The World of the Counselor An Introduction to the Counseling Profession

by Neukrug, Edward S.

• ISBN13: 9780495007807
• ISBN10: 0495007803
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-07-20
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

Neukrug's comprehensive introductory text gives students an unparalleled look into the practicalities of the counseling profession, providing them with a broad overview of the field including a firm foundation in the skills, theories, and day-to-day realities of the job. Thorough and research based, the book presents the key concepts and material about the counseling profession with great clarity and insight, while keeping readers engaged through the many illustrative case examples and personal narratives. To ensure that students are thoroughly prepared to further their studies and careers, Neukrug has structured around the eight core CACREP curriculum areas, while enhancing his discussion with insightful coverage of salient topics surrounding such important issues as specializations within counseling, finding a counseling job, and future trends in counseling.

Table of Contents

SECTION I Professional Orientation	1	(82)
The Counselor's Identity: What, Who, and How?	2	(24)
Guidance, Counseling, and Psychotherapy: Variations on the Same Theme?	3	(1)
Comparison of Mental Health Professionals	4	(7)
Counselors	5	(3)
Art and Creative Therapists	8	(1)
Psychoanalysts	8	(1)
Psychiatric Nurses	8	(1)
Psychiatrists	9	(1)
Psychologists	9	(1)
Psychotherapists	10	(1)
Social Workers	10	(1)
Professional Associations in the Social Services	11	(5)
The American Counseling Association	11	(3)
The American Art Therapy Association (AATA)	14	(1)
The American Association of Marriage and Family Therapists (AAMFT)	14	(1)
The American Psychiatric Association (APA)	14	(1)
The American Psychiatric Nurses Association (APNA)	14	(1)
The American Psychological Association (APA)	15	(1)
The National Association of Social Workers (NASW)	15	(1)
The National Organization for Human Services (NOHS)	15	(1)
Characteristics of the Effective Helper	16	(5)
The Therapeutic Alliance	16	(1)
Empathy	17	(1)
Genuineness	18	(1)
Acceptance	18	(1)
Open-Mindedness	19	(1)
Cognitive Complexity	19	(1)
Psychological Adjustment	20	(1)
Competence	21	(1)
Multicultural Issues	21	(1)
The Helping Professional's Responsibility to Minority Clients	21	(1)
A Call to the Profession: Inclusion of Multiculturalism	22	(1)
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues	22	(1)
Knowing Who We Are and Our Relationship to Other Professional Groups	22	(1)
Impaired Mental Health Professionals	23	(1)
The Counselor in Process: Personal Therapy and Related Growth Experiences	23	(1)
Summary	24	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition and Other Information Resources (e.g., ERIC and PsycINFO)	25	(1)
A History of the Counseling Profession	26	(27)
Understanding the Human Condition: From Early Antiquity to the Present	27	(1)
A Brief History of Related Helping Professions: Social Work, Psychology, Psychiatry	28	(7)
The Field of Social Work	29	(2)
The Field of Psychology	31	(2)
The Field of Psychiatry	33	(2)
An Early History of the Counseling Profession: The 1800s	35	(1)
Social Reform Movements of the 1800s	35	(1)
Vocational Guidance in the 1800s	35	(1)
The Beginnings of the Testing Movement	36	(1)
Psychoanalysis and the Development of Psychotherapy	36	(1)
Modern-Day Counseling: Its Early Beginnings (1900--1950)	36	(5)
Early Vocational Guidance and the First Guidance Counselors	36	(2)
The Expansion of the Testing Movement	38	(2)
The Spread of Psychotherapy and Its Impact on the Counseling Profession	40	(1)
Modern-Day Counseling: Its Recent Past (1950--2000)	41	(6)
