The Western Perspective: A History of Civilization in the West,9780030456435

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The Western Perspective: A History of Civilization in the West

by CANNISTRARO/REICH

Edition:

1st

ISBN13:

9780030456435

ISBN10:

0030456436

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

8/14/1998

Publisher(s):

Wadsworth Publishing

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What version or edition is this?

This is the 1st edition with a publication date of 8/14/1998.

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Summary

THE WESTERN PERSPECTIVE is a history of Western civilization from 8000 B.C. to the present. In addition to the chief political developments, this text offers students comprehensive treatments of economic trends, cultural and intellectual movements, daily life and social change, the changing position and role of women, and the status of ethnic and religious groups. Europe's history is placed in the context of world history--developments in Africa, Asia, the Americas, and the Pacific are discussed in terms of their relationship with events in Europe.

Preface

xli

PART I THE ANCIENT WORLD

(71)

1 PEOPLE BEFORE HISTORY

(10)

The Planet Earth: Life and the Environment

(2)

The First People

(3)

Europe in the Stone Age: Hunters and Artists

(1)

The Neolithic Revolution: Framing and Technology

(3)

2 MESOPOTAMIA AND ITS CITIES

(10)

The Tigris and Euphrates: Rivers and Civilization

(1)

The Sumerians and the Rise of Cities

(4)

The Akkadian Conquest and Its Aftermath

(1)

The Babylonians: The Rule of Law

(1)

The Assyrians and the Thirst for Empire

(3)

3 EGYPT OF THE PHARAOHS

(10)

The Nile and Its Valley

(1)

The Rise and Fall of the Old Kingdom

(1)

The Middle Kingdom: The Waning of Stability

(1)

Empire and Grandeur: The New Kingdom

(1)

Akhenaton and the Sun God: The Revolution That Failed

(1)

Public Figures and Private Lives: Hatsheput and Thutmose III

(2)

The Decline of Egypt

(2)

4 OTHER PEOPLES OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST

(11)

The Kingdom of the Hittites: Iron, War, Bureaucracy

(2)

The Phoenicians: Traders and Sailors

(3)

Persia: The Tolerant Empire

(1)

The Hebrews: The People of the Book

(4)

5 ART AND BELIEF IN THE ANCIENT WORLD

(14)

Gods, Priests, and Worshipers: Varieties of Religious Experience

(3)

Documents on History: Aspects of the Divine in the Ancient World

(4)

Religion, Power, and the State

(2)

Ancient Artists and Their Worlds

(1)

Faith, Hope, and Despair in Ancient Literature

(3)

6 THE STRUCTURE AND ECONOMIC LIFE OF ANCIENT SOCIETY

(14)

Class, Status, and Family

(1)

Women, Power, and Subjugation

(2)

Perspectives on History: The Status of Women in Ancient Mesopotamia

(3)

JoAnn Scurlock, Elmhurst College

The Agricultural Economy: Food Production and Consumption

(2)

Artisans and Traders: The Rise of Commerce

(2)

Slavery, Human Rights, and the Law

(3)

PART II THE WORLD OF CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY

(152)

1 THE EMERGENCE OF GREECE: FROM BRONZE TO IRON

(12)

Bronze Age Culture in the Aegean: The Minoans and Mycenaeans

(3)

The Greeks of the Early Iron Age: The Birth of the City-State

(2)

Gods, Goddesses, and the World of Homer

(2)

The Greeks Abroad: Colonies and Markets

(1)

Greek Ideas and Eastern Art

(3)

2 THE GREEKS IN THE ARCHAIC ERA

(11)

City-States in Transition: Aristocracy, Tryanny, and the People

(1)

Reform at Athens: The Democratic Experiment

(3)

The Spartan Alternative: Conservatism and the Military Ideal

(2)

The Persian Challenge and the Victory of the Greeks

(4)

3 THE GREEK WORLD IN CONFLICT: THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR AND ITS AFTERMATH

(12)

Pericles and the Primary of Athens

(2)

The Greek World Divided: The Peloponnesian War

101

(1)

Public Figures and Private Lives: Aspasia and Pericles

102

(3)

The Defeat of Athens and Its Consequences

105

(2)

Philip of Macedon and the End of Greek Independence

107

(3)

4 THE CLASSICAL VISION

110

(14)

Fate and the Human Condition: The Theater at Athens

111

(1)

Perfection and Realism: Classical Painting and Sculpture

112

(2)

Architecture and the Triumph of Order

114

(2)

Documents on History: Classical Attitudes to Historical Methods

116

(4)

History and Philosophy: The Greek Mind

120

(4)

5 THE LIFE AND COMMERCE OF CLASSICAL GREECE

124

(11)

Land, Farming, and Food

125

(1)

Manufacturing and Trade in the Greek World

126

(1)

Sexuality and Family Life in Classical Athens

127

(1)

Perspectives on History: Marriage in Classical Athens

128

(3)

