinism and Christianity	418	(2)
Social Darwinism	420	(1)
Marxism	421	(6)
A Science of History	422	(2)
Class Conflict	424	(1)
The Destruction of Capitalism	424	(2)
Marx's Influence	426	(1)
Critics of Marx	426	(1)
Liberalism in Transition	427	(3)
John Stuart Mill	428	(1)
Thomas Hill Green	429	(1)
Feminism: Extending the Principle of Equality	430	(5)
Notes
Suggested Reading
Review Questions	432	(3)
Europe in the Late Nineteenth Century: Modernization, Nationalism, Imperialism	435	(39)
The Advance of Industry	436	(4)
Accelerated Urbanization	438	(1)
The Rise of Socialist Parties	438	(2)
Great Britain: Reform and Unrest	440	(3)
Social Reform	440	(1)
Feminist Agitation	441	(1)
The Irish Question	442	(1)
France: A Troubled Nation	443	(2)
Germany: The Power State	445	(1)
Italy: Unfulfilled Expectations	446	(1)
Russia: Tsarist Autocracy	447	(3)
The Rise of Racial Nationalism	450	(7)
Volkish Thought	452	(1)
Anti-Semitism	453	(4)
The Emergence of the New Imperialism	457	(3)
Causes	458	(1)
Control and Resistance	459	(1)
European Domination of Asia	460	(6)
India	460	(3)
China	463	(1)
Japan	464	(2)
The Scramble for Africa	466	(4)
The Berlin Conference	468	(1)
The British in Africa	468	(2)
Other European Countries in Africa	470	(1)
The Legacy of Imperialism	470	(4)
Notes
Suggested Reading
Review Questions	472	(2)
Modern Consciousness: New Views of Nature, Human Nature, and the Arts	474	(26)
Irrationalism	474	(6)
Nietzsche	475	(4)
Bergson	479	(1)
Sorel	480	(1)
Freud: A New View of Human Nature	480	(4)
Social Thought: Confronting the Irrational and the Complexities of Modern Society	484	(3)
Durkheim	484	(1)
Pareto	485	(1)
Weber	486	(1)
The Modernist Movement	487	(5)
Breaking with Conventional Modes of Esthetics	488	(1)
Modern Art	489	(3)
Modern Physics	492	(2)
The Enlightenment Tradition in Disarray	494	(6)
Notes
Suggested Reading
Review Questions	497	(3)
PART FIVE Western Civilization in Crisis: World Wars and Totalitarianism 1914-1945	500	(118)
World War I: The West in Despair	502	(39)
Aggravated Nationalist Tensions in Austria-Hungary	503	(3)
The German System of Alliances	506	(2)
The New German Empire	506	(2)
Bismarck's Goals	508	(1)
The Triple Entente	508	(2)
Fear of Germany	508	(1)
German Reactions	509	(1)
The Drift Toward War	510	(3)
The Bosnian Crisis	510	(1)
Balkan Wars	510	(1)
Assassination of Francis Ferdinand	511	(1)
Germany Encourages Austria	511	(2)
The Question of Responsibility	513	(1)
War as Celebration	514	(1)
Stalemate in the West	515	(5)
Other Fronts	520	(1)
The Collapse of the Central Powers	521	(1)
American Entry	521	(1)
Germany's Last Offensive	521	(1)
The Peace Conference	522	(7)
Wilson's Hope for a New World	523	(1)
Problems of Peacemaking	524	(2)
The Settlement	526	(2)
Assessment and Problems	528	(1)
The Russian Revolution of 1917	529	(6)
The Problems of the Provisional Government	529	(6)
Lenin and the Rise of Bolshevism Survive	535	(1)
Lenin's Opportunity	534	(1)
The Bolsheviks Survive	535	(1)
The War and European Consciousness	535	(6)
Notes
Suggested Reading
Review Questions	539	(2)
The Era of Totalitarianism	541	(54)
The Nature of Totalitarianism	541	(2)
Communist Russia	543	(5)
War Communism and the New Economic Policy	544	(1)
One-Party Dictatorship	545	(3)
The Stalin Revolution	548	(6)
Modernizing Russia: Industrialization and Collectivization	549	(3)
Total Control	552	(2)
The Nature and Appeal of Fascism	554	(3)
The Rise of Fascism in Italy	557	(4)
Postwar Unrest	557	(1)
Mussolini's Seizure of Power	558	(1)
The Fascist State in Italy	559	(1)
Art Insert Art as History: The Renaissance to the Present After	560	(1)
The New German Republic	561	(3)
Threats from Left and Right	561	(1)
Economic Crisis	562	(1)
Fundamental Weaknesses of the Weimar Republic	563	(1)
The Rise of Hitler	564	(5)
The Nazi Party	564	(2)
Hitler's World- View	566	(2)
Hitler Gains Power	568	(1)
Nazi Germany	569	(4)
The Leader-State	569	(2)
Shaping the ``New Man''	571	(1)
Mass Support	572	(1)
Liberalism and Authoritarianism in Other Lands	573	(3)
The Spread of Authoritarianism	573	(1)
The Western Democracies	574	(2)
Intellectuals and Artists in Troubled Times	576	(10)
Postwar Pessimism	576	(2)
Literature and Art: Innovation, Disillusionment, and Social Commentary	578	(3)
Communism: ``The God That Failed''	581	(2)
Reaffirming the Christian World- View	583	(1)
Reaffirming the Ideals of Reason and Freedom	584	(2)
Existentialism	586	(2)
The Modern Predicament	588	(7)
Notes
Suggested Reading
Review Questions	590	(5)
World War II: Western Civilization in the Balance	595	(23)
The Road to War	595	(6)
British and French Foreign Policies	596	(1)
Breakdown of Peace	596	(5)
The Nazi Blitzkrieg	601	(4)
The Fall of France	601	(2)
The Battle of Britain	603	(1)
The Invasion of Russia	604	(1)
The New Order	605	(4)
Exploitation and Terror	605	(1)
Extermination	606	(3)
Resistance	609	(1)
The Turn of the Tide	609	(5)
War in the Pacific	610	(1)
Defeat of the Axis Powers	610	(4)
The Legacy of World War II	614	(4)
Notes
Suggested Reading
Review Questions	615	(3)
PART SIX The Contemporary World	618	(51)
The West in a Global Age	620	(49)
The Cold War	620	(8)
Deepening Tensions	623	(3)
The Growth of Military Alliances	626	(1)
Confrontations	626	(2)
Decolonization	628	(2)
Building a New Europe	630	(5)
Unity and Recovery	631	(1)
The Leading Western European States, 1945 --- 1985	632	(3)
The Soviet Union	635	(2)
Stalin's Last Years	635	(1)
Stalin's Successors	636	(1)
Eastern Europe	637	(2)
Detente --- and More Cold War	639	(1)
The Transformation of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe	640	(8)
The Gorbachev Years	641	(1)
The End of the Cold War	642	(1)
The Collapse of Communism	643	(4)
The Death of an Ideal?	647	(1)
The Post --- Cold War World	648	(7)
Eastern Europe After 1989	648	(2)
Post - Communist Russia	650	(2)
Contemporary Western Europe	652	(3)
Global Prospects	655	(9)
Causes for Hope	656	(3)
Causes for Concern	659	(4)
Coping with the Future	663	(1)
The Western Tradition in a Global Age	664	(5)
Notes
Suggested Reading
Review Questions	667	(2)
Index	669