Western Civilization

by Unknown

• ISBN13: 9780618271009
• ISBN10: 0618271007
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-02-14
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

This text presents the Western intellectual tradition within a chronology of political history. Its accessible writing style appeals to students and instructors because of its brevity, simplicity of presentation, selective choice of content, and clear explanations. Comparative timelines appear at the end of each text part to show the relationship between the political and intellectual history of the West. A full-color map with an essay on physical geography appears at the beginning of each volume to help students orient themselves to European geography. Primary source excerpts integrated throughout the narrative show students the materials that historians work with every day.

Table of Contents

Maps	xxi
Chronologies	xxiii
Preface	xxv
Acknowledgments	xxix
Map Essay
Part One The Ancient World: Foundation of the West to A.D. 500	2	(194)
The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations	4	(29)
The Rise to Civilization	5	(6)
The Paleolithic Age	5	(3)
The Neolithic Revolution	8	(1)
The First Civilizations	9	(2)
Mesopotamian Civilization	11	(6)
Religion: The Basis of Mesopotamian Civilization	12	(3)
Government and Law	15	(1)
Business and Trade	16	(1)
Writing, Mathematics, Astronomy, and Medicine	16	(1)
Egyptian Civilization	17	(6)
From the Old Kingdom to the Middle Kingdom	17	(1)
Religion: The Basis of Egyptian Civilization	18	(1)
Divine Kingship	19	(1)
Science and Mathematics	20	(1)
The New Kingdom and the Decline of Egyptian Civilization	21	(2)
Empire Builders	23	(5)
Hittites	24	(1)
Small Nations	25	(1)
Assyria	25	(1)
The Neo-Babylonian Empire	26	(1)
Persia: Unifier of the Near East	27	(1)
The Religious Orientation of the Near East	28	(5)
A Mythmaking World-View	29	(1)
Near Eastern Achievements	30	(3)
The Hebrews: A New View of God and the Individual	33	(17)
Outline of Hebrew History	34	(5)
The Israelite Kingdom	35	(1)
Conquest, Captivity, and Restoration	36	(2)
The Hebrew Scriptures	38	(1)
God: One, Sovereign, Transcendent, Good	39	(1)
The Individual and Moral Autonomy	40	(1)
The Covenant and the Law	41	(2)
The Hebrew Idea of History	43	(1)
The Prophets	44	(4)
Social Justice	45	(1)
Universalism	46	(1)
Individualism	47	(1)
The Legacy of the Ancient Jews	48	(2)
The Greek City-State: Democratic Politics	50	(24)
Early Aegean Civilizations	52	(2)
The Rise of Hellenic Civilization	54	(3)
Homer, Shaper of the Greek Spirit	54	(2)
Greek Religion	56	(1)
Evolution of the City-State	57	(5)
The Break with Theocratic Politics	57	(1)
Sparta: A Garrison State	58	(1)
Athens: The Rise of Democracy	59	(3)
Athenian Greatness	62	(5)
The Persian Wars	62	(1)
The Delian League	62	(1)
The Mature Athenian Democracy	63	(3)
Pericles: Symbol of Athenian Democracy	66	(1)
The Decline of the City-States	67	(2)
The Peloponnesian War	67	(2)
The Fourth Century	69	(1)
The Dilemma of Greek Politics	69	(5)
Greek Thought: From Myth to Reason	74	(28)
Philosophy	75	(14)
The Cosmologists: A Rational Inquiry into Nature	76	(2)
The Sophists: A Rational Investigation of Human Society	78	(1)
Socrates: The Rational Individual	79	(3)
Plato: The Rational Society	82	(4)
Aristotle: A Synthesis of Greek Thought	86	(3)
Art	89	(1)
Poetry and Drama	89	(7)
Aeschylus	93	(1)
Sophocles	93	(1)
Euripides	94	(1)
Aristophanes	95	(1)
History	96	(2)
Herodotus	96	(1)
Thucydides	97	(1)