Louis Cohn-Haft, Smith College

Priestesses, Wives, and Prostitutes: The Roles of Greek Women

131

(2)

Freedom and Slavery in Greek Society

133

(2)

6 ALEXANDER AND THE HELLENISTIC AGE

135

(10)

Alexander the Great and His Empire

136

(1)

The Successor States: Challenge and Competition

137

(2)

Society and Economy in the Hellenistic World

139

(2)

Mystics, Stoics, and Epicureans: The Conflicts of Religion and Philosophy

141

(1)

The Nature of the Universe: Science, Medicine, and Technology

142

(3)

7 THE RISE OF ROME

145

(10)

The Etruscans and the Foundation of Rome

146

(2)

The Roman Republic: Class and the Politics of Compromise

148

(2)

Diplomacy and War: The Romanization of Italy

150

(2)

The Punic Wars

152

(1)

The Annexation of the Eastern Mediterranean

153

(2)

8 ROMANS OF THE REPUBLIC

155

(10)

The Trials of Provincial Administration

156

(1)

The Roman Economy: Land Tenure, Trade, and Class

157

(3)

Women and the Family in a Patriarchal Society

160

(2)

Religion and Philosophy: Greek Ideas in Roman Forms

162

(1)

The Literature of the Roman Republic

163

(2)

9 THE COLLAPSE OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

165

(12)

The Gracchus Brothers and the Failure of Reform

166

(2)

Politics and the Generals: The Struggle for Power

168

(2)

Pompey and Caesar: Rivalry and Civil War

170

(2)

The Dictatorship and Assassination of Julius Caesar

172

(1)

The Triumph of Octavian and the Death of the Republic

173

(1)

Public Figures and Private Lives: Antony and Fulvia

174

(3)

10 THE EMPIRE: FROM AUGUSTUS TO MARCUS AURELIUS

177

(14)

The Augustan Revolution: Appearance and Reality

178

(2)

Documents on History: Political Propaganda in the Roman Empire

180

(4)

Problems of Imperial Succession: The Julio-Claudians

184

(2)

The Army and the Emperors: Vespasian and His Sons

186

(2)

The Pax Romana and the 'Five Good Emperors'

188

(3)

11 POLITICS AND THE ARTS: ROMAN IMPERIAL CULTURE

191

(10)

The World According to Augustus: The Golden Age of Art and Literature

192

(2)

History and Personality in Imperial Sculpture

194

(1)

Building the Empire: Architecture in Rome and the Provinces

195

(3)

Writers of the Silver Age: Rhetoric, Satire, and History

198

(3)

12 DAILY LIFE IN THE ROMAN WORLD

201

(10)

Law, Citizenship, and Bureaucracy

202

(2)

The Imperial Economy: Recovery, Stability, Decline

204

(2)

Sexuality and Domestic Life

206

(1)

Women in Public Life

207

(1)

Slaves, Criminals, and Gladitors

208

(3)

13 CHRISTIANITY AND THE CRISIS OF EMPIRE

211

(13)

The Jews: A Religious Minority in the Roman World

212

(1)

The Rise of Christianity and the Early Church

213

(1)

Perspectives on History: The Dead Sea Scrolls

214

(5)

Frederick M. Lauritsen, Eastern Washington University

Problems of Empire and the Reforms of Diocletian

219

(2)

The Foundation of Constantinople and the Decline of the West

221

(1)

Decline and Fall: The Debate

222

(2)

PART III THE WORLDS OF MEDIEVAL EUROPE

224

(162)

1 POLITICS AFTER ROME: THE GERMANIC KINGDOMS

227

(10)

The Germanic Migrations and the West

228

(2)

Visigoths, Ostrogoths, and Lombards: German Kingdoms in Southern Europe

230

(2)

The Franks and Christianity

232

(2)

The Making of Anglo-Saxon England

234

(1)

German Customs and Roman Traditions: The Formation of Europe

235

(2)

2 EARLY MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY

237

(10)

Christianity and the Classical Heritage

238

(1)

The City of God: Augustine and His Vision

239

(1)

The Papacy and the Primary of Rome

240

(3)

The Monastic Ideal

243

(1)

Women, Christianity, and the Church

244

(3)

3 BYZANTIUM: THE EASTERN EMPIRE

247

(12)

New Rome in the East: The Successors of Constantine

248

(1)

Justinian and the Imperial Quest

249

(2)

Byzantium under Stress: Military Threat and Religious Conflict

251

(2)

Byzantium in the North: The Slavs

253

(1)

Artistic Splendor in the Byzantine World

254

(2)

Economic Vitality and Social Inequality

256

(3)

4 EUROPE AND ISLAM

259

(9)

The Arabian Peninsula and Its Peoples

260

(1)

Muhammad, the Founder of Islam

260

(2)

Islam and the Mediterranean: Conquest, Conversion, Settlement

262

(1)