The 1950s: Emergence, Expansion, and Diversification	41	(1)
The 1960s: Increased Diversification	42	(1)
The 1970s: Continued Proliferation of the Counseling Field	43	(2)
The 1980s--2000: Recent Changes in the Field	45	(1)
2000 and On: The New Millennium	46	(1)
Do We Have to Memorize All Those Names? A Developmental Perspective	47	(3)
Multicultural Issues: Learning from the Past, Moving Toward the Future	50	(1)
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues	50	(1)
Ethics: Changing over Time	50	(1)
Forming a Collective Identity	51	(1)
The Counselor in Process: Looking Back, Looking Ahead, and Embracing Paradigm Shifts	51	(1)
Summary	51	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition and Other Information Resources (e.g., ERIC and PsycINFO)	52	(1)
Standards in the Profession: Ethics, Accreditation, and Credentialing	53	(30)
Ethics	54	(15)
Defining Values, Ethics, Morality, and Their Relationship to the Law	54	(1)
The Development of and Need for Ethical Codes	55	(2)
Codes of Ethics in the Helping Professions	57	(3)
Resolving Ethical Dilemmas: Models of Ethical Decision-Making	60	(6)
Reporting Ethical Violations	66	(1)
Legal Issues Related to Ethical Violations	67	(2)
Accreditation	69	(3)
The History and Development of Professional Preparation Standards	69	(1)
The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP): A Short History	70	(2)
Other Accrediting Bodies	72	(1)
Credentialing	72	(5)
Registration	73	(1)
Certification	73	(1)
Licensure	74	(1)
Credentialing in Related Helping Professions	74	(1)
Credentialing for Counselors	75	(2)
Multicultural Issues	77	(2)
Do Our Standards Address Multicultural Counseling?	77	(2)
Multicultural Counseling Competencies	79	(1)
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues	79	(1)
A Plethora of Ethical Codes?	79	(1)
Counseling Online: Is It Ethical?	80	(1)
Promoting Professionalism	80	(1)
The Counselor in Process: A Lifelong Commitment to Professionalism	80	(1)
Summary	81	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition and Other Information Resources (e.g., ERIC and PsycINFO)	82	(1)
SECTION II The Helping Relationship I: Theories and Skills	83	(70)
Individual Approaches to Counseling	84	(39)
Why Have a Theory of Counseling?	85	(2)
Four Conceptual Orientations to Counseling and Psychotherapy and the Theories Aligned with Them	87	(27)
Psychodynamic Approaches	87	(7)
Existential-Humanistic Approaches	94	(7)
Behavioral Approaches	101	(6)
Cognitive Approaches	107	(7)
Current Theoretical Trends	114	(3)
Integrative Approaches to Counseling (Eclecticism): From Chaos to Metatheory	114	(1)
Brief and Solution-Focused Therapies	115	(2)
Multicultural Issues	117	(2)
Counseling Approaches Are Eurocentric and Developed by Men	117	(1)
Bias in Counseling Approaches	118	(1)
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues	119	(2)
Respecting the Welfare of the Client	119	(1)
Informed Consent and Confidentiality	119	(1)
Confidentiality and Privileged Communication	119	(1)
Clients Who Are in Multiple Helping Relationships	120	(1)
Avoiding Harm and Imposing Values	120	(1)
Dual Relationships and Sexual Relationships with Clients	120	(1)
The Counselor in Process: Embracing a Theory but Open to Change	121	(1)
Summary	121	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition and Other Information Resources (e.g., ERIC and PsycINFO)	122	(1)
Counseling Skills	123	(30)
The Counseling Environment	124	(2)
The Office	124	(1)
Nonverbal Behavior	125	(1)
Counselor Qualities to Embrace/Counselor Qualities to Avoid	126	(1)
Counseling Skills	126	(15)
Foundational Skills	127	(4)
Commonly Used Skills	131	(6)
Commonly Used Advanced Skills	137	(3)
Advanced and Specialized Counseling Skills	140	(1)
