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DONALD KAGAN is Sterling Professor of History and Classics at Yale University, where he has taught since 1969. He received the A.B. degree in history from Brooklyn College, the M.A. in classics from Brown University, and the Ph.D. in history from Ohio State University. During 1958 to 1959 he studied at the American School of Classical Studies as a Fulbright Scholar. He has received three awards for undergraduate teaching at Cornell and Yale. He is the author of a history of Greek political thought, The Great Dialogue (1965); a four-volume history of the Peloponnesian war, The Origins of the Peloponnesian War (1969); The Archidamian War (1974); The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition (1981); The Fall of the Athenian Empire (1987); and a biography of Pericles, Pericles of Athens and the Birth of Democracy (1991); On the Origins of War (1995) and The Peloponnesian War (2003). He is coauthor, with Frederick W. Kagan, of While America Sleeps (2000). With Brian Tierney and L. Pearce Williams, he is the editor of Great Issues in Western Civilization, a collection of readings. He was awarded the Na-tional Humanities Medal for 2002 and was chosen by the National Endowment for the Humani-ties to deliver the Jefferson Lecture in 2004.
STEVEN OZMENT is McLean Professor of Ancient and Modern History at Harvard Univer-sity. He has taught Western Civilization at Yale, Stanford, and Harvard. He is the author of eleven books. The Age of Reform, 1250—1550 (1980) won the Schaff Prize and was nominated for the 1981 National Book Award. Five of his books have been selections of the History Book Club: Magdalena and Balthasar: An Intimate Portrait of Life in Sixteenth Century Europe (1986), Three Behaim Boys: Growing Up in Early Modern Germany (1990), Protestants: The Birth of a Revolution (1992), The Burgermeister’s Daughter: Scandal in a Sixteenth Century German Town (1996), and Flesh and Spirit: Private Life in Early Modern Germany (1999). His most recent publications are Ancestors: The Loving Family of Old Europe (2001), A Mighty For-tress: A New History of the German People (2004), and “Why We Study Western Civ,” The Pub-lic Interest, 158 (2005).
FRANK M. TURNER is John Hay Whitney Professor of History at Yale University and Direc-tor of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University, where he served as University Provost from 1988 to 1992. He received his B.A. degree at the College of William and Mary and his Ph.D. from Yale. He has received the Yale College Award for Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching. He has directed a National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute. His scholarly research has received the support of fellowships from the National En-dowment for the Humanities and the Guggenheim Foundation and the Woodrow Wilson Center. He is the author of Between Science and Religion: The Reaction to Scientific Naturalism in Late Victorian England (1974), The Greek Heritage in Victorian Britain (1981), which received the British Council Prize of the Conference on British Studies and the Yale Press Governors Award, Contesting Cultural Authority: Essays in Victorian Intellectual Life (1993), and John Henry Newman: The Challenge to Evangelical Religion (2002). He has also contributed numerous arti-cles to journals and has served on the editorial advisory boards of The Journal of Modern His-tory, Isis, and Victorian Studies. He edited The Idea of a University by John Henry Newman (1996), Reflections on the Revolution in France by Edmund Burke (2003), and Apologia Pro Vita Sua and Six Sermons by John Henry Newman (2008). Between 1996 and 2006 he served as a Trustee of Connecticut College and between 2004 and 2008 as a member of the Connecticut Humanities Council. In 2003, Professor Turner was appointed Director of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University.
ALISON FRANK is professor of history at Harvard University. She is interested in transnational approaches to the history of Central and Eastern Europe, particularly the Habsburg Empire and its successor states in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Her first book, Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia (2005), was awarded the Barbara Jelavich Book Prize, the Austrian Cultural Forum Book Prize, and was co-winner of the Polish Studies Association's Orbis Prize in Polish Studies. Her current book project, Invisible Empire: A New Global History of Austria, focuses on the Adriatic port city of Trieste and the Habsburg Monarchy's participation in global commerce in the long nineteenth century. Other interests include the Eastern Alps, the Mediterranean slave trade, and environmental history. She is associate director of the Center for History and Economics.
Found in this Section:
1. Brief Table of Contents
2. Full Table of Contents
1. BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS
Documents
Maps
Preface
About the Authors
What Is the Western Heritage?
PART 1: The Foundations of Western Civilization in the Ancient World to 400 C.E.
Chapter 1: The Birth of Civilization
Chapter 2: The Rise of Greek Civilization
Chapter 3: Classical and Hellenistic Greece
Chapter 4: Rome: From Republic to Empire
Chapter 5: The Roman Empire
PART 2: The Middle Ages, 476 C.E.—1300 C.E.