Spain and Sicily: Muslim Rule in Europe

263

(2)

Science and Culture: The Islamic Impact on the West

265

(3)

5 THE FRIST EUROPE: THE WEST IN THE AGE OF CHARLEMAGNE

268

(16)

The Carolingians

268

(1)

Charlemagne: From Frankish King to Holy Roman Emperor

269

(3)

Documents on History: Charlemagne and His Government

272

(4)

The Carolingian Renaissance: The Revival of Learning in the West

276

(2)

Manorialism and the Carolingian Economy

278

(2)

The Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire

280

(4)

6 THE SOCIAL ORDER OF MEDIEVAL EUROPE

284

(13)

The Feudal System: The Search for Security in an Age of Uncertainty

284

(1)

Rural Europe: Peasants and Aristocrats

285

(4)

The Revival of Trade and Emergence of Cities

289

(3)

Jewish Life in the Middle Ages

292

(2)

Medieval Women: The Private and Public Spheres

294

(1)

The Clergy and Secular Society

295

(2)

7 THE FEUDAL MONARCHIES

297

(12)

Norman and Angevin England: The Development of Royal Administration

298

(2)

Public Figures and Private Lives: Matilda of Flanders and William the Conqueror

300

(2)

France and the Capetian Monarchy: Nobles versus the King

302

(1)

German Kings and the Lure of Empire: From Otto I to Frederick Barbarossa

303

(4)

The Reconquista and the Kingdoms of Medieval Spain

307

(2)

8 THE MILITANT CHURCH: REFORM AND THE PAPACY

309

(16)

Reform and Renewal in the Church

309

(2)

The Investiture Controversy

311

(2)

Schism and the Decline of Byzantium

313

(2)

The Era of the Crusades

315

(3)

The Age of Innocent III

318

(2)

Perspectives on History: Francis of Assisi

320

(2)

Lawrence S. Cunningham, University of Notre Dame

The Rise of Popular Devotion

322

(3)

9 SCHOLARS, TROUBADOURS, AND BUILDERS

325

(11)

The First Universities

326

(1)

Scholasticism: Faith, Reality, and Reason

327

(3)

Songs of Love and Battle: Heroic Epics and Troubadour Poetry

330

(2)

A New Musical Language: The Polyphonic Style

332

(1)

Architects and Sculptors: The Romanesque Cathedral

333

(3)

10 MONARCHY AND ITS LIMITS: GOVERNMENT IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES

336

(11)

Political Theory and Church-State Relations in the High Middle Ages

337

(1)

England: Magna Carta and the Evolution of Parliament

338

(2)

The Consolidation of the French Monarchy

340

(3)

Stupor Mundi: Frederick of Hohenstaufen and the Imperial Dream

343

(4)

11 ART AND IDEAS IN THE GOTHIC AGE

347

(11)

Faith versus Reason: The Heirs of Aquinas

348

(1)

The Climax of Medieval Literature: Dante's Divine Comedy

349

(1)

The Gothic Cathedral

350

(2)

Sculpture and Painting in the Gothic Age: Art in Transition

352

(6)

12 THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY: STRESS AND CHANGE IN EUROPEAN SOCIETY

358

(16)

Overpopulation and Its Consequences

358

(1)

The Plague

359

(3)

Documents on History: The Black Death

362

(5)

Bad Times and Social Protest: Peasants and Workers in Revolt

367

(2)

The Church in Captivity: Schism and the Popes at Avignon

369

(5)

13 THE LATE MIDDLE AGES

374

(12)

Agriculture, Trade, and Finance

374

(3)

European Society Before and After the Black Death

377

(2)

The Life of Women

379

(1)

Perspectives on History: Gender in Medieval Society

380

(4)

Lisa M. Bitel, University of Kansas

Humanism: The Classical Sources of New Spirit

384

(2)

PART IV THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION

386

(102)

1 THE AGE OF THE NEW MONARCHS

389

(10)

The Hundred Years' War and Its Aftermath

389

(3)

The Valois King and the Revival of France

392

(1)

England and the Rise of the Tudors

393

(1)

Public Figures and Private Lives: Margaret of Anjou and Henry VI of England

394

(2)

Spain: From Aragon and Castile to Hapsburg Monarchy

396

(3)

2 POWER AND CULTURE IN RENAISSANCE ITALY

399

(11)

Politics, Class, and Civic Identity: The Italian City-States

400

(3)

The Intellectual World of the Early Renaissance

403

(2)

Patronage and Statecraft in Renaissance Italy

405

(1)

Public Figures and Private Lives: Isabella d'Este and Francesco Gonzaga

406

(1)

Italy and Europe: Power Politics and the Art of Diplomacy

407

(3)

3 THE VISUAL ARTS OF THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

410

(17)

'The Modern Style': Donatello, Brunelleschi, and Masaccio

411

(2)

Tradition and Experiment: The Later Quattrocento

413

(1)