The Greek Achievement: Reason, Freedom, Humanism	98	(4)
The Hellenistic Age: Cultural Diffusion	102	(17)
Alexander the Great	105	(1)
Hellenistic Society	106	(4)
Competing Dynasties	106	(1)
Cosmopolitanism	106	(3)
Hellenism and the Jews	109	(1)
Hellenistic Culture	110	(7)
Literature, History, and Art	110	(1)
Science	111	(1)
Philosophy	112	(5)
The Hellenistic Legacy	117	(2)
The Roman Republic: City-State to World Empire	119	(22)
Evolution of the Roman Constitution	120	(4)
Roman Expansion to 146 B.C.	124	(6)
The Uniting of Italy	124	(1)
Conquest of the Mediterranean World	125	(2)
Consequences of Expansion	127	(3)
Culture in the Republic	130	(2)
Collapse of the Republic	132	(9)
Crisis in Agriculture	133	(1)
The Gracchan Revolution	134	(1)
Rival Generals	135	(1)
Julius Caesar	136	(2)
The Republic's Last Years	138	(3)
The Roman Empire: A World-State	141	(30)
Augustus and the Foundations of the Roman Empire	142	(4)
The Pax Romana	146	(12)
The Successors of Augustus	147	(3)
The ``Time of Happiness''	150	(3)
Roman Culture and Law During the Pax Romana	153	(5)
Signs of Trouble	158	(4)
Internal Unrest	158	(1)
Social and Economic Weaknesses	159	(1)
Cultural Stagnation and Transformation	159	(1)
The Spread of Mystery Religions	160	(1)
The Spiritualization of Philosophy	161	(1)
The Decline of Rome	162	(7)
Third-Century Crisis	162	(2)
Diocletian and Constantine: The Regimented State	164	(1)
Tribal Migrations and Invasions	164	(2)
Reasons for Rome's Decline	166	(3)
The Roman Legacy	169	(2)
Early Christianity: A World Religion	171	(25)
Origins of Christianity	172	(7)
Judaism in the First Century B.C.	173	(2)
Jesus: The Inner Person	175	(2)
Saint Paul: From a Jewish Sect to a World Religion	177	(2)
The Spread and Triumph of Christianity	179	(5)
The Appeal of Christianity	179	(2)
Christianity and Rome	181	(1)
Christianity and Greek Philosophy	182	(2)
The Growth of Christian Organization, Doctrine, and Attitudes	184	(4)
The Primacy of the Bishop of Rome	184	(1)
The Rise of Monasticism	185	(1)
Scriptural Tradition and Doctrinal Disputes	185	(1)
Christianity and Society	186	(1)
Christianity and the Jews	187	(1)
Saint Augustine: The Christian World-View	188	(4)
Christianity and Classical Humanism: Alternative World-Views	192	(4)
Part Two The Middle Ages: The Christian Centuries 500--1400	196	(102)
The Heirs of Rome: Byzantium, Islam, and Latin Christendom	198	(30)
Byzantine Civilization: The Medieval Christian East	199	(5)
Conflict with the Roman Church	200	(1)
Imperial Growth and Decline	200	(4)
The Bequest of Byzantium	204	(1)
Islamic Civilization: Its Development and Dissemination	204	(6)
The Prophet: The Founding of a New Religion	204	(2)
The Muslim State and Society	206	(1)
The Muslim Golden Age	207	(2)
Mongol Invasions and Ottoman Dominance	209	(1)
Latin Christendom: The Rise of Europe	210	(3)
Political and Economic Transformation	210	(2)
The Waning of Classical Culture	212	(1)
The Church: Shaper of Medieval Civilization	213	(3)
The Church as Unifier	213	(1)
Monks and the Papacy	214	(2)
The Kingdom of the Franks	216	(5)
The Era of Charlemagne	217	(1)
Carolingian Renaissance	218	(2)
The Breakup of Charlemagne's Empire	220	(1)
Medieval Society	221	(3)
Vassalage	222	(1)
Feudal Law	223	(1)
Feudal Warriors	223	(1)
Noblewomen	224	(1)
Agrarian Life	225
Art Essay: The Art of the Ancient World and the Middle Ages	224	(4)
The High Middle Ages: Vitality and Renewal	228	(30)
Economic Expansion	229	(7)
Agricultural Revolution	229	(3)
Revival of Trade	232	(2)
