Women, Politics, and American Society

by McGlen, Nancy E.; O'Connor, Karen; van Assendelft, Laura; Gunther-Canada, Wendy

Edition:

3rd

ISBN13:

9780321100436

ISBN10:

0321100433

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

1/1/2002

Publisher(s):

Longman

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Summary

A must-read for anyone wishing to understand the history and present-day political reality of women, this fascinating book explores the efforts, achievements, as well as the setbacks involved in the movements toward equality for American women. Women's Movements in America; The Struggle for Political Rights; Women's Political Participation; The Struggle for Employment and Educational Rights; Women's Economic and Educational Status; The Struggle for Familial and Reproductive Rights; Women's Place in the Family; The Future of the Movement. Anyone interested in women and politics.

Preface

Introduction: Women's Movements in America

(3)

An Overview of Women's Rights Movement Activity

(17)

The Early Woman's Movement (1848--1875)

(3)

The Suffrage Movement (1890--1925)

(3)

The Women's Rights Movement (1966--present)

(1)

The Younger Branch

(2)

The Older Branch

(8)

PART I POLITICAL RIGHTS AND REALITIES

(102)

The Struggle for Political Rights

(44)

The Woman's Rights Movement and the Ballot

(8)

The Civil War Amendments

(1)

New Groups Founded

(1)

Woman Suffrage and the Fourteenth Amendment

(1)

Litigating for the Franchise

(1)

Toward a Constitutional Amendment

(1)

The Antisuffrage Movement

(1)

The Suffrage Movement: The Quest for the Vote Continues

(11)

Constituent Groups

(3)

Educated Suffrage

(3)

Suffrage Flounders

(1)

Toward a National Amendment

(1)

A Winning Plan

(1)

Suffrage Not Enough---The Beginning of the End

(1)

The Women's Joint Congressional Committee

(1)

The NWP and the Equal Rights Ammendment

(1)

The Drive for Women's Political Rights

(5)

The President's Commission on the Status of Women and NOW

(15)

The Ratification Effort

(1)

ERA---The First Stage (1972--1977)

(1)

ERA---The Second Stage (1977--1979)

(1)

ERA---The Third Stage (1979--1982)

(1)

The Aftermath of the ERA Ratification Effort: Women's Groups Mobilize for Expanded Political Opportunities

(2)

The National Women's Political Caucus (NWPC)

(2)

The Feminist Majority Foundation

(1)

League of Women Voters

(1)

The American Association of University Women

(1)

National Organization for Women

(1)

Women's PACs

(1)

The Women's Campaign Fund

(1)

NOW/PAC and NOW Equality PAC

(1)

EMILY's List

(2)

The WISH List

(1)

Conclusion

(2)

Notes

(3)

Women's Political Participation

(56)

Cultural Attitudes About the Political Participation of Women

(1)

Impact of the Current Women's Rights Movement on Political Rights and Political Participation

(1)

Continuing Cultural Barriers

(1)

Political Socialization

(4)

Political Resources

(3)

Citizen Duty

(1)

Psychological Involvement in Politics

(1)

Political Efficacy

(1)

Other Resources

(1)

Sex Discrimination: The Hidden Barrier

(1)

Political Involvement

(8)

Voting

(2)

Issue Positions

(1)

Party Identification

(1)

Voting patterns

(5)

Political Activity

(6)

Lobbying and Community Involvement

(1)

Campaign and Party Work

(3)

Office Holding

(2)

Barriers to Women in Elected and Appointed Positions

(12)

Stereotypes

(2)

Career Choice and Preparation

(1)

Family Demands

(3)

Sex Discrimination

(1)

The Political System

100

(1)

Money

100

(1)

Campaign Finance Laws

101

(1)

Party Organization

102

(1)

Electoral Systems

102

(1)

Incumbency

103

(1)

Problems Faced by Women in Elected Positions

104

(1)

Impact of Women in Elected Positions

105

(3)

Problems Faced by Women in Appointed Positions

108

(2)

The Executive Branch

108

(2)

The Federal Judiciary

110

(1)

Impact of Women in Appointed Positions

110

(1)

Conclusion

111

(1)

Notes

112

(11)

PART II EMPLOYMENT AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS AND REALITIES

123

(120)

The Struggle for Employment and Educational Rights

126

(52)

The Woman's Movement

127

(3)

The Seneca Falls Convention and the Woman's Movement

128

(1)

Efforts on Behalf of Working Women

129

(1)

Professionalization and Education

130

(1)

The Suffrage Movement

130

(7)

The Drive for Protective Legislation

132

(1)

Maximum Hour and Minimum Wage Laws

132

(2)

Women and Work After Suffrage

134

(1)

Education and the Professions

134

(3)

World War II

137

(3)

Education after World War II

139

(1)

The Women's Rights Movement

140

(31)

The Equal Pay Act

141

(1)

Department of Labor Enforcement

141

(1)

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

142

(1)

EEOC Enforcement

143

(1)

BFOQs and Protective Legislation

144

(1)

Customer Preference or Business Necessity?