Harmony and Design in the High Renaissance

414

(4)

Documents on History: Art and Artists in the Renaissance

418

(6)

Harmony and Color: The Painting of the Venetian Republic

424

(3)

4 ARTS AND LETTERS IN RENAISSANCE EUROPE

427

(10)

The Printing Revolution

428

(1)

The Northern Humanists: Education for a Christian Society

429

(1)

The Courtier and The Prince: Handbooks of Renaissance Strategy

430

(3)

The Conquest of Reality: Renaissance Art in the North

433

(2)

Music in the High Renaissance

435

(2)

5 UPHEAVAL AND TRANSFORMATION IN EASTERN EUROPE

437

(11)

The Collapse of Byzantium

437

(3)

The Ottomans and the European Response

440

(2)

Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland

442

(3)

The Growth of the Principality of Moscow

445

(3)

6 THE ERA OF RECONNAISSANCE

448

(17)

Europeans and the World: The Early Travelers

448

(3)

Geography and Technology

451

(1)

The Portuguese Initiative

452

(2)

Documents on History: The Portuguese in the Wider World

454

(4)

Spain, the Americas, and the European Economy

458

(7)

7 THE REFORMATION

465

(11)

The Roots of Reform: Popular Discontent and the Crisis of the Western Church

466

(1)

'Here I Stand': Martin Luther and the German Reformation

467

(2)

The Lutheran Movement: Peasant Rebellion and Aristocratic Strife

469

(2)

The Advance of Protestantism in Continental Europe

471

(2)

The Break with Rome: Henry VII and the English Church

473

(3)

8 THE SOCIAL WORLDS OF THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION

476

(12)

Class, Mobility, and Changing Values

477

(2)

Education, Marriage, and the Family

479

(2)

The Burdens of Gender: Women in a Changed World

481

(3)

Perspectives on History: The First Africans in Europe

484

(2)

Trevor P. Hall, Bethune-Cookman College

Outsiders in Christian Europe: Jews, Muslims, and Blacks

486

(2)

PART V THE EARLY MODERN WORLD

488

(82)

1 CATHOLIC REFORM AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION

491

(10)

The Catholic Church and the Spirit of Renewal

491

(3)

Education and Conversion: The Jesuits and the Ursulines

494

(1)

The War against the Heretics: The Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office

495

(1)

Perspectives on History: The Social Life of European Jewry

496

(5)

Elisheva Carlebach, Queens College, City University of New York

CATHOLIC SPAIN AND THE STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY

501

(10)

Religion and Monarchy: The Reign of Philip II

502

(3)

Spain and Its Overseas Empire

505

(1)

Rebellion in the Netherlands: Religious Freedom and Political Independence

505

(3)

Spain versus England: The Armada Disaster

508

(3)

CROWN AND PARLIAMENT IN TUDOR-STUART ENGLAND

511

(9)

Elizabeth I and the Politics of Compromise

511

(2)

Toward Confrontation: James I and Parliament

513

(2)

Charles I and the Civil War

515

(2)

The Protectorate: The Dictatorship of Oliver Cromwell

517

(3)

RELIGIOUS WAR AND THE ASCENDANCY OF THE FRENCH MONARCHY

520

(13)

Religious Conflict: From the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre to the Edict of Nantes

521

(3)

Public Figures and Private Lives: Marie de' Medici and Henry IV of France

524

(1)

The Cardinals and the State: The Administrations of Richelieu and Mazarin

525

(2)

A Scandal in Bohemia: The Protestant Revolt and the Thirty Years' War

527

(2)

From the Swedish Victory to the French Intervention

529

(4)

PATTERNS OF LIFE IN A TIME OF UPHEAVAL

533

(16)

Health and Medicine

534

(2)

Changing Tastes: Food and Diet

536

(2)

Documents on History: Food and the Columbian Exchange

538

(6)

The Social Pattern of Housing

544

(2)

Clothing, Fashion, and Class

546

(3)

6 THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY AND OVERSEAS EMPIRE

549

(10)

Trade, Finance, and Prices

550

(2)

Merchant Capitalists and the State

552

(2)

The Heyday of the Dutch Republic

554

(1)

Global Competition: The India Companies

555

(4)

7 THE BAROQUE ERA

559

(11)

Emotion and Illusionism: The Affirmation of Baroque Art

560

(1)

The Making of Baroque: Caravaggio and Bernini

560

(2)

Rembrandt and His Contemporaries in Northern Europe

562

(2)

Music for a New Public: The Birth of Opera and the Works of Bach

564

(2)

The Golden Age of Literature: Shakespeare and Cervantes

566

(1)

Public Figures and Private Lives Anna Magdalena and Johann Sebastian Bach

567

(3)

PART VI THE OLD REGIME

570

(136)

1 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND WESTERN THOUGHT

573

(10)

The Weight of Tradition: God, Nature, and the World

574

(1)