Rebirth of Towns	234	(2)
The Rise of States	236	(5)
England	237	(1)
France	238	(2)
Germany	240	(1)
The Emergence of Representative Institutions	241	(1)
The Growth of Papal Power	241	(13)
The Sacraments	242	(1)
Gregorian Reform	242	(4)
The Crusades	246	(4)
Dissenters and Reformers	250	(3)
Innocent III: The Apex of Papal Power	253	(1)
Christians and Jews	254	(4)
The Flowering of Medieval Culture: The Christian Synthesis	258	(21)
Revival of Learning	259	(3)
The Medieval World-View	262	(2)
The Universe: Higher and Lower Worlds	263	(1)
The Individual: Sinful but Redeemable	264	(1)
Philosophy-Theology	264	(6)
Saint Anselm and Abelard	265	(2)
The Recovery of Aristotle	267	(1)
Saint Thomas Aquinas: Synthesis of Christian Belief and Reason	268	(2)
Strict Aristotelianism: The Challenge to Orthodoxy	270	(1)
Science	270	(2)
The Recovery of Roman Law	272	(1)
Literature	273	(2)
Architecture	275	(4)
The Late Middle Ages: Crisis and Dissolution	279	(19)
An Age of Adversity	280	(5)
Economic Problems, Black Death, and Social Tension	280	(4)
The Hundred Years' War	284	(1)
The Decline of the Papacy	285	(4)
Conflict with France	285	(2)
Critics of Papal Power	287	(1)
The Great Schism and the Conciliar Movement	287	(2)
Fourteenth-Century Heresies	289	(1)
Breakup of the Thomistic Synthesis	289	(1)
The Middle Ages and the Modern World: Continuity and Discontinuity	290	(8)
Part Three Early Modern Europe: From Renaissance to Enlightenment 1350--1789	298	(162)
The Renaissance: Transition to the Modern Age	300	(23)
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance	302	(6)
Political Evolution of the City-States	303	(3)
Renaissance Society	306	(2)
The Renaissance Outlook: Humanism and Secular Politics	308	(3)
Humanism	308	(2)
A Revolution in Political Thought	310	(1)
Renaissance Art	311	(5)
Early Renaissance Art	312	(2)
Late Renaissance Art	314	(2)
The Spread of the Renaissance	316	(4)
Erasmian Humanism	317	(1)
French Humanism	318	(1)
Spanish Humanism	318	(1)
English Humanism	319	(1)
The Renaissance and the Modern Age	320	(1)
Art Essay: The Renaissance	320	(3)
The Reformation: The Shattering of Christendom	323	(26)
The Medieval Church in Crisis	325	(3)
Wycliffe and Hus	325	(1)
Mysticism and Humanism	326	(1)
The End of the World	327	(1)
The Lutheran Revolt	328	(7)
Luther: Humanist, Prophet, and Conservative	328	(1)
Luther's Break with Catholicism	328	(3)
But Who Is Saved?	331	(1)
The Creation and Spread of Lutheranism	331	(1)
Religious Reform or Social Revolution?	332	(3)
The Spread of the Reformation	335	(8)
Calvin and Calvinism	336	(2)
France	338	(2)
England	340	(1)
Southern and Eastern Europe	341	(1)
The Radical Reformation	342	(1)
The Catholic Response	343	(2)
The Reformation and the Modern Age	345	(4)
European Expansion: Economic and Social Transformations	349	(28)
European Expansion	351	(8)
Forces Behind Expansion	352	(1)
The Portuguese Empire	353	(2)
The Spanish Empire	355	(2)
Black Slavery and the Slave Trade	357	(2)
The Price Revolution	359	(2)
The Expansion of Agriculture	361	(2)
The Old Pattern of Farming	361	(1)
Enclosure	361	(1)
Convertible Husbandry	362	(1)
Agricultural Change in Eastern Europe	363	(1)
The Expansion of Trade and Industry	363	(5)
The Domestic System	363	(1)
Innovations in Business	364	(1)
Patterns of Commercial Development	365	(3)
The Growth of Capitalism	368	(2)
What Is Capitalism?	368	(1)
The Fostering of Mercantile Capitalism	368	(2)
The Elite and the People	370	(4)
Traditional Popular Culture	370	(1)
The Reform of Popular Culture	371	(1)