Conceptualizing Client Problems: Case Conceptualization	141	(1)
Stages of the Counseling Relationship	141	(5)
Stage 1: Rapport and Trust Building	143	(1)
Stage 2: Problem Identification	144	(1)
Stage 3: Deepening Understanding and Goal Setting	144	(1)
Stage 4: Work	144	(1)
Stage 5: Closure	145	(1)
Stage 6: Post-Interview Stage	145	(1)
Theory, Skills, Stages, and Case Conceptualization: A Reciprocal Relationship	146	(1)
Case Notes and Record Keeping	146	(3)
The Importance of Case Notes	146	(1)
Writing Your Case Notes	147	(1)
Security of Record Keeping	148	(1)
Multicultural Issue: Applying Skills Cross-Culturally	149	(1)
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues	149	(2)
The Clients' Rights to Records	149	(1)
Confidentiality of Records and Privileged Communication	150	(1)
The Counselor in Process: The Developmental Nature of Counseling Skills	151	(1)
Summary	151	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition and Other Information Resources (e.g., ERIC and PsycINFO)	152	(1)
SECTION III The Helping Relationship II: The Counselor Working in Systems	153	(83)
Family Counseling	154	(28)
Family Counseling: A Brief History	155	(1)
General Systems Theory	156	(2)
Boundaries and Information Flow in Systems	157	(1)
Boundaries and Regulatory Mechanisms	157	(1)
Functioning within Healthy and Dysfunctional Families	158	(3)
Healthy Families	159	(1)
Dysfunctional Families	160	(1)
Models of Family Therapy	161	(15)
Structural Family Therapy	162	(2)
Strategic Family Therapy	164	(4)
Communication Family Therapy	168	(1)
Multigenerational Family Therapy	169	(2)
Experiential Family Therapy	171	(2)
Psychodynamic Family Therapy	173	(1)
Behavioral Family Therapy	174	(1)
Narrative Family Therapy	175	(1)
Multicultural Issues: Points to Consider when Working with Minority Families	176	(1)
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues	177	(1)
Ethical Concerns	177	(1)
Professional Issues	178	(1)
Legal Concerns	179	(1)
The Counselor in Process: Understanding Our Client's Family, Understanding Our Family	179	(1)
Summary	180	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition and Other Information Resources (e.g., ERIC and PsycINFO)	181	(1)
Group Work	182	(27)
Groups: A Systemic Perspective	183	(1)
Why Have Groups?	184	(1)
The History of Group Work	185	(3)
Early History	185	(1)
The Emergence of Modern-Day Groups	186	(1)
Groups Become Faddish	186	(1)
Recent Trends	187	(1)
Defining Modern-Day Groups	188	(7)
Self-Help Groups	189	(1)
Task Groups	190	(1)
Psychoeducational Groups	191	(1)
Counseling Groups	192	(1)
Group Therapy	193	(1)
Comparing Psychoeducational, Counseling, and Therapy Groups	194	(1)
The Use of Theory in Group Work	195	(4)
Psychoanalytic Group Therapy	195	(1)
Behavioral Group Therapy	196	(1)
Rational Emotive Behavior Group Therapy	197	(1)
Person-Centered Group Counseling	198	(1)
Preparing for the Group	199	(2)
Getting Members	199	(1)
Group Composition	199	(1)
Closed or Open Group	199	(1)
Size of Group	199	(1)
Duration of Meetings	200	(1)
Frequency of Meetings	200	(1)
Securing an Appropriate Space	200	(1)
Group Leadership Style	200	(1)
The Stages of Group Development	201	(3)
The Pregroup Stage (Forming a Group)	201	(1)
The Initial Stage	201	(1)
The Transition Stage	202	(1)
The Work Stage	203	(1)
The Closure Stage	203	(1)
Multicultural Issues	204	(1)
Principles for Diversity-Competent Group Workers	204	(1)
The Group as a Microcosm of Society	204	(1)
Cultural Differences between a Group Member and the Group Leader	204	(1)
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues	205	(2)
Ethical Issues	205	(1)
Professional Issues	205	(1)
Legal Issue: Confidentiality and the Third-Party Rule	206	(1)
The Counselor in Process: Allowing Groups to Unfold Naturally	207	(1)