Redefining the Universe: From Copernicus to Galileo

575

(2)

Medicine and the Human Body

577

(2)

The Scientific Method: Bacon, Descartes, and Pascal

579

(1)

Newton and the Laws of the Natural Universe

580

(3)

2 SOUTHERN EUROPE: SPAIN, ITALY, AND THE MEDITERRANEAN

583

(12)

The Eclipse of the Mediterranean

584

(2)

From Hapsburg to Bourbon Spain

586

(4)

Europe and the Italian States

590

(5)

3 ABSOLUTE MONARCHY: LOUIS XIV AND THE DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS

595

(13)

"I am the State": The Absolutist Government

596

(3)

Nobles, Jansenists, and Huguenots: The Domestic Opposition

599

(3)

Perspectives on History: Louis XIV: A Bureaucratic King

602

(2)

John C. Rule Ohio State University

War, Diplomacy, and the Quest for French Hegemony

604

(4)

4 ENGLAND AND THE RISE OF CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

608

(14)

The Stuart Restoration

609

(2)

The Glorious Revolution

611

(3)

Documents on History: Resistance and Revolution

614

(4)

The Cabinet System and the House of Commons

618

(4)

5 CENTRAL EUROPE AND THE SHIFTING BALANCE OF POWER

622

(10)

The Fiction of the Holy Roman Empire

623

(1)

The Hapsburgs Turn East: The Turkish Defeat

623

(3)

The Rise of the Hohenzollerns

626

(1)

The Great Elector: Junkers and Army in Prussia

627

(5)

6 THE BALTIC AND EASTERN EUROPE IN TRANSITION

632

(10)

The Emergence of Russia

633

(2)

Peter the Great and the Allure of the West

635

(2)

The Great Northern War and the Founding of St. Petersburg

637

(2)

The Collapse of the Swedish Empire

639

(1)

Poland: The Triumph of the Nobility

640

(2)

7 THE CULTURE OF THE OLD REGIME

642

(12)

The Arts in Transition

643

(1)

Tragedy and Comedy at the Court of Louis XIV

643

(1)

Academies and Salons in the Republic of Letters

644

(2)

Public Figures and Private Lives: Elizabeth Robinson Montagu and Edward Montagu

646

(1)

The Popular Press, Novels, and the Circulation of Ideas

647

(1)

The Art of the Rococo: Watteau and His World

648

(3)

The Classical Style in Music: Mozart and Haydn

651

(3)

8 EUROPE AND THE WORLD ECONOMY

654

(12)

Toward a World Economy

654

(3)

The Slave Trade

657

(3)

Perspectives on History: The Slave Trade and the European Economy

660

(2)

Charles L. Killinger, Valencia Community College

The Speculation Craze: Stock Booms and Crashes

662

(4)

9 THE GLOBAL CONFLICT: WARS FOR EMPIRE

666

(10)

Britain versus Spain in the West Indies

667

(1)

Dynasty and Power Politics: The War of the Austrian Succession

668

(2)

The Struggle for North America: The Ascendancy of Britain

670

(3)

The Seven Years' War and the Success of Prussia

673

(3)

10 EUROPEAN SOCITEY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

676

(15)

Society and the Old Regime

676

(3)

Agriculture and the World of the Peasantry

679

(3)

Aristocrats, Urban Classes, and the Poor

682

(4)

Women and the Old Regime

686

(2)

Public Figures and Private Lives: Jeanne Becu du Barry and Louis XV

688

(3)

11 THE AGE OF REASON

691

(15)

The Seeds of the Enlightenment

692

(1)

The Philosophes: The Battle against Superstition

692

(3)

"The Infamous Thing": Voltaire and Natural Morality

695

(1)

Documents on History: The Age of Reason

696

(6)

Science and Society: Social and Economic Thought

702

(1)

The Outsider: Rousseau and the Social Contract

703

(3)

PART VII THE MODERN AGE

706

(296)

1 THE POLITICS OF ENLIGHTENMET: EUROPE AND AMERICA

709

(16)

The Political Thought of the Philosophes

709

(2)

Josef II and the Failure of the Austrian Englightenment

711

(3)

"First Servant of the State": Friedrich the Great of Prussia

714

(2)

Englightenment in the East: Russia from Catherine to Alexander

716

(5)

Perspectives on History: How Enlightened Despots?