Witchcraft and the Witch Craze	372	(2)
Economic and Social Transformations	374	(3)
The Rise of Sovereignty: Transition to the Modern State	377	(31)
Monarchs and Elites as State Builders	380	(1)
The Rise and Fall of Hapsburg Spain	381	(5)
Ferdinand and Isabella: Unity and Purity of ``Blood'' and Religion	381	(2)
The Reign of Charles V: Hapsburg, King of Spain, and Holy Roman Emperor	383	(1)
Philip II	383	(2)
The End of the Spanish Hapsburgs	385	(1)
The Growth of French Power	386	(6)
Religion and the French State	387	(1)
Louis XIV: The Consolidation of French Monarchical Power	388	(4)
The Growth of Limited Monarchy and Constitutionalism in England	392	(7)
The English Parliament and Constitution	393	(1)
The Tudor Achievement	393	(3)
The English Revolutions, 1640--1660 and 1688--1689	396	(3)
The Netherlands: A Bourgeois Republic	399	(1)
The Holy Roman Empire: The Failure to Unify Germany	400	(2)
The Emergence of Austria and Prussia	402	(2)
Austria	402	(1)
Prussia	403	(1)
Russia	404	(1)
The State and Modern Political Development	405	(3)
The Scientific Revolution: The Mechanical Universe	408	(18)
Medieval Cosmology	410	(1)
A New View of Nature	411	(5)
Renaissance Neo-Platonism	411	(1)
Magic and the Search for Nature	412	(1)
The Copernican Revolution	412	(2)
The Laws of Planetary Motion: Tycho and Kepler	414	(1)
Galileo: Experimental Physics	415	(1)
The Newtonian Synthesis: Experiment, Mathematics, and Theory	416	(1)
Art Essay: Art of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries	416	(2)
Biology, Medicine, and Chemistry	418	(2)
Bacon and Descartes: Prophets of the New Science	420	(2)
Bacon	420	(1)
Descartes	421	(1)
Social Implications of the Scientific Revolution	422	(1)
The Meaning of the Scientific Revolution	423	(3)
The Age of Enlightenment: Reason and Reform	426	(34)
The Formation of a Public and Secular Culture	429	(3)
Salons	430	(1)
Freemasons	430	(2)
Scientific Academies	432	(1)
Alternatives to Orthodoxy	432	(3)
Christianity Under Attack	432	(1)
Skeptics, Freethinkers, and Deists	432	(2)
Voltaire the Philosophe	434	(1)
Political Thought	435	(3)
Locke	436	(1)
Montesquieu	437	(1)
Rousseau	437	(1)
Social Thought	438	(5)
Epistemology and Education	438	(2)
Humanitarianism	440	(3)
Economic Thought	443	(2)
The High Enlightenment	445	(3)
European Political and Diplomatic Developments	448	(5)
Warfare	448	(1)
Enlightened Despotism	449	(3)
Effects of Enlightened Despotism	452	(1)
The Enlightenment in Eastern Europe	453	(1)
The American Revolution	454	(2)
The Enlightenment and the Modern World	456	(4)
Part Four An Age of Revolution: Liberal, National, Industrial 1789--1848	460	(122)
The French Revolution: Affirmation of Liberty and Equality	462	(26)
The Old Regime	463	(8)
The First Estate	464	(1)
The Second Estate	465	(1)
The Third Estate	465	(3)
Inefficient Administration and Financial Disorder	468	(1)
The Roles of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution	469	(1)
A Bourgeois Revolution?	470	(1)
The Moderate Stage, 1789--91	471	(5)
The Clash Between the Nobility and the Third Estate	471	(1)
Formation of the National Assembly	471	(2)
Storming of the Bastille	473	(1)
The Great Fear	473	(1)
October Days	474	(1)
Reforms of the National Assembly	474	(2)
The Radical Stage, 1792--94	476	(7)
The Sans-Culottes	476	(1)
Foreign Invasion	476	(2)
The Jacobins	478	(1)
Jacobin Achievements	478	(1)
The Nation in Arms	479	(1)
The Republic of Virtue and the Reign of Terror	479	(2)
The Fall of Robespierre	481	(2)
