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Western Civilization : A Brief History: To 1789,9780395811115

Western Civilization : A Brief History: To 1789

by PERRY

Edition:

3rd

ISBN13:

9780395811115

ISBN10:

0395811112

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

1/2/1996

Publisher(s):

Wadsworth Publishing

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Table of Contents

Maps

xii

Chronologies

xii

Preface

xiii

Map Essay

PART ONE The Ancient World: Foundation of the West To A.D. 500

2

(138)

The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations

4

(23)

Prehistory

4

(3)

The Rise to Civilization

7

(1)

Mesopotamian Civilization

8

(5)

Religion: The Basis of Mesopotamian Civilization

9

(3)

Government, Law, and Economy

12

(1)

Mathematics, Astronomy, and Medicine

12

(1)

Egyptian Civilization

13

(6)

From the Old Kingdom to the Middle Kingdom

13

(2)

Religion: The Basis of Egyptian Civilization

15

(1)

Divine Kingship

16

(1)

Science and Mathematics

16

(1)

The New Kingdom and the Decline of Egyptian Civilization

17

(2)

Empire Builders

19

(4)

Hittites

19

(1)

Small Nations

20

(1)

Assyria

20

(1)

Persia: Unifier of the Near East

21

(2)

The Religious Orientation of the Ancient Near East

23

(3)

A Myth-Making World-View

23

(2)

Near Eastern Achievements

25

(1)

Notes Suggested Reading Review Questions

26

(1)

The Hebrews: A New View of God and the Individual

27

(13)

Early Hebrew History

27

(2)

God: One, Sovereign, Transcendent, Good

29

(2)

The Individual and Moral Autonomy

31

(2)

The Covenant and the Law

33

(2)

The Hebrew Idea of History

35

(1)

The Prophets

35

(3)

The Legacy of the Ancient Jews

38

(1)

Notes Suggested Reading Review Questions

39

(1)

The Greeks: From Myth to Reason

40

(44)

Early Aegean Civilizations

40

(2)

Evolution of the City-States

42

(10)

Homer: Shaper of the Greek Spirit

43

(2)

The Break with Theocratic Politics

45

(1)

Sparta: A Garrison State

46

(1)

Athens: The Rise of Democracy

46

(3)

The Persian Wars

49

(1)

The Mature Athenian Democracy

50

(2)

The Decline of the City-States

52

(3)

The Peloponnesian War

52

(1)

The Fourth Century

53

(1)

The Dilemma of Greek Politics

54

(1)

Philosophy in the Hellenic Age

55

(11)

The Cosmologists: A Rational Inquiry into Nature

56

(2)

The Sophists: A Rational Investigation of Human Culture

58

(2)

Socrates: The Rational Individual

60

(1)

Plato: The Rational Society

61

(3)

Aristotle: Synthesis of Greek Thought

64

(2)

Art

66

(1)

Poetry and Drama

67

(2)

History

69

(2)

Herodotus

70

(1)

Thucydides

70

(1)

The Hellenistic Age: The Second Stage of Greek Civilization

71

(4)

Alexander the Great

72

(1)

The Competing Dynasties

72

(2)

Cosmopolitanism

74

(1)

Hellenistic Thought and Culture

75

(5)

History

75

(1)

Art

75

(1)

Science

75

(2)

Philosophy

77

(3)

The Greek Achievement: Reason, Freedom, Humanism

80

(3)

Notes Suggested Reading Review Questions

83

(1)

Rome: From City-State to World Empire

84

(37)

Evolution of the Roman Constitution

84

(4)

Roman Expansion to 146 B.C.

88

(6)

The Uniting of Italy

88

(1)

The Conquest of the Mediterranean World

89

(4)

The Consequences of Expansion

93

(1)

Culture in the Republic

94

(1)

The Collapse of the Republic

95

(4)

The Gracchi Revolution

96

(1)

Rival Generals

97

(1)

Julius Caesar

98

(1)

The Republic's Last Year

99

(1)

Augustus and the Foundations of the Roman Empire

99

(1)

The Pax Romana

100

(10)

The Successors of Augustus

101

(2)

The ``Time of Happiness''

103

(1)

Roman Culture and Law During the Pax Romana

104

(6)

Signs of Trouble

110

(3)

Social and Economic Weaknesses

110

(1)

Cultural Stagnation and Transformation

111

(2)

The Decline of Rome

113

(6)

Third-Century Crisis

113

(1)

Diocletian and Constantine: The Regimented State

114

(1)

Tribal Migrations and Invasions

115

(1)

Reasons for Rome's Decline

116

(3)

The Roman Legacy

119

(1)

Notes Suggested Reading Review Questions

120

(1)

Early Christianity: A World Religion

121

(19)

The Origins of Christianity

121

(5)

Judaism in the First Century B.C.