718

(3)

John G. Gagliardo, Boston University

Enlightenment and the America Revolution

721

(4)

2 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

725

(13)

The Origins of the Industrial Revolution

725

(2)

Technology and Invention in the Age of Steam

727

(3)

From Cottage to Factory: The Growth of Industrial Capitalism

730

(2)

Industrialization and the European Economy

732

(3)

Workers, Machines, and Labor Protest

735

(3)

3 REVOLUTION IN FRANCE: LIBERTY, TERROR, REACTION

738

(19)

The Third Estate and the "Rights of Man"

738

(5)

The Ascendancy of the Moderates

743

(3)

The Radicals in Power: The Reign of Terror

746

(5)

Return from the Brink: From Thermidor to the Directory

751

(1)

Perspective on History: The Historians' French Revolution

752

(5)

Jack R. Censer, George Mason University

4 EUROPE IN THE NAPOLEONIC ERA

757

(14)

The Rise of Bonaparte: From Consul to Emperor

758

(4)

Europe and the French Imperium

762

(3)

The Grand Experiment: Occupation and Reform

765

(2)

The European Coalition and the Collapse of France

767

(4)

5 RESTORATION AND RESISTANCE IN THE AGE OF METTERNICH

771

(13)

The Congress of Vienna and the Search for Stability

772

(2)

The Restoration and the Conservative Order

774

(3)

The Concert of Europe

777

(2)

France and the Politics of Compromise

779

(2)

Conservatism Challenged: Political Unrest and Constitutionalism in Britain

781

(3)

6 THE NEW SOCIAL ORDER: WORKERS, WOMEN, AND THE MIDDLE CLASS

784

(20)

Europe Society in Transition

784

(5)

The Condition of the Working Class

789

(3)

The Comfortable Bourgeoisie

792

(2)

Women in a Revolutionary Age

794

(1)

Marriage, Family, and Sex

795

(1)

Documents on History: The Rights of Women

796

(8)

7 THE ROMANTIC VISION: ART AND CULTURE IN A REVOLUTIONARY WORLD

804

(11)

Neoclassicism and the Rediscovery of Antiquity

805

(1)

Romanticism and the Discovery of Self

806

(1)

The Romantic Movement in Germany

807

(1)

"Spirit of the Age": The English Romantic Poets

808

(1)

"The Horrors of Wars": From Goya to Delacroix

809

(1)

Beethoven and the Heroic Ideal

810

(2)

Public Figures and Private Lives: Mary Wollstonecraft and Percy Bysshe Shelley

812

(3)

8 THOUGH AND ACTION: THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848

815

(14)

Liberals, Nationalists, and Socialists: Revolutionaries and Their Ideals

816

(3)

A Time for Change: The Roots of Discontent

819

(3)

Europe at the Barricades: The Pattern of Revolt

822

(2)

Hopes Crushed: The Reactionaries Triumphant

824

(2)

The Revolutionary Experience and Its Meaning

826

(3)

9 THE LIBERAL STATE: DOMESTIC POLITICS IN BRITAIN AND FRANCE

829

(10)

Sir Robert Peel and the Rise of the Political Party System

830

(1)

Britain in the Age of Victoria and Albert

830

(2)

Liberals, Conservatives, and the Politics of Reform

832

(1)

Louis Napoleon and the Second French Republic

833

(1)

Napoleon III and the Second Empire

834

(2)

France and the Politics of Empire

836

(3)

10 AUSTRIA AND RUSSIA: CONSERVATISM ENTRENCHED

839

(9)

The Austrian Empire: A Multiethnic State in the Age of Nationalism

840

(2)

The Ausgleich: Illusion of the Dual Monarchy

842

(1)

Russia under the Tsars: The Emancipation of the Serfs

843

(2)

Reform and Reaction under Alexander II

845

(3)

11 DIPLOMACY AND WAR: THE AGE OF NATION BUILDING

848

(19)

Italy, Germany, and the United States: Paths to Unification

849

(1)

Piedmont and the Italian Question

850

(3)

Cavour v. Garibaldi: Unification Achieved

853

(2)

Bismarck and the Struggle for Power in Prussia

855

(1)

Documents on History: The Risorgimento

856

(7)

The Birth of the Second Reich

863

(2)

Nationalism, Regionalism, and the American Civil War

865

(2)

TECHNOLOGY AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY

867

(12)

The Great Exhibition of 1851: The Promise of Technology

868

(1)

Continental Industry Comes of Age

869

(4)

The Railroad Era

873

(2)

Modernizing the European Economy: Trade, Finance, and the Corporation

875

(4)

13 MIDDLE-CLASS VALUES AND WORKING-CLASS REALITIES

879

(15)

The Urbanization of Europe

880

(3)

Victorian Virtues: The Theory and Practice of the Bourgeoisie

883

(2)

Women and the Cult of Domesticity

885

(3)

The Urban Poor and Social Reform

888

(2)

Karl Marx and the Vision of a New Social Order

890

(4)

14 ARTS, IDEAS, AND SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS

894

(12)

Auguste Comte and the Philosophy of Positivism

895

(1)

Charles Darwin and the Case for Natural Selection

895

(2)

Science and Religion in a Changing World

897

(2)

The Writer as Critic: Social Realism and the Novel

899

(1)

Music and the Rise of National Consciouness

900

(2)

The Image of Society in the Visual Arts

902

(4)

15 POLITICS AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE, 1870-1914

906

(15)

Political Repression and Parliamentary Rule

907

(2)

