When Sorry Isn't Enough : The Controversy over Apologies and Reparations for Human Injustice

by Brooks, Roy L.

• ISBN13: 9780814713327
• ISBN10: 0814713327
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-06-01
• Publisher: New York University Press

Summary

"Not only provides a neat blend of scholarship, but it also focuses on a topic that is (or should be) of vital importance to human rights." --Human Rights Quarterly "How much compensation ought to be paid to a woman who was raped 7,500 times? What would the members of the Commission want for their daughters if their daughters had been raped even once?" --Karen Parker,Speaking before the U.N. Commission on Human RightsSeemingly every week, a new question arises relative to the current worldwide ferment over human injustices. Why does the U.S. offer $20,000 atonement money to Japanese Americans relocated to concentration camps during World War II, while not even apologizing to African Americans for 250 years of human bondage and another century of institutionalized discrimination? How can the U.S. and Canada best grapple with the genocidal campaigns against Native Americans on which their countries were founded? How should Japan make amends to Korean "comfort women" sexually enslaved during World War II? Why does South Africa deem it necessary to grant amnesty to whites who tortured and murdered blacks under apartheid? Is Germany's highly praised redress program, which has paid billions of dollars to Jews worldwide, a success, and, as such, an example for others?More generally, is compensation for a historical wrong dangerous "blood money" that allows a nation to wash its hands forever of its responsibility to those it has injured?A rich collection of essays from leading scholars, pundits, activists, and political leaders the world over, many written expressly for this volume,When Sorry Isn't Enoughalso includes the voices of the victims of some of the world's worst atrocities, thereby providing a panoramic perspective on an international controversy often marked more by heat than reason.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
PART 1 Introduction
The Age of Apology	3	(14)
Roy L. Brooks
Suggested Readings	12	(5)
PART 2 Nazi Persecution
Introduction
A Reparations Success Story?	17	(6)
Roy L. Brooks
The Scope of Persecution
The German Third Reich and Its Victims: Nazi Ideology	23	(10)
Alan Davies
Holocause Narratives
Memories of My Childhood in the Holocaust	33	(10)
Judith Jaegermann (nee Pinczovsky)
The Human ``Guinea Pigs'' of Ravensbruck	43	(4)
Wanda Poltawska
Stranger in Exile	47	(4)
Ruth Levor
The national Security Defense
Putative national Security Defense: Extracts from the Testimony of Nazi SS Group Leader Otto Ohlendorf	51	(10)
German Reparations
German Compensation for National Socialist Crimes United States Department of Justice Foreign Claims Settlement Commission	61	(7)
Romani Victims of the Holocaust and Swiss Complicity	68	(9)
Ian Hancock
German Reparations: Institutionalized Insufficiency	77	(10)
Hubert Kim
Suggested Readings	81	(6)
PART 3 Comfort Women
Introduction
What Form Redress?	87	(8)
Roy L. Brooks
The Comfort Women System
The Jugun lanfu System	95	(6)
Karen Parker
Jennifer F. Chew
Comfort Women Narratives: Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against women	101	(3)
The Nanking Massacre	104	(5)
Iris Chang
Japan's official Responses to Nanking	109	(4)
The Redress Movement
The Comfort Women Redress Movement	113	(13)
George Hicks
Japan's Official Responses to Reparations	126	(9)
A Legal Analysis of Reparations
Japan's settlement of the Post--World War II Reparations and Claims	135	(6)
Tetsuo Ito
Reparations: A Legal Analysis	141	(8)
Karen Parker
Jennifer F. Chew
An American Response
Lipinski Resolution	149	(8)
Suggested Readings	151	(6)
PART 4 Japanese Americans
Introduction
Japanese American Redress and the Americal Political Process: A Unique Achievement?	157	(8)
Roy L. Brooks
The Internment Experience
The Internment of Americans of Japanese Ancestry	165	(4)
Sandra Taylor
Executive Order 9066: Authorizing the Secretary of War to Prescribe Military Areas	169	(2)
Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians	171	(6)
Japanese American Narratives	177	(6)
Roy L. Brooks
The Redress Movement
Relocation, Redress, and the Report: A Historical Appraisal	183	(6)
Roger Daniels
Forms of Redress
Redress Achieved, 1983--1990	189	(1)
Roger Daniels
Institutions and Interest Groups: Understanding the Passage of the Japanese American Redress Bill	190	(11)
Leslie T. Hatamiya
Proclamation 4417: Confirming the Termination of the Executive Order Authorizing Japanese-American Internment	201	(2)
Response to Criticisms of Monetary Redress	203	(2)
Roger Daniels
Testimony of Representative Norman Y. Mineta	205	(1)
German Americans, Italian Americans, and the Constitutionality of Reparations	206	(11)
Jacobs V. Barr
The Case of the Japanese Peruvians	217	(5)
Letters	222	(11)
John J. McCloy
Karl R. Bendetsen
Suggested Readings	228	(5)
PART 5 Native Americans
Introduction
Wild Redress?	233	(8)
Roy L. Brooks
The Native American Experience