Chapter 6: Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Creating a New European Society and Culture (476—1000)
Chapter 7: The High Middle Ages: The Rise of European Empires and States (1000—1300)
Chapter 8: Medieval Society: Hierarchies, Towns, Universities, and Families (1000—1300)
PART 3: Europe in Transition, 1300—1750
Chapter 9: The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300—1453)
Chapter 10: Renaissance and Discovery
Chapter 11: The Age of Reformation
Chapter 12: The Age of Religious Wars
Chapter 13: European State -Consolidation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Chapter 14: New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Chapter 15: Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century
Chapter 16: The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion
PART 4: Enlightenment and Revolution, 1700—1850
Chapter 17: The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought
Chapter 18: The French Revolution
Chapter 19: The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism
Chapter 20: The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform (1815—1832)
Chapter 21: Economic Advance and Social Unrest (1830—1850)
PART 5: Toward the Modern World, 1850—1939
Chapter 22: The Age of Nation-States
Chapter 23: The Building of European Supremacy: Society and Politics to World War I
Chapter 24: The Birth of Modern European Thought
Chapter 25: The Age of Western Imperialism
Chapter 26: Alliances, War, and a Troubled Peace
Chapter 27: The Interwar Years: The Challenge of Dictators and Depression
PART 6: Global Conflict, Cold War, and New Directions, 1939—2008
Chapter 28: World War II
Chapter 29: The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
Chapter 30: Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
Glossary
Index
2. FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS
Documents
Maps
Preface
About the Authors
What Is the Western Heritage?
PART 1: The Foundations of Western Civilization in the Ancient World to 400 C.E.
Chapter 1: The Birth of Civilization
Early Humans and Their Culture
The Paleolithic Age
The Neolithic Age
The Bronze Age and the Birth of Civilization
Early Civilizations to about 1000 B.C.E.
Mesopotamian Civilization
Egyptian Civilization
Ancient Near Eastern Empires
The Hittites
The Assyrians
The Second Assyrian Empire
The Neo-Babylonians
The Persian Empire
Cyrus the Great
Darius the Great
Government and Administration
Religion
Art and Culture
Palestine
The Canaanites and the Phoenicians
The Israelites
The Jewish Religion
General Outlook of Mideastern Cultures
Humans and Nature
Humans and the Gods, Law, and Justice
Toward the Greeks and Western Thought
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
BABYLONIAN WORLD MAP
Divination in Ancient Mesopotamia
The Great Flood
Chapter 2: The Rise of Greek Civilization
The Bronze Age on Crete and on the Mainland to about 1150 B.C.E.
The Minoans
The Mycenaeans
The Greek “Middle Ages” to about 750 B.C.E.
Greek Migrations
The Age of Homer
The Polis
Development of the Polis
The Hoplite Phalanx
The Importance of the Polis
Expansion of the Greek World
Magna Graecia
The Greek Colony
The Tyrants (about 700—500 B.C.E.)
The Major States
Sparta
Athens
Life in Archaic Greece
Society
Religion
Poetry
The Persian Wars
The Ionian Rebellion
The War in Greece
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
Greek Athletics
THE TRIREME
Greek Strategy in the Persian War
Chapter 3: Classical and Hellenistic Greece
Aftermath of Victory
The Delian League
The Rise of Cimon
The First Peloponnesian War: Athens Against Sparta
The Breach with Sparta
The Division of Greece
Classical Greece
The Athenian Empire
Athenian Democracy
The Women of Athens: Legal Status and Everyday Life
Slavery
Religion in Public Life
The Great Peloponnesian War
Causes
Strategic Stalemate
The Fall of Athens
Competition for Leadership in the Fourth Century B.C.E.
The Hegemony of Sparta
The Hegemony of Thebes: The Second Athenian Empire
The Culture of Classical Greece
The Fifth Century B.C.E.
The Fourth Century B.C.E.
Philosophy and the Crisis of the Polis
The Hellenistic World
The Macedonian Conquest
Alexander the Great
The Successors
Hellenistic Culture
Philosophy
Literature
Architecture and Sculpture
Mathematics and Science
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
Going to Court in Athens
Athenian Democracy–Pro and Con
THE ERECHTHEUM: PORCH OF THE MAIDENS
Chapter 4: Rome: From Republic to Empire
Prehistoric Italy
The Etruscans
Government
Religion
Women
Dominion
Royal Rome
Government
The Family
Women in Early Rome
Clientage
Patricians and Plebeians
The Republic
Constitution
The Conquest of Italy
Rome and Carthage
The Republic’s Conquest of the Hellenistic World
Civilization in the Early Roman Republic
Religion
Education
Slavery
Roman Imperialism: The Late Republic
The Aftermath of Conquest
The Gracchi
Marius and Sulla
The Fall of the Republic
Pompey, Crassus, Caesar, and Cicero
The First Triumvirate
Julius Caesar and His Government of Rome
The Second Triumvirate and the Triumph of Octavian
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
LICTORS
Two Roman Festivals: The Saturnalia and Lupercalia
Did Caesar Want to Be King?