122

(1)

Jesus: Moral Transformation of the Individual

122

(3)

Saint Paul: From a Jewish Sect to a World Religion

125

(1)

The Spread and Triumph of Christianity

126

(4)

The Appeal of Christianity

127

(1)

Christianity and Rome

128

(1)

Christianity and Greek Philosophy

129

(1)

Development of Christian Organization, Doctrine, and Attitudes

130

(4)

The Primacy of the Bishop of Rome

130

(1)

The Rise of Monasticism

130

(1)

The Scriptural Tradition and Doctrinal Disputes

131

(1)

Christianity and Society

132

(1)

Christianity and the Jews

133

(1)

Saint Augustine: The Christian World-View

134

(2)

Christianity and Classical Humanism: Alternative World-Views

136

(3)

Notes Suggested Reading Review Questions

139

(1)

PART TWO The Middle Ages: The Christian Centuries 500--1400

140

(70)

The Rise of Europe: Fusion of Classical, Christian, and Germanic Traditions

142

(38)

The Medieval East

142

(5)

Byzantium

142

(2)

Islam

144

(3)

Latin Christendom in the Early Middle Ages

147

(8)

Political, Economic, and Intellectual Transformation

147

(2)

The Church: Shaper of Medieval Civilization

149

(2)

The Kingdom of the Franks

151

(1)

The Era of Charlemagne

151

(3)

The Breakup of Charlemagne's Empire

154

(1)

Feudal Society

155

(3)

Vassalage

155

(1)

Feudal Warriors

156

(1)

Noblewomen

157

(1)

Agrarian Society

158

(1)

Economic Expansion During the High Middle Ages

159

(4)

An Agricultural Revolution

160

(1)

The Revival of Trade

161

(1)

The Rise of Towns

162

(1)

The Rise of States

163

(4)

England

164

(2)

France

166

(1)

Germany

167

(1)

The Growth of Papal Power

167

(10)

Gregorian Reform

169

(2)

The Crusades

171

(3)

Dissenters and Reformers

174

(2)

Innocent III: The Apex of Papal Power

176

(1)

Christians and Jews

177

(2)

Notes Suggested Reading Review Questions

179

(1)

The Flowering and Dissolution of Medieval Civilization

180

(30)

Revival of Learning

180

(2)

The Medieval World-View

182

(3)

The Universe: Higher and Lower Worlds

182

(2)

The Individual: Sinful but Redeemable

184

(1)

Philosophy, Science, and Law

185

(5)

Saint Anselm and Abelard

186

(1)

Saint Thomas Aquinas: The Synthesis of Faith and Reason

187

(1)

Science

188

(2)

Recovery of Roman Law

190

(1)

Literature

190

(3)

Art Insert Art as History: The Ancient World Through The Middle Ages

192

(1)

Architecture

193

(2)

The Fourteenth Century: An Age of Adversity

195

(3)

The Decline of the Papacy

198

(3)

Conflict with France

198

(1)

The Great Schism and the Conciliar Movement

199

(1)

Fourteenth-Century Heresies

200

(1)

Breakup of the Thomistic Synthesis

201

(1)

The Middle Ages and the Modern World: Continuity and Discontinuity

202

(5)

Notes Suggested Reading Review Questions

207

(3)

PART THREE The Rise of Modernity: From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment 1350--1789

210

Transition to the Modern Age: Renaissance and Reformation

212

Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

213

The Renaissance Outlook

216

Humanism

216

A Revolution in Political Thought

219

Renaissance Art

220

The Spread of the Renaissance

222

Erasmian Humanism

223

French and English Humanism

224

The Renaissance and the Modern Age

225

Background to the Reformation: The Medieval Church in Crisis

226

The Lutheran Revolt

228

The Break with Catholicism

228

The Appeal and Spread of Lutheranism

231

The Spread of the Reformation

232

Calvinism

232

France

234

England

234

The Radical Reformation

235

The Catholic Response

237

The Reformation and the Modern Age

239

Notes Suggested Reading Review Questions

241

Political and Economic Transformation: National States, Overseas Expansion, Commercial Revolution

243

Toward the Modern State

243

Hapsburg Spain

246

Ferdinand and Isabella

247

The Reign of Charles V: King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor

247

Philip II

249

The End of the Spanish Hapsburgs

249

The Growth of French Power

250

Religion and the French State

251

The Consolidation of French Monarchical Power

253

The Growth of Limited Monarchy and Constitutionalism in England

256

The Tudor Achievement

257

The English Revolution, 1640--1660 and 1688--1689

258

The Holy Roman Empire: The Failure to Unify Germany

260

European Expansion

262

Forces Behind the Expansion

262

The Portuguese Empire

264

The Spanish Empire

265

Black Slavery and the Slave Trade

267

The Price Revolution

268

The Expansion of Agriculture

268

The Expansion of Trade and Industry

270

Innovations in Business

270

Different Patterns of Commercial Development

271

The Fostering of Mercantile Capitalism

272

Toward a Global Economy

274

Notes Suggested Reading Review Questions

275

Intellectual Transformation: The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment

276

The Medieval View of the Universe

276

A New View of Nature

277

Nicolaus Copernicus: The Dethronement of the Earth

278

Galileo: Uniformity of Nature and Experimental Physics

279

Attack on Authority

281

Johannes Kepler: Laws of Planetary Motion

282

The Newtonian Synthesis

283

Prophets of Modern Science

284

Francis Bacon: The Inductive Method

285

Rene Descartes: The Deductive Method

285

The Meaning of the Scientific Revolution

287

The Age of Enlightenment: Affirmation of Reason and Freedom

289

Christianity Assailed: The Search for a Natural Religion

290

Political Thought

291

Seventeenth-Century Antecedents: Hobbes and Locke

292

Montesquieu

293

Voltaire

294

Rousseau

294

Social and Economic Thought

296

Epistemology, Psychology, and Education

297

Freedom of Conscience and Thought

297

Humanitarianism

299

Laissez-Faire Economics

301

The Idea of Progress

301

War, Revolution, and Politics

303

Warfare and Revolution

303

Enlightened Despotism

305

The Enlightenment and the Modern Mentality

306

Notes Suggested Reading Review Questions

309

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