Summary	207	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition and Other Information Resources (e.g., Eric and PsycINFO)	208	(1)
Consultation and Supervision	209	(27)
Consultation	210	(11)
Consultation Defined	210	(1)
A Brief History of Consultation	210	(2)
Recent Trends	212	(1)
Models (Styles) of Consultation	213	(1)
Theories of Consultation	214	(2)
The Consulting Process: Stages of Consultation	216	(1)
The Counselor as Consultant	217	(4)
Supervision	221	(8)
Supervision Defined	222	(3)
Models of Supervision	225	(3)
Supervision of Graduate Students	228	(1)
Supervision of Practicing Counselors	228	(1)
Multicultural Issues	229	(1)
Multicultural Consultation within a System	229	(1)
Multicultural Consultation and Supervision with an Individual	230	(1)
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues	230	(3)
Ethical Issues	230	(2)
Professional Issues	232	(1)
Legal Issue: Liability in Consultation and Supervision	232	(1)
The Counselor in Process: Committed to Ongoing Consultation and Supervision	233	(1)
Summary	233	(2)
InfoTrac College Edition and Other Information Resources (e.g., ERIC and PsycINFO)	235	(1)
SECTION IV The Development of the Person	236	(87)
Development Across the Lifespan	237	(27)
A Little Background	238	(1)
Understanding Human Development	239	(2)
Development Is Continual	239	(1)
Development Is Orderly and Sequential and Builds Upon Itself	239	(1)
Development Implies Change, but Our Core Remains More or Less the Same	239	(1)
Development Is Painful, Yet Growth-Producing	240	(1)
Developmental Models Are Transtheoretical	240	(1)
Development Is Preventive, Optimistic, and Wellness-Oriented	240	(1)
A Brief Overview of Physical and Psychosocial Development in Childhood	241	(2)
Development in Adolescence and Adulthood	243	(1)
The Development of Knowing: Cognitive and Moral Changes in Childhood	243	(6)
Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development	244	(1)
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development	245	(1)
Gilligan's Theory of Women's Moral Development	246	(2)
Comparison of Cognitive and Moral Development	248	(1)
Adult Cognitive Development	249	(3)
Kegan's Constructive Developmental Model	249	(1)
Perry's Theory of Intellectual and Ethical Development	250	(2)
Comparison of Adult Cognitive Development Theories	252	(1)
Lifespan Development	252	(3)
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development	252	(1)
Levinson's The Seasons of a Man's Life	253	(1)
Comparison of Lifespan Development Theories	254	(1)
Fowler's Theory of Faith Development	255	(3)
Other Developmental Theories	258	(1)
Applying Knowledge of Development	258	(1)
Comparison of Developmental Models	259	(1)
Multicultural Issue: The Development of Cultural Identity	259	(1)
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues	259	(2)
The ACA Code of Ethics: A Developmental Emphasis	259	(2)
Professional Associations	261	(1)
Legal Issue: Missing Problems Because We're Too Positive	261	(1)
The Counselor in Process: Understanding Your Own Development	261	(1)
Summary	262	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition and Other Information Resources (e.g., ERIC and PsycINFO)	263	(1)
Abnormal Development, Diagnosis, and Psychopharmacology	264	(30)
Why Study Abnormal Behavior, Diagnosis, and Medication?	265	(2)
You Can't Have One without the Other: Abnormal Behavior, Diagnosis, and Medication	267	(1)
Personality Development and Abnormal Behavior	267	(8)
Genetic and Biological Explanations	267	(2)
Freud's Model of Psychosexual Development	269	(2)
Learning Theory and the Development of the Person	271	(2)
The Humanistic Understanding of Personality Development	273	(2)
Comparison of Models	275	(1)
Integrating Theories	275	(1)
