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Illustrations | p. xiii |
Preface | p. xvii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Artworlds and Definitions: How That Became Art | p. 3 |
Introduction | p. 3 |
Art | p. 3 |
Honorific Definitions of "Art" | p. 3 |
Classificatory Definitions | p. 4 |
The Open Definition | p. 6 |
Aesthetics | p. 7 |
Art Criticism | p. 8 |
Interpretation and Judgment | p. 9 |
Critics on Criticizing | p. 10 |
Criticizing Criticism | p. 12 |
Criticism and Aesthetics | p. 13 |
Skepticism about Art, Aesthetics, and Criticism | p. 14 |
Aesthetics, Art Criticism, and Visual Culture | p. 14 |
Aestheticians, Artists, Critics, and Readers | p. 15 |
Questions for Further Reflection | p. 15 |
Notes | p. 16 |
Realism: Art Is Realistic, Truthful, and Beautiful | p. 19 |
Introduction | p. 19 |
A Brief Overview of Realism | p. 19 |
Plato | p. 20 |
Aristotle | p. 22 |
Kitsch | p. 25 |
Pornography | p. 26 |
Obscenity and Censorship | p. 27 |
Photography, Reality, and Truth | p. 28 |
What Does It Mean to Say That a Work Is "Realistic"? | p. 31 |
Works of Art by Jeff Koons | p. 33 |
Critical Commentary on Koons's Work | p. 33 |
Koons's Thoughts about His Own Work | p. 42 |
Paintings by Alexis Rockman | p. 42 |
Critical Commentary on Rockman's Paintings | p. 43 |
Rockman's Thoughts about His Own Work | p. 47 |
Photographs by Andres Serrano | p. 48 |
Critical Commentary on Serrano's Photographs | p. 49 |
Serrano's Thoughts about His Own Work | p. 54 |
Conclusion | p. 56 |
Realism and Artists | p. 56 |
Realism and Artworks | p. 56 |
Realism and Audiences | p. 57 |
Questions for Further Reflection | p. 58 |
Notes | p. 58 |
Expressionism and Cognitivism: Art Shows Feelings, Communicates Thoughts, and Provides Knowledge | p. 63 |
Introduction | p. 63 |
Expressionism and Cognitivism | p. 64 |
Expressionist and Cognitivist Theories of Art | p. 65 |
Leo Tolstoy | p. 66 |
Benedetto Croce | p. 66 |
R. G. Collingwood | p. 67 |
Suzanne Langer | p. 68 |
John Dewey | p. 68 |
Nelson Goodman | p. 69 |
Arthur Danto | p. 70 |
Metaphor | p. 71 |
Psychoanalytic Theory | p. 72 |
Marxist Aesthetics | p. 73 |
Joan Mitchell, Painter | p. 74 |
Critical Commentary on Mitchell's Paintings | p. 75 |
Mitchell's Thoughts about Her Own Work | p. 79 |
Mitchell and Expressionism | p. 81 |
Louise Bourgeois, Sculptor | p. 83 |
Critical Commentary on Bourgeois's Sculptures | p. 83 |
Bourgeois's Thoughts about Her Own Work | p. 90 |
Bourgeois and Expressionism | p. 93 |
Kiki Smith, Printmaker and Sculptor | p. 94 |
Critical Commentary on Smith's Work | p. 94 |
Smith's Thoughts about Her Own Work | p. 102 |
Smith and Cognitivism | p. 103 |
The Problem of Artistic Intent | p. 104 |
Limitations of Expressionism and Cognitivism | p. 106 |
Strengths of Expressionism and Cognitivism | p. 107 |
Conclusion | p. 107 |
Expressionism, Cognitivism, and Artists | p. 107 |
Expressionism, Cognitivism, and Artworks | p. 108 |
Expressionism, Cognitivism, and Audiences | p. 108 |
Questions for Further Reflection | p. 109 |
Notes | p. 109 |
Formalism: Art Is Significant Form | p. 115 |
Introduction | p. 115 |
Precursors to Formalism | p. 116 |
Is Beauty Objective or Subjective? | p. 116 |
Early Formalism | p. 118 |
Aesthetic Attitude and Aesthetic Experience | p. 118 |
The Sublime | p. 120 |
Immanuel Kant | p. 121 |
G. W. F. Hegel | p. 122 |
Twentieth-Century Formalism | p. 123 |
Early Modern Abstractionists Kandinsky, Mondrian, and Malevich | p. 124 |
Clive Bell | p. 125 |
Clement Greenberg | p. 126 |
Structuralism | p. 127 |