145

(1)

Comparable Worth

145

(3)

Affirmative Action

148

(3)

Sexual Harassment

151

(3)

EEOC Enforcement of the Equal Pay Act and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act

154

(2)

Employment Discrimination and the Consequences of Childbearing

156

(1)

Pregnancy Discrimination

156

(2)

The Difference Debate

158

(1)

The Family and Medical Leave Act

159

(3)

Department of Labor Studies the Impact of the Family and Medical Leave Act

162

(1)

Reproductive Hazards and Fetal Protection Policies

162

(1)

Education

163

(1)

Title IX and the Constitution

164

(1)

Admissions

164

(2)

Student Treatment

166

(2)

Test Fairness

168

(2)

Hiring and Personnel Practices

170

(1)

Opposition to Employment and Educational Equity

170

(1)

Conclusion

171

(2)

Notes

173

(5)

Women's Economic and Educational Status

178

(65)

Attitudes Toward Work and Women

179

(4)

Before the Women's Movement

179

(2)

The Impact of the Women's Movement

181

(2)

Attitudes Toward Mothers Working

183

(6)

Attitudes About the Abilities of Women

186

(3)

Preparation of Women for Employment Outside the Home

189

(10)

Early Training for Work

189

(4)

The Women's Rights Movement and Preparation for Work

193

(1)

Education and Work Readiness

194

(4)

Work-force Commitment Attitudes

198

(1)

Sex Discrimination

199

(6)

Discrimination by Employers

199

(3)

Discrimination by Male Employees

202

(3)

Economic and Marketplace Factors

205

(4)

Impact of Barriers on the Position of Women in the Marketplace

209

(24)

Employment Levels of Women

210

(2)

Work-force Commitment of Women

212

(3)

Wages of Women

215

(11)

Solutions to Pay Inequity

226

(2)

Affirmative Action

228

(1)

Family Leave, Day Care, and Flexible Jobs

228

(5)

Conclusion

233

(1)

Notes

234

(9)

PART III FAMILIAL AND REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS AND REALITIES

243

(112)

The Struggle for Familial and Reproductive Rights

246

(42)

The Woman's Movement

247

(6)

Effects of the Common Law

248

(1)

Divorce Reform

248

(1)

Birth Control

249

(2)

Voluntary Motherhood

251

(2)

The Suffrage Movement

253

(3)

Educated Motherhood

253

(1)

Birth Control in the Suffrage Era

254

(2)

The Current Women's Rights Movement

256

(10)

Marriage

257

(1)

Marriage and the Loss of Identity

258

(1)

Names

258

(1)

Marriage and Divorce Law

259

(2)

Divorce and Custody Laws

261

(1)

Motherhood and New Issues of ``Family''

262

(1)

The Decision to Have Children

262

(3)

Surrogacy

265

(1)

Reproductive Freedom

266

(13)

Birth Control

266

(1)

Adolescent Access to Birth Control

267

(1)

Abortion

267

(9)

A Pro-choice Administration

276

(1)

Litigation to Stop Violence

276

(1)

Congress Acts

277

(1)

NOW v. Scheidler Decided

278

(1)

The Freedom of Choice Act

278

(1)

Is Congress Rolling Back Reproductive Rights

278

(1)

A Pro-life Administration

279

(1)

New Frontiers in Reproductive Rights

280

(3)

Conclusion

283

(1)

Notes

284

(4)

Women's Place In the Family

288

(52)

Attitudinal Change Toward Marriage and the Family

289

(12)

Pre-twentieth-century America

290

(2)

The Women's Rights Movement and Attitudes Toward Marriage and Family

292

(1)

Attitudes Toward Marriage

293

(3)

Attitudes Toward Motherhood

296

(1)

Sexuality and Birth Control

296

(4)

Differences Among Women

300

(1)

Women's and Men's Resources in the Struggle for Equal Roles

301

(4)

Discrimination by Men in the Family

305

(1)

Impact of Cultural Attitudes, Lack of Resources, and Discrimination on the Position of Women in the Family

305

(26)

Marriage Rates

305

(3)

Companionship Marriage

308

(7)

Divorce

315

(7)

Motherhood

322

(4)

Fatherhood

326

(4)

The New Families

330

(1)

Conclusion

331

(1)

Notes

332

(8)

The Future of the Movement

340

(15)

Prerequisites for a Reenergized Women's Rights Movement

344

(5)

Organizational Base and Organizational Support

344

(2)

Leaders and Organizers

346

(1)

Communications Networks

346

(1)

Critical Mobilizing Events

347

(1)

Political Mobilization

348

(1)

Goals for the Women's Rights Movement

349

(2)

Conclusion

351

(1)

Notes

352

(3)

Index

355

Women, Politics, and American Society

9780321100436

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Table of Contents