Diagnosis and Abnormal Behavior: What is DSM-IV-TR?	276	(6)
Axes I and II: The Mental Disorders	278	(3)
Axis III: General Medical Conditions	281	(1)
Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems	281	(1)
Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)	282	(1)
Making a Diagnosis	282	(1)
Psychopharmacology	282	(5)
Antipsychotics	284	(1)
Mood-Stabilizing Drugs	285	(1)
Antidepressants	285	(1)
Antianxiety Medications	286	(1)
Stimulants	286	(1)
Multicultural Issues	287	(1)
The Misdiagnosis of Minority Clients	287	(1)
DSM-IV-TR's Attempt to Address Cross-Cultural Issues	287	(1)
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues	288	(2)
The Diagnosis of Mental Disorders	288	(1)
Challenging Abnormality and Diagnosing	289	(1)
The Over-Diagnosis of Mental Illness	289	(1)
Confinement against One's Will	290	(1)
The Counselor in Process: Dismissing Impaired Graduate Students	290	(1)
Summary	291	(2)
InfoTrac College Edition and Other Information Resources (e.g., ERIC and PsycINFO)	293	(1)
Career Development: The Counselor and the World of Work	294	(29)
Some Definitions	295	(1)
Is Career Development Developmental?	296	(1)
Why Career Development and Career Counseling?	297	(1)
A Little Bit of History	298	(1)
Theories of Career Development	299	(11)
Trait-and-Factor Approach	299	(1)
John Holland's Personality Theory of Occupational Choice	300	(3)
Ann Roe's Psychodynamic Theory	303	(1)
Super's Lifespan Development Approaches to Career Counseling	304	(2)
Social Cognitive Career Theory	306	(1)
Constructive Development Approaches to Career Counseling	307	(1)
Integrating Models of Career Development	308	(2)
Bringing It All Together	310	(1)
The Use of Career-Related Information	310	(5)
Occupational Classification Systems	310	(3)
Assessment Instruments	313	(1)
Computer-Assisted Career Guidance	314	(1)
Other Sources of Occupational Information	315	(1)
The Clinical Interview: The Lost Child in Career Development	315	(1)
Integrating Theory, Career Information, and Career Assessment	316	(1)
Multicultural Issues	317	(1)
Multicultural Career Counseling: Coming of Age	317	(1)
Multicultural Theory of Career Development	317	(1)
Career Counseling in a Diverse Culture: Specific Steps	318	(1)
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues	318	(2)
Ethical Standards for Career Counseling and Consultation	318	(1)
Competency Guidelines for Career Development	319	(1)
Professional Associations	319	(1)
Optimizing Career Development	319	(1)
Important Laws	319	(1)
The Counselor in Process: Career Development as a Lifespan Process	320	(1)
Summary	321	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition and Other Information Resources (e.g., ERIC and PsycINFO)	322	(1)
SECTION V Research, Program Evaluation, and Appraisal	323	(63)
Testing and Assessment	324	(30)
Defining Testing and Assessment	325	(1)
Why Testing and Assessment?	326	(1)
A Little Background	327	(1)
Types of Assessment Techniques	328	(6)
Assessment of Ability	328	(3)
Personality Assessment	331	(1)
Informal Assessment Procedures	332	(2)
Norm-Referenced and Criterion-Referenced Assessment	334	(2)
Standardized and Nonstandardized Assessment	335	(1)
Examples of the Different Assessment Categories	335	(1)
Basic Test Statistics	336	(6)
Relativity and Meaningfulness of Test Scores	336	(1)
Measures of Central Tendency	337	(1)
Measures of Variability	337	(2)
Derived Scores	339	(2)
Correlation Coefficient	341	(1)
Test Worthiness	342	(4)
Validity	342	(1)
Reliability	343	(2)
Practicality	345	(1)
Cross-Cultural Fairness of Tests	345	(1)
Where to Find Tests and Assessment Techniques	346	(1)
Writing Assessment Reports	347	(1)
Multicultural Issue: Caution in Using Assessment Procedures	347	(1)
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues	348	(3)