The Meaning of the French Revolution	483	(5)
Napoleon: Subverter and Preserver of the Revolution	488	(19)
Rise to Power	489	(3)
Coup d'Etat	491	(1)
Napoleon's Character	491	(1)
Napolean and France	492	(5)
Government: Centralization and Repression	493	(1)
Religion: Reconciliation with the Church	493	(1)
Law: The Code Napoleon	494	(1)
Education: The Imperial University	495	(1)
Economy: Strengthening the State	496	(1)
Napoleon and Europe	497	(3)
Napoleon's Art of War	497	(1)
The Grand Empire: Diffusion of Revolutionary Institutions	498	(2)
The Fall of Napoleon	500	(4)
Failure to Subdue England	500	(1)
The Spanish Ulcer	501	(1)
The German War of Liberation	501	(1)
Disaster in Russia	502	(1)
Final Defeat	503	(1)
The Legend and the Achievement	504	(3)
The Industrial Revolution: The Transformation of Society	507	(22)
Origins of the Industrial Age	509	(8)
Europe's Population Explosion	509	(1)
Agricultural Revolution	510	(1)
Britain First	511	(2)
Changes in Technology	513	(2)
Changes in Finance	515	(2)
Society Transformed	517	(7)
Urbanization	518	(2)
Changes in Social Structure	520	(2)
Working-Class Life	522	(2)
Relief and Reform	524	(2)
Industrialism in Perspective	526	(3)
Thought and Culture in the Early Nineteenth Century	529	(30)
Romanticism: A New Cultural Orientation	530	(5)
Exalting Imagination, Intuition, and Feelings	531	(2)
Nature, God, History	533	(2)
The Impact of the Romantic Movement	535	(1)
German Idealism	535	(6)
The Challenge Posed by Hume's Empiricism	535	(2)
Immanuel Kant	537	(1)
G. W. F. Hegel	538	(3)
Conservatism: The Value of Tradition	541	(2)
Hostility to the French Revolution	541	(2)
The Quest for Social Stability	543	(1)
Liberalism: The Value of the Individual	543	(6)
The Sources of Liberalism	544	(1)
Individual Liberty	544	(1)
Liberal Economic Theory	545	(1)
Liberalism and Democracy	546	(3)
Radicalism and Democracy: The Expansion of Liberalism	549	(1)
Thomas Paine	549	(1)
Jeremy Bentham	550	(1)
Early Socialism: New Possibilities for Society	550	(3)
Saint-Simon: Technocratic Socialism	551	(1)
Fourier: Psychological Socialism	552	(1)
Owen: Industrial Socialism	553	(1)
Nationalism: The Sacredness of the Nation	553	(6)
The Emergence of Modern Nationalism	553	(2)
Nationalism and Liberalism	555	(4)
Revolution and Counterrevolution, 1815--1848	559	(23)
The Congress of Vienna, 1814--1815	560	(4)
Metternich the Archconservative	560	(3)
Crisis over Saxony and Poland	563	(1)
The Settlement	564	(1)
Revolutions, 1820--1829	564	(2)
Revolutions, 1830--1832	566	(1)
The Rise of Reform in Britain	567	(2)
Revolutions of 1848: France	569	(3)
The February Revolution	570	(1)
The June Days: Revolution of the Oppressed	571	(1)
Revolutions of 1848: Germany, Austria, and Italy	572	(5)
The German States: Liberalism Defeated	573	(2)
Austria: Hapsburg Dominance	575	(2)
Italy: Continued Fragmentation	577	(1)
Revolutions of 1848: An Assessment	577	(5)
Part Five An Age of Contradiction: Progress and Breakdown 1848--1914	582	(144)
Thought and Culture in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: Realism and Social Criticism	584	(27)
Realism and Naturalism	585	(5)
Positivism	590	(1)
Darwinism	591	(5)
Natural Selection	592	(1)
Darwinism and Christianity	593	(1)
Social Darwinism	593	(2)
Religion in a Secular Age	595	(1)
Marxism	596	(6)
A Science of History	597	(1)
Class Conflict	598	(1)
Destruction of Capitalism	599	(1)
Marxism's Appeal and Influence	600	(1)
Critics of Marx	601	(1)
Anarchism	602	(2)
Pierre Joseph Proudhon	602	(1)