Chapter 5: The Roman Empire
The Augustan Principate
Administration
The Army and Defense
Religion and Morality
Civilization of the Ciceronian and Augustan Ages
The Late Republic
The Age of Augustus
Imperial Rome, 14 to 180 C.E.
The Emperors
The Administration of the Empire
Women of the Upper Classes
Life in Imperial Rome: The Apartment House
The Culture of the Early Empire
The Rise of Christianity
Jesus of Nazareth
Paul of Tarsus
Organization
The Persecution of Christians
The Emergence of Catholicism
Rome as a Center of the Early Church
The Crisis of the Third Century
Barbarian Invasions
Economic Difficulties
The Social Order
Civil Disorder
The Late Empire
The Fourth Century and Imperial Reorganization
The Triumph of Christianity
Arts and Letters in the Late Empire
The Preservation of Classical Culture
Christian Writers
The Problem of the Decline and Fall of the Empire in the West
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
SPOILS FROM JERUSALEM ON THE ARCH OF TITUS IN ROME
Chariot Racing
Christianity in the Roman Empire–Why Did the Romans Persecute the Christians? Ancient Warfare
PART 2: The Middle Ages, 476 C.E.—1300 C.E.
Chapter 6: Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Creating a New European Society and Culture (476—1000)
The Byzantine Empire
The Reign of Justinian
The Spread of Byzantine Christianity
Persians and Muslims
Islam and the Islamic World
Muhammad’s Religion
Islamic Diversity
Islamic Empires
Byzantium’s Contribution to Islamic Civilization
The European Debt to Islam
On the Eve of the Frankish Ascendancy
Germanic Migrations
New Western Masters
Western Society and the Developing Christian Church
Monastic Culture
The Doctrine of Papal Primacy
The Religious Division of Christendom
The Kingdom of the Franks: From Clovis to Charlemagne
Governing the Franks
The Reign of Charlemagne (768—814)
Breakup of the Carolingian Kingdom
Feudal Society
Origins
Vassalage and the Fief
Daily Life and Religion
Fragmentation and Divided Loyalty
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
The Battle of the Sexes in Christianity and Islam
A MULTICULTURAL BOOK COVER
Medieval Cooking
Chapter 7: The High Middle Ages: The Rise of European Empires and States (1000—1300)
Otto I and the Revival of the Empire
Unifying Germany
Embracing the Church
The Reviving Catholic Church
The Cluny Reform Movement
The Investiture Struggle: Gregory VII and Henry IV
The Crusades
The Pontificate of Innocent III (r. 1198—1216)
England and France: Hastings (1066) to Bouvines (1214)
William the Conqueror
Henry II
Eleanor of Aquitaine and Court Culture
Baronial Revolt and Magna Carta
Philip II Augustus
France in the Thirteenth Century: The Reign of Louis IX
Generosity Abroad
Order and Excellence at Home
The Hohenstaufen Empire (1152—1272)
Frederick I Barbarossa
Henry VI and the Sicilian Connection
Otto IV and the Welf Interregnum
Frederick II
Romanesque and Gothic Architecture
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
EUROPEANS EMBRACE A BLACK SAINT
Christian Jihad, Muslim Jihad Pilgrimages
Chapter 8: Medieval Society: Hierarchies, Towns, Universities, and Families (1000—1300)
The Traditional Order of Life
Nobles
Clergy
Peasants
Towns and Townspeople
The Chartering of Towns
The Rise of Merchants
Challenging the Old Lords
New Models of Government
Towns and Kings
Jews in Christian Society
Schools and Universities
University of Bologna
Cathedral Schools
University of Paris
The Curriculum
Philosophy and Theology
Women in Medieval Society
Image and Status
Life Choices
Working Women
The Lives of Children
Children as “Little Adults”
Childhood as a Special Stage
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
THE JOYS AND PAINS OF THE MEDIEVAL JOUST
Children’s Games, Warrior Games
Faith and Love in the High Middle Ages
The Invention of Printing in China and Europe
PART 3: Europe in Transition, 1300—1750
Chapter 9: The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300—1453)
The Black Death
Preconditions and Causes of the Plague
Popular Remedies
Social and Economic Consequences
New Conflicts and Opportunities
The Hundred Years’ War and the Rise of National Sentiment
The Causes of the War
Progress of the War
Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church
The Thirteenth-Century Papacy
Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair
The Avignon Papacy (1309—1377)
John Wycliffe and John Huss
The Great Schism (1378—1417) and the Conciliar Movement in the Church to 1449
Medieval Russia
Politics and Society
Mongol Rule (1243—1480)
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
A BURIAL SCENE FROM THE BLACK DEATH
Dealing with Death
Who Runs the World: Priests or Princes?