Great Britain: From victoria to Edward

909

(3)

France and the Dilemmas of the Third Republic

912

(2)

Germany and Italy: The Problems of Nationhood

914

(4)

The Pace of Development: North and South

918

(3)

16 THE CRISIS OF EMPIRE IN EASTERN EUROPE

921

(13)

The Sunset of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

922

(2)

The Russian Empire: Industrialization and Political Crisis

924

(3)

European Jews and Anti-Semitism

927

(2)

The Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire

929

(2)

Great Power Rivalry and the Balkans

931

(3)

17 EUROPE, THE UNITED STATES, AND THE WORLD ECONOMY

934

(14)

The Second Industrial Revolution

935

(4)

The American Challenge and the Long Depression

939

(2)

Big Business in the Age of Mass Production

941

(3)

Europe and the Global Economy

944

(4)

18 THE DRIVE FOR EMPIRE: EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN ASIA AND AFRICA

948

(18)

The Imperialists: Exploration, Commerce, and Competition

949

(2)

The British in India: From Mutiny to National Consciousness

951

(1)

Documents on History: The Drive for Empire

952

(5)

The Opening of China and the Boxer Rebellion

957

(2)

Japan and the West

959

(1)

North Arfica: The British and French in Conflict

960

(2)

The Dismemberment of Central Africa

962

(1)

The Boer War and the Union of South Africa

963

(3)

19 THE SOCIAL ORDER CHALLENGED

966

(12)

The First International: Anarchists v. Socialists

967

(2)

The Second International: Ideology and Socialist Politics

969

(2)

Labor on the Offensive: Trade Unions, Strikes, and Revolutionary Syndicalism

971

(1)

Women and the Vote

972

(2)

Public Figures and Private Lives: Anna Kuliscioff and Filippo Turati

974

(2)

The Socialist Path to Feminism

976

(2)

20 SOCIETY IN TRANSITION: THE MODERNIZATION OF EUROPE

978

(12)

The Changing Social Structure

979

(2)

Wealth, Poverty, and Social Darwinism

981

(2)

Patterns of Gender and Sexuality

983

(3)

The Integration of Society: Literacy and Miltary Service

986

(4)

21 ART AND SCIENCE: THE MODERNIST REVOLUTION

990

(12)

Toward a New Culture: The Art of Richard Wagner

991

(1)

Philosophers of Instinct and Life: Nietzsche, Bergson, and Freud

992

(2)

Varieties of Literary Experience: Realism and Symbolism

994

(1)

Impressionism, Postimpressionism, and Expressionism

995

(2)

The Modernist Revolt: Cubism, Futurism, and Atonality

997

(2)

Science from Certainty to Relativity

999

(3)

PART VIII THE CONTEMPORARY ERA

1002

1 THE GREAT WAR

1005

(24)

The Origins of the First World War

1006

(3)

From Confrontation to Crisis: The Coming of War

1009

(2)

Fighting the War

1011

(1)

Documents on History: World War I: Who Was Responsible?

1012

(8)

The Home Front

1020

(2)

The World Conflict

1022

(1)

Peace and Its Consequences

1023

(6)

2 RADICAL EXTREMES: THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AND THE RISE OF FASCISM

1029

(20)

Revolution, Left and Right

1030

(1)

The March Revolution and the Bolshevik Seizure of Power

1031

(2)

The Soviet Union in the Making

1033

(4)

"Mutilated Victory": Italy from War to Fascism

1037

(2)

The Fascist Victory and Mussolini's Dictatorship

1039

(2)

The German Revolution and the Weimar Republic

1041

(2)

Hitler and National Socialism

1043

(1)

Perspectives on History: The Nature of Fascism

1044

(5)

Stanley G. Payne, University of Wisconsin-Madison

3 THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY: BOOM AND BUST

1049

(12)

The Economic Consequences of the War

1050

(1)

Reparations, Inflation, and War Debts

1051

(2)

Recovery and Prosperity

1053

(2)

The Crash: Wall Street and the Financial Collapse

1055

(2)

The Great Depression

1057

(4)

4 MUSSOLINI, HITLER, STALIN: THE TOTALITARIAN NIGHTMARE

1061

(14)

The Nature of Totalitarianism

1062

(1)

Italy under Mussolini: Regimentation in the Fascist State

1062

(3)

Hitler's Germany: Race and Repression in the Nazi Regime

1065

(3)

The Dictators and the Depression: Labor, Business, and Economic Policy

1068

(1)

Stalinist Russia: State Planning, Collectivization, and the Police State

1069

(3)

Women and Totalitarianism

1072

(3)

5 THE WERSTERN DEMOCRACIES AND EASTERN EUROPE

1075

(11)

Great Britain and the Irish Question

1076

(4)

France: The Quest for Stability

1080

(2)

The Spread of Fascism

1082

(1)

The New Shape of Eastern Europe

1083

(3)