Ferdinand de Saussure | p. 127 |
Roland Barthes | p. 129 |
Structuralism and Formalism | p. 131 |
Agnes Martin: Paintings and Drawings | p. 131 |
Critical Commentary on Martin's Work | p. 132 |
Martin's Thoughts about Her Own Work | p. 134 |
Joel Shapiro: Sculptures | p. 137 |
Critical Commentary on Shapiro's Work | p. 138 |
Shapiro's Thoughts about His Own Work | p. 140 |
Andy Goldsworthy: Environmental Sculptures | p. 142 |
Critical Commentary on Goldsworthy's Work | p. 143 |
Goldsworthy's Thoughts about His Own Work | p. 148 |
Martin, Shapiro, Goldsworthy, and Formalism | p. 151 |
Strengths and Weaknesses of Formalism | p. 152 |
Conclusion | p. 153 |
Formalism and Artists | p. 153 |
Formalism and Artworks | p. 154 |
Formalism and Audiences | p. 154 |
Questions for Further Reflection | p. 154 |
Notes | p. 154 |
Postmodern Pluralism: Art Destabilizes the Good, the True, the Beautiful, and the Self | p. 161 |
Introduction | p. 161 |
Precursors to Poststructuralism and Postmodernism | p. 162 |
Friedrich Nietzsche | p. 162 |
Critical Theory, the Frankfurt School, and Neo-Marxism | p. 163 |
Poststructuralism | p. 164 |
Jacques Lacan | p. 165 |
Michel Foucault | p. 166 |
Julia Kristeva | p. 167 |
Jacques Derrida | p. 168 |
Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari | p. 169 |
Richard Rorty | p. 170 |
Feminism | p. 171 |
Postmodernism | p. 175 |
Jean-François Lyotard | p. 177 |
Jean Baudrillard | p. 178 |
Fredric Jameson | p. 179 |
Postcolonialism | p. 179 |
Cindy Sherman: Photographs | p. 181 |
Critical Commentary on Sherman's Photographs | p. 183 |
Sherman's Thoughts about Her Own Work | p. 187 |
Cindy Sherman and Postmodern Pluralism | p. 188 |
Lorna Simpson: Photographs with Words | p. 189 |
Critical Commentary on Simpson's Work | p. 190 |
Simpson's Thoughts about Her Own Work | p. 194 |
Lorna Simpson and Postmodern Pluralism | p. 195 |
Paul McCarthy: Performances, Videos, and Sculptures | p. 195 |
Critical Commentary on McCarthy's Work | p. 195 |
McCarthy's Thoughts about His Own Work | p. 201 |
McCarthy and Postmodern Pluralism | p. 205 |
Strengths and Weaknesses of Postmodern Pluralism | p. 205 |
Approaches to Postmodern Artmaking | p. 206 |
Escaping the Confines of Museums | p. 206 |
Collapsing Boundaries Between "High" and "Low" | p. 207 |
Rejecting "Originality" | p. 207 |
Jouissance | p. 208 |
Working Collaboratively | p. 208 |
Appropriating | p. 208 |
Simulating | p. 209 |
Hybridizing | p. 209 |
Mixing Media | p. 210 |
Layering | p. 210 |
Mixing Codes | p. 211 |
Recontextualizing | p. 212 |
Confronting the Gaze | p. 212 |
Facing the Abject | p. 213 |
Constructing Identities | p. 213 |
Using Narratives | p. 214 |
Creating Metaphors | p. 214 |
Using Irony, Parody, and Dissonance | p. 215 |
Conclusion | p. 215 |
Postmodern Pluralism and Artists | p. 215 |
Postmodern Pluralism and Artworks | p. 216 |
Postmodern Pluralism and Audiences | p. 216 |
Questions for Further Reflection | p. 217 |
Notes | p. 217 |
Conclusion | p. 225 |
Introduction | p. 225 |
Why Is Stacked Art? | p. 225 |
Art by Definitions | p. 225 |
Is Stacked a Good Work of Art? | p. 227 |
Realist Considerations | p. 227 |
Expressionist Considerations | p. 227 |
Formalist Considerations | p. 228 |
Postmodernist Considerations | p. 228 |
Purposes of Art | p. 229 |
Selecting Criteria | p. 230 |
A Single Criterion or Multiple Criteria for All Works of Art | p. 230 |
Questions for Further Reflection | p. 231 |
Notes | p. 231 |
Glossary | p. 233 |
Bibliography | p. 241 |
Index | p. 253 |
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