Chapter 10: Renaissance and Discovery
The Renaissance in Italy (1375—1527)
The Italian City-States
Humanism
High Renaissance Art
Slavery in the Renaissance 3
Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494—1527)
Charles VIII’s March Through Italy
Pope Alexander VI and the Borgia Family
Pope Julius II
Niccolò Machiavelli
Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
France
Spain
England
The Holy Roman Empire
The Northern Renaissance
The Printing Press
Erasmus
Humanism and Reform
Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
The Portuguese Chart the Course
The Spanish Voyages of Columbus
The Spanish Empire in the New World
The Church in Spanish America
The Economy of Exploitation
Mining
The Impact on Europe
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
The Renaissance Garden
LEONARDO PLOTS THE PERFECT MAN
Is the “Renaissance Man” a Myth?
Chapter 11: The Age of Reformation
Society and Religion
Social and Political Conflict
Popular Religious Movements and Criticism of the Church
Martin Luther and the German Reformation to 1525
The Attack on Indulgences
Election of Charles V
Luther’s Excommunication and the Diet of Worms
Imperial Distractions: War with France and the Turks
How the Reformation Spread
The Peasants’ Revolt
The Reformation Elsewhere
Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation
Anabaptists and Radical Protestants
John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation
Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation
The Diet of Augsburg
The Expansion of the Reformation
Reaction Against Protestants
The Peace of Augsburg
The English Reformation to 1553
The Preconditions of Reform
The King’s Affair
The “Reformation Parliament”
Wives of Henry VIII
The King’s Religious Conservatism
The Protestant Reformation under Edward VI
Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation
Sources of Catholic Reform
Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits
The Council of Trent (1545—1563)
The Social Significance of the Reformation in Western Europe
The Revolution in Religious Practices and Institutions
The Reformation and Education
The Reformation and the Changing Role of Women
Family Life in Early Modern Europe
Later Marriages
Arranged Marriages
Family Size
Birth Control
Wet Nursing
Loving Families?
Literary Imagination in Transition
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra: Rejection of Idealism
William Shakespeare: Dramatist of the Age
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
A SAINT AT PEACE IN THE GRASP OF TEMPTATION
A Raw Deal for the Common Man, or Just Desserts?
Table Manners
Chapter 12: The Age of Religious Wars
Renewed Religious Struggle
The French Wars of Religion (1562—1598)
Appeal of Calvinism
Catherine de Médicis and the Guises
The Rise to Power of Henry of Navarre
The Edict of Nantes
Imperial Spain and Philip II (r. 1556—1598)
Pillars of Spanish Power
The Revolt in the Netherlands
England and Spain (1553—1603)
Mary I (r. 1553—1558)
Elizabeth I (r. 1558—1603)
The Thirty Years’ War (1618—1648)
Preconditions for War
Four Periods of War
The Treaty of Westphalia
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
BAROQUE AND PLAIN CHURCH: ARCHITECTURAL REFLECTIONS OF BELIEF
The Great Debate Over Religious Tolerance
Going to the Thea
Chapter 13: European State -Consolidation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline
Urban Prosperity
Economic Decline
Two Models of European Political Development
Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England
James I
Charles I
The Long Parliament and Civil War
Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic
Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy
The “Glorious Revolution”
The Age of Walpole
Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV
Years of Personal Rule
Versailles
King by Divine Right
Louis’s Early Wars
Louis’s Repressive Religious Policies
Louis’s Later Wars
France After Louis XIV
Central and Eastern Europe
Poland: Absence of Strong Central Authority
The Habsburg Empire and the Pragmatic Sanction
Prussia and the Hohenzollerns
Russia Enters the European Political Arena
The Romanov Dynasty
Peter the Great
Russian Expansion in the Baltic: The Great Northern War
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
Early Controversy Over Tobacco and Smoking
VERSAILLES
The Debate over the Origin and Character of Political Authority
Chapter 14: New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
The Scientific Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus Rejects an Earth-Centered Universe
Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler Make New Scientific Observations
Galileo Galilei Argues for a Universe of Mathematical Laws
Isaac Newton Discovers the Laws of Gravitation
Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
Nature as Mechanism
Francis Bacon: The Empirical Method
René Descartes: The Method of Rational Deduction
Thomas Hobbes: Apologist for Absolute Government
John Locke: Defender of Moderate Liberty and Toleration
The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge
Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution
The New Science and Religious Faith
The Case of Galileo
Blaise Pascal: Reason and Faith
The English Approach to Science and Religion
Continuing Superstition
Witch Hunts and Panic
Village Origins
Influence of the Clergy
Who Were the Witches?
End of the Witch Hunts
Baroque Art
In Perspective
Key Terms
Review Questions
Suggested Readings
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments
THE SCIENCES AND THE ARTS
Descartes and Swift Debate the Scientific Enterprise
Midwives
Glossary
Index
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