Mikhail Bakunin	602	(2)
Liberalism in Transition	604	(2)
John Stuart Mill	604	(1)
Thomas Hill Green	605	(1)
Herbert Spencer: Rejection of State Intervention	605	(1)
Feminism: Extending the Principle of Equality	606	(5)
The Surge of Nationalism: From Liberal to Extreme Nationalism	611	(26)
The Unification of Italy	612	(4)
Forces for and Against Unity	612	(2)
Failed Revolutions	614	(1)
Cavour and Victory over Austria	615	(1)
Garibaldi and Victory in the South	616	(1)
Italian Unification Completed	617
The Unification of Germany	616	(6)
Prussia, Agent of Unification	617	(2)
Bismarck and the Road to Unity	619	(3)
Nationality Problems in the Hapsburg Empire	622	(3)
Magyarization	623	(1)
German Versus Czech	623	(2)
South Slavs	625	(1)
The Rise of Racial Nationalism	625	(12)
Volkish Thought	627	(3)
Anti-Semitism: The Power and Danger of Mythical Thinking	630	(7)
The Industrial West: Responses to Modernization	637	(30)
The Advance of Industry	639	(1)
Art Essay: Art of the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries	640	(8)
Technological Takeoff	641	(4)
Accelerated Urbanization	645	(1)
Labor's Responses	646	(2)
Great Britain: An Industrial Model	648	(4)
Labor Unrest	649	(1)
The Irish Question	649	(2)
The Woman Question	651	(1)
Britain on the Eve of War	652	(1)
France: Democratic or Authoritarian?	652	(3)
Napoleon ``le Petit''	652	(1)
After the Fall	653	(1)
Threats to the Republic	654	(1)
France on the Eve of War	655	(1)
Germany: Forging an Empire	655	(3)
Bismarck's ``Struggle for Culture''	656	(2)
Germany on the Eve of War	658	(1)
Italy: Unfulfilled Expectations	658	(1)
Russia: Tsarist Empire	659	(3)
The United States: Democratic Giant	662	(1)
A Golden Age?	663	(4)
Western Imperialism: Global Dominance	667	(28)
Emergence of the New Imperialism	668	(7)
Conflicting Interpretations	670	(3)
A Global Economy	673	(1)
Control and Resistance	674	(1)
European Domination of Asia	675	(10)
India	675	(4)
China	679	(2)
Japan	681	(1)
The Ottoman Empire	682	(2)
Southeast and Central Asia	684	(1)
The Scramble for Africa	685	(5)
The Berlin Conference	687	(1)
Britain in Africa	687	(2)
Costs of Colonialism	689	(1)
Latin America	690	(2)
The Legacy of Imperialism	692	(3)
Modern Consciousness: New Views of Nature, Human Nature, and the Arts	695	(31)
Irrationalism	696	(6)
Nietzsche	697	(3)
Dostoevski	700	(1)
Bergson	701	(1)
Sorel	702	(1)
Freud: A New View of Human Nature	702	(4)
Social Thought: Confronting the Irrational and the Complexities of Modern Society	706	(4)
Durkheim	706	(1)
Pareto	707	(1)
Le Bon	708	(1)
Weber	708	(2)
The Modernist Movement	710	(8)
Breaking with Conventional Modes of Esthetics	710	(2)
Modern Art	712	(6)
Modern Physics	718	(3)
The Enlightenment Tradition in Disarray	721	(5)
Part Six World Wars and Totalitarianism: The West in Crisis 1914--1945	726	(140)
World War I: The West in Despair	728	(37)
Aggravated Nationalist Tensions in Austria-Hungary	731	(1)
The German System of Alliances	732	(2)
The New German Empire	732	(1)
Bismarck's Goals	733	(1)
The Triple Entente	734	(1)
Fear of Germany	734	(1)
German Reactions	735	(1)
Drifting Toward War	735	(4)
The Bosnian Crisis	735	(1)
Balkan Wars	736	(1)
Assassination of Francis Ferdinand	737	(1)
Germany Abets Austria	738	(1)
The Question of Responsibility	739	(1)
War as Celebration	739	(3)
Stalemate in the West	742	(4)
Other Fronts	746	(1)
Collapse of the Central Powers	747	(2)
American Entry	747	(1)
Germany's Last Offensive	748	(1)
The Peace Conference	749	(5)
Wilson's Hope for a New World	749	(1)