Native American Reparations: Five Hundred Years and Counting	241	(10)
Laurence Armand French
Native American Narratives
The Killing of Big Snake, a Ponca Chief, October 31, 1879	251	(1)
Hairy Bear
The Massacre at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, December 29, 1890	252	(2)
Turning Hawk
American Horse (Sioux)
How the Indians Are Victimized by Government Agents and Soldiers	254	(3)
Palaneapope
Forced Removal of the Winnebago Indians, Nebraska, October 3, 1865	257	(4)
Chief Little Hill
The Redress Movement: Land Claim Litigation
Indians Claims for Reparations, Compensation, and Restitution in the United States Legal System	261	(12)
Nell Jessup Newton
The Redress Movement: Land Claim Legislation
The True Nature of Congress's Power over Indian Claims: An Essay on Venetie and the Uses of Silence in Federal Indian Law	273	(10)
Robert A. Williams, Jr.
Repatriation of Religious and Cultural Artifacts
Repatriation Must Heal Old Wounds	283	(8)
Rick Hill
Wealth, Redistribution, and Sovereignty
Office of the Governor, Pete Wilson, State of california, press Release	291	(3)
Statement of the Honorable Anthony R. Pico, Chairman, Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Indians, Press Conference	294	(4)
The Distribution of Wealth, Sovereignty, and Culture through Indian Gaming	298	(11)
Naomi Mezey
Suggested Readings	304	(5)
PART 6 Slavery
Introduction
Not Even an Apology?	309	(8)
Roy L. Brooks
The Slave and the Free Black Experience
The Legal Status of African Americans during the Colonial Period	317	(8)
A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr.
African Americans under the Antenbellum Constitution Supreme Court of the United States	325	(2)
Slave Narratives	327	(6)
Roy L. Brooks
Remembering Slavery	333	(3)
Jennifer Fleischner
Life as a Free Black	336	(5)
James Grahame, Esq.
The Redress Movement
The Growing Movement for Reparations	341	(6)
Joe R. Feagin
Eileen O' Brien
Forms of Redress: Apology
Why the North and South Should Have Apologized	347	(3)
James Grahame, Esq.
Defense of Congressional Resolution Apologizing for Slavery	350	(2)
Tony P. Hall
Clinton Opposes Slavery Apology	352	(1)
Ask Camille: Camille Paglia's Online Advice for the Culturally Disgruntled	353	(2)
Camille Paglia
The Atlantic Slave Trade: On Both Sides, Reason for Remorse	355	(3)
Howard W. French
They Didn't March to Free the Slaves	358	(2)
Robert S. McElvaine
Lincoln Apologizes	360	(5)
Thomas Geoghegan
Forms of Redress: Reparations
Special Field Order No.15: ``Forty Acres and a Mule''	365	(2)
The Commission to Study Reparations Proposals	367	(3)
John Conyers
Clinton and conservatives Oppose Slavery Reparations	370	(2)
Mary E. Smith
Collective Rehabilitation	372	(2)
Darrell L. Pugh
The Constitutionality of Black Reparations	374	(21)
Boris I. Bittker
Roy L. Brooks
Suggested Readings	390	(5)
PART 7 Jim Crow
Introduction
Redress for Racism?	395	(6)
Roy L. Brooks
The Jim Crow Experience
The Triumph of white Supremacy	401	(6)
John Hope Franklin
Alfred A. Moss, Jr.
Jim Crow Narratives
Jim Crow Narratives	407	(6)
Abby Snyder
Forms of Redress
The United States Has Already Apologized for Racial Discrimination	413	(4)
Bernard H. Siegan
The Long-Overdue Reparations for African Americans: Necessary for societal Survival?	417	(5)
Joe R. Feagin
Eileen O' Brien
Reparations: Strategic Considerations for Black Americans	422	(5)
C. J. Munford
Repatriation as Reparations for Slavery and Jim-Crowism	427	(8)
Robert Johnson, Jr.
Rosewood	435	(8)
Kenneth B. Nunn
Suggested Readings	438	(5)
PART 8 South Africa
Introduction
What Price Reconciliation?	443	(8)
Roy L. Brooks
The Apartheid Experience
African National Congress Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission	451	(6)
Apartheid Narratives
Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Amnesty Hearing: Testimony of Jeffrey T. Benzien	457	(4)
Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Amnesty Hearing: Affidavit and Testimony of Bassie Mkhumbuzi	461	(8)
The Redress Movement
Alternatives and Adjuncts to Criminal Prosecutions	469	(8)
Dr. Alexander Boraine
Forms of Redress
Summary of Anti-Amnesty Case: Azanian Peoples Organization (AZAPO) and others v. the President of the Republic of South Africa	477	(2)
Justice after Apartheid? Reflections on the South African TRC	479	(8)
Wilhelm Verwoerd
Will the Amnesty Process Foster Reconciliation among South Africans?	487	(5)
Emily H. McCarthy
Healing Racial Wounds? The Final Report of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission	492	(9)
Eric K. Yamamoto
Susan K. Serrano
Introductory Notes to the Presentation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's Proposed Reparation and Rehabilitation Policies	501	(4)
Hlengiwe Mkhize
Truth and Reconciliation Commission Hearing, Testimony of Former President F. W. de Klerk	505	(1)
Affirmative Action as Reparation for Past Employment Discrimination in South Africa: Imperfect and Complex	506	(5)
Linda Human
Suggested Readings	510	(1)
Appendix: Selected List of Other Human Injustices	511	(4)
Contributors	515	(6)
Permissions	521	(2)
Index	523	(13)
About the Editor	536