6 SOCIAL VALUES AND THE LOST GENERATION

1086

(10)

Mobility and Status: Social Class under Stress

1087

(2)

New York, Paris, and Berlin: The Age of Cabaret

1089

(3)

Gender, Sexuality, and the Family

1092

(4)

7 CIVILIZATION AND ITS DISCONTENTS: PSYCHOANALYSIS AND THE ARTS

1096

(12)

Stream of Consciousness: Literature and Psychoanalysis

1097

(1)

The World of Bloomsbury

1098

(2)

Public Figures and Private Lives: Vita Sackville-West and Harold Nicolson

1100

(2)

Bauhaus: The International Style in Building and Design

1102

(2)

The Jazz Age: Music, Radio, and the Movies

1104

(2)

Coming Shadows

1106

(2)

8 THE ROAD TO WAR

1108

(13)

The Illusion of Peace

1109

(1)

Europe, Japan, and the League of Nations

1110

(1)

Austria, Ethiopia, and the Axis

1111

(3)

The March of Fascism: The Spanish Civil War

1114

(3)

The Price of Appeasement: Austria and Czechoslovakia

1117

(4)

9 THE SECOND WORLD WAR

1121

(24)

From Blitzkrieg to the Battle of Britain

1122

(5)

The Paralle War and Barbarossa

1127

(1)

The Jews and Hitler's "New Order"

1128

(2)

Documents on History: The Destruction of the European Jews

1130

(4)

American Intervention and the War in Asia

1134

(4)

Turning the Tide: The Russian Advance and the Eclipse of Japan

1138

(3)

Yalta, Potsdam, and the Division of Europe

1141

(4)

10 THE END OF EMIPRE: DECOLONIZATION AND THE THIRD WORLD

1145

(14)

The Legacy of Empire: Colonies in a Changing World

1146

(2)

The Dissolution of the British Empire

1148

(3)

The French in Indochina and Africa: The Agony of Withdrawal

1151

(3)

Israel and the Middle East

1154

(2)

Belgium, the Netherlands, and Portugal: End of Empire

1156

(1)

Europe and the Third World

1156

(3)

11 THE POLITICS OF STABILITY IN WESTERN EUROPE

1159

(14)

The New Generation in Power

1160

(1)

The Politics of Reconstruciton

1161

(2)

The United States in Europe

1163

(2)

Great Britain: Beyond the Welfare State

1165

(2)

France in the Fourth and Fifth Republics

1167

(2)

West Germany: Rebuilding the Industrial Giant

1169

(2)

Italy's Economic Miracle

1171

(2)

12 THE SOVIET UNION AND EASTERN EUROPE

1173

(13)

The Soviet Union Faces Reconstruction

1174

(1)

Stalin and the Soviet Bloc

1174

(2)

The Soviet Union from Khrushchev to Brezhnev

1176

(3)

Repression and Resistance in Eastern Europe

1179

(2)

The Gorbachev Era: Glasnost and Perestroika

1181

(2)

The Revolutions of 1989

1183

(3)

13 MOBILITY AND SOCIAL CHANGE: TOWARD THE CONSUMER SOCIETY

1186

(13)

Life in the Welfare State

1187

(1)

The Intellectuals' Dilemma: Existentialism or Commitment

1188

(1)

Students, Workers, and Power: 1968 and Its Aftermath

1189

(1)

Public Figured and Private Lives: Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre

1190

(2)

Women in a Changing Society: The Challenge of Feminism

1192

(3)

Sex, Marriage, and the Family: New Directions

1195

(1)

Affluence and Its Consequences

1196

(3)

14 CULTURE IN THE AGE OF UNCERTAINTY

1199

(11)

The Americanization of Europe

1200

(1)

Popular Culture: The Universal Language

1200

(1)

The Visual Arts: From Abstract Expressionism to Conceptual Art

1201

(3)

Architecture and the Environment

1204

(1)

Contemporary Composers in Search of an Audience

1205

(3)

Postmodernism

1208

(2)

15 THE PATH TOWARD EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

1210

(12)

The First Steps Toward European Unity

1211

(1)

The Treaty of Rome

1212

(1)

Britain and the Common Market

1213

(2)

The Organization of the European Market

1215

(1)

Perspectives on History: Sovereignty, Law, and Unity

1216

(2)

Mary Volcansek, Florida International University

The Future of the European Union

1218

(4)

16 EPILOGUE: FACING THE 21ST CENTURY

1222

Between East and West: The Search for European Independence

1223

(1)

Political Leadership in the Late 20th Century

1224

(2)

The Dissolution of the Soviet Union

1226

(3)

The Energy Crisis and the Nuclear Dilemma

1229

(3)

Terrorism and the Politics of Violence

1232

(2)

Documents on History: Analyzing Terrorism

1234

(6)

From the Atlantic to the Urals: Europe's "Common House"

1240

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The Western Perspective: A History of Civilization in the West

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