Wet Urinalysis : Interpretations, Correlations and Implications

by Schumann, G. Berry

• ISBN13: 9780891894438
• ISBN10: 0891894438
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-10-01
• Publisher: Amer Society of Clinical

Summary

Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs. Compiles the most recent physical, chemical, and microscopic observations and information regarding wet urinalysis. Provides quick reference to basic differentials and correlations of disorder. Also discusses the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system, specimen collection, and common urine sediment entities.

Author Biography

G Berry Schumann, MD: President and Medical Director, Schumann Diagnostics, Inc., Trumbull, Connecticut; Adjunct Professor, University of Connecticut, School of Allied Health, Storrs Sheryl K Friedman, BS, MT(ASCP) Technical/Education Coordinator, Dianon Systems, Inc., Stratford, Connecticut

Table of Contents

Preface	p. vii
Acknowledgments	p. viii
Frontline Diagnostic Urinalysis	p. 1
Types of Urinalyses	p. 3
Changing Times for Urinalysis	p. 3
Clinical Objectives of Urinalysis	p. 4
Clinical Utility of Diagnostic Wet Urinalysis	p. 5
Limitations of Diagnostic Wet Urinalysis	p. 6
References	p. 8
Anatomy and Physiology of the Urinary System	p. 9
Gross Anatomy and Histology of the Kidneys	p. 9
Anatomy and Histology of the Urinary Bladder	p. 12
Anatomy and Histology of the Urethra	p. 12
Four Major Processes in Urine Formation	p. 13
Pathway of Urine Formation	p. 13
References	p. 14
Specimen Collection, Preservation and Transportation	p. 15
Types of Transportation and Storage of Containers	p. 15
Noninstrumented Collection Procedures	p. 16
Instrumented Collection Procedures	p. 17
Chemical and Cellular Degeneration	p. 17
Techniques Used to Minimize Degeneration	p. 17
References	p. 19
Dipstick Urinalysis and Additional or Confirmatory Urine Chemical Testing	p. 21
Background	p. 21
Clinical Utility	p. 21
Manual Procedure for Dipstick Urinalysis	p. 22
Principles, Specificity, and Sensitivity of Dipstick Urinalysis	p. 22
Types of Specimens for Dipstick Urinalysis	p. 29
Sensitivity and Specificity of Urinary Reagent Test Strips	p. 29
Confirmatory Tests and Implications	p. 29
Clinical Significance of Positive Reactions	p. 30
Quality Control and Quality Assurance	p. 30
Future Trends	p. 31
References	p. 32
Wet Microscopic Urinalysis	p. 33
Automated and Semi-Automated Systems	p. 33
Clinical Utility of Wet Urinoscopy	p. 35
Laboratory Procedure	p. 37
Reporting	p. 37
Limitations of Wet Urine Microscopy	p. 38
Quality Control and Quality Assurance	p. 38
Dipstick Correlation with Wet Urinoscopy	p. 38
Techniques, Interpretations, and Other Considerations	p. 38
References	p. 39
Common Urine Sediment Entities	p. 41
Background Elements	p. 41
Hematopoietic Cells	p. 41
Urinary Epithelial Cells	p. 42
Urinary Casts	p. 43
Urinary Microorganisms	p. 45
Parasites	p. 45
Urinary Concretions	p. 45
Urinary Crystals	p. 45
Secretions	p. 48
Normal Wet Urinalysis Findings	p. 49
Physical and Chemical Examination of Urine	p. 49
Urine Sediment Examination	p. 49
Hematopoietic Cells in "Normal" Urine	p. 50
Epithelial Cells	p. 50
Casts in "Normal" Urine	p. 51
Microorganisms in "Normal" Urine	p. 51
Crystals in "Normal" Urine	p. 51
References	p. 51
Abnormal Wet Urinalysis Findings	p. 53
Physical and Chemical Examination of Urine	p. 53
Urine Sediment Examination	p. 54
Hemapoietic Cells in "Abnormal" Urine	p. 54
Epithelial Cells in "Abnormal" Urine	p. 55
Microorganisms Found in "Abnormal" Urine	p. 56
Crystals (Crystalluria)	p. 57
Concretions and Secretions	p. 58
Lipiduria	p. 58
Implications of "Abnormal" Wet Urinalysis Findings	p. 58
Indeterminate Wet Urinalysis Findings	p. 61
Approaches to "Indeterminate" Urine Sediment Entities	p. 62
Conclusion	p. 65
Quality Control and Quality Assurance Guidelines for the Wet Urinalysis Laboratory	p. 67
Quality Control and Assurance Guidelines	p. 67
Conclusion	p. 72
References	p. 72
Glossary	p. 73
Appendices	p. 81
Urinary System Disorders: Algorithms and Correlations	p. 81
Plates	p. 101
Index	p. 121
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