Problems of Peacemaking	749	(2)
The Settlement	751	(1)
Assessment and Problems	752	(2)
The Russian Revolution of 1917	754	(5)
Problems of the Provisional Government	755	(1)
Lenin and the Rise of Bolshevism	755	(3)
Lenin's Opportunity	758	(1)
The Bolsheviks Survive	759	(1)
The War and European Consciousness	759	(6)
An Era of Totalitarianism	765	(43)
The Nature of Totalitarianism	767	(2)
Communist Russia	769	(8)
War Communism and the New Economic Policy	770	(1)
One-Party Dictatorship	770	(2)
The Stalin Revolution	772	(5)
The Nature of Fascism	777	(2)
The Rise of Fascism in Italy	779	(2)
Postwar Unrest	779	(1)
Mussolini's Seizure of Power	780	(1)
The Fascist State in Italy	781	(2)
Consolidation of Power	781	(1)
Control of the Masses	782	(1)
Economic Policies	783	(1)
The Church and the Fascist Regime	783	(1)
The New German Republic	783	(4)
Threats from Left and Right	784	(1)
Economic Crisis	785	(1)
Fundamental Weaknesses of the Weimar Republic	786	(1)
The Rise of Hitler	787	(6)
The Early Years	787	(1)
The Nazi Party	788	(1)
Hitler's World-View	789	(2)
Hitler Gains Power	791	(2)
Nazi Germany	793	(6)
The Leader-State	793	(1)
Economic Life	794	(1)
Nazism and the Churches	795	(1)
Shaping the ``New Man''	796	(1)
Anti-Semitic Legislation	797	(1)
Mass Support	798	(1)
Liberalism and Authoritarianism in Other Lands	799	(9)
The Spread of Authoritarianism	799	(3)
The Western Democracies	802	(6)
Thought and Culture in an Era of World Wars and Totalitarianism	808	(27)
Intellectuals and Artists in Troubled Times	809	(14)
Postwar Pessimism	809	(3)
Literature and Art: Innovation, Disillusionment, and Social Commentary	812	(5)
Communism: ``The God That Failed''	817	(2)
Reaffirming the Christian World-View	819	(2)
Reaffirming the Ideals of Reason and Freedom	821	(2)
Existentialism	823	(6)
Intellectual Background	823	(1)
Basic Principles	824	(1)
Nineteenth-Century Forerunners	824	(1)
Twentieth-Century Existentialists	825	(4)
The Modern Predicament	829	(6)
World War II: Western Civilization in the Balance	835	(31)
The Aftermath of World War I	836	(2)
The Road to War	838	(7)
Hitler's Foreign Policy Aims	838	(1)
Breakdown of Peace	839	(3)
Czechoslovakia: The Apex of Appeasement	842	(1)
Poland: The Final Crisis	843	(2)
The Nazi Blitzkrieg	845	(5)
The Fall of France	845	(3)
The Battle of Britain	848	(1)
Invasion of Russia	848	(2)
The New Order	850	(7)
Exploitation and Terror	850	(1)
Extermination	851	(5)
Resistance	856	(1)
Turn of the Tide	857	(5)
The Japanese Offensive	857	(1)
Defeat of the Axis Powers	857	(5)
The Legacy of World War II	862	(4)
Part Seven The Contemporary World: The Global Age Since 1945	866	(45)
Europe After World War II: Recovery and Realignment, 1945--1989	868	(20)
The Cold War	871	(4)
Origins	871	(1)
Cold War Mobilization	871	(1)
Arms Race and Space Race	872	(2)
The Vietnam War	874	(1)
Building a New Europe	875	(4)
The Soviet Bloc	879	(5)
Stalin's Last Years	879	(1)
After Stalin: Thaw, Detente, Perestroika, and Glasnost	880	(4)
Decolonization	884	(4)
The Troubled Present	888	(23)
The Demise of Communism	889	(7)
1989: Year of Liberation	889	(4)
The Collapse of the Soviet Union	893	(1)
The Death of an Ideal	894	(2)
The Post-Cold War World	896	(1)
Post-Communist Russia and the Former Soviet Republics	896	(1)
Art Essay: Contemporary Art	896	(9)
Central and Eastern Europe After 1989	899	(3)
Western Europe	902	(3)
Our Global Age: Tensions and Concerns	905	(6)
Epilogue: Reaffirming the Core Values of the Western Tradition	911
Index	1