Ethical Issues	348	(1)
Professional Issues	349	(1)
Legal Issues: Laws That Have Had an Impact on Testing	350	(1)
The Counselor in Process: Assessment of Clients	351	(1)
Summary	351	(2)
InfoTrac College Edition and Other Information Resources (e.g., ERIC and PsycINFO)	353	(1)
Research and Evaluation	354	(32)
Research	355	(21)
The Purpose of Research	355	(1)
Literature Reviews and the Statement of the Problem	356	(2)
Quantitative Research Designs	358	(9)
Qualitative Research Methods	367	(2)
Statistics and Data Analysis in Quantitative and Qualitative Research	369	(2)
Issues of Quality in Research Studies	371	(4)
Reading and Writing Research	375	(1)
Evaluation	376	(3)
The Purpose of Evaluation	376	(1)
Formative and Summative Evaluation	376	(3)
Summarizing Quantitative Research, Qualitative Research, and Evaluation	379	(1)
Multicultural Issues	379	(3)
Bias in Research and Evaluation	379	(2)
White Researchers Conducting Multicultural Research: An Unnatural Fit?	381	(1)
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues	382	(1)
Ethical Issue: Code of Conduct	382	(1)
Professional Issue: Standards in Research	382	(1)
Legal Issues	382	(1)
The Counselor in Process: Discovering New Paradigms	383	(1)
Summary	383	(2)
InfoTrac College Edition and Other Information Resources (e.g., ERIC and PsycINFO)	385	(1)
SECTION VI Social and Cultural Foundations in Counseling	386	(57)
Theory and Concepts of Multicultural Counseling	387	(24)
What Is Multicultural Counseling?	388	(1)
Why Multicultural Counseling?	389	(4)
Diversity in America	389	(1)
Counseling Is Not Working for a Large Segment of Our Population	389	(4)
Some Definitions	393	(3)
Culture	393	(1)
Discrimination	394	(1)
Ethnicity	394	(1)
Minority	394	(1)
Power Differentials	394	(1)
Race	395	(1)
Sexism, Heterosexism, and Sexual Prejudice	395	(1)
Social Class	396	(1)
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Racism	396	(1)
Political Correctness, or, Oh My God, What Do I Call Him or Her?	396	(1)
Conceptual Models for Working with Diverse Clients	397	(6)
Minority Identity Models	397	(3)
Stages of White Identity Development	400	(3)
The Helping Relationship and Cultural Diversity	403	(2)
The Culturally Skilled Counselor: Attritudes and Beliefs, Knowledge, and Skills	403	(2)
Multicultural Issue: Multicultural Counseling as the ``Fourth Force''	405	(1)
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues	406	(2)
Expansion of Multicultural Standards and Training Models	406	(1)
Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development	407	(1)
Knowledge of Legal Trends	407	(1)
The Counselor in Process: Working with Culturally Different Clients	408	(1)
Summary	408	(2)
InfoTrac College Edition and Other Information Resources (e.g., ERIC and PsycINFO)	410	(1)
Knowledge and Skills of Multicultural Counseling	411	(32)
The Changing Face of America	412	(1)
Understanding and Counseling Select Culturally Diverse Groups	413	(1)
People from Varying Cultural/Racial Heritages	414	(5)
African Americans	414	(1)
Hispanics: People of Central American, South American, and Caribbean Origin	415	(1)
People of Asian and Pacific Island Origin	416	(1)
Native Americans	417	(1)
Counseling Individuals from Different Cultures	418	(1)
Religious Diversity in America	419	(3)
Christianity	419	(1)
Buddhism	420	(1)
Hinduism	420	(1)
Islam	420	(1)
Judaism	421	(1)
Counseling Individuals from Diverse Religious Backgrounds	421	(1)
Gender Differences in America	422	(7)
Counseling Women	423	(4)
Counseling Men	427	(1)
Counseling Men and Women: A Final Viewpoint	428	(1)
Differences in Sexual Orientation	429	(3)
Counseling Gay, Bi, and Lesbian Individuals	431	(1)
Other Diverse Populations	432	(7)
Individuals Who Are HIV Positive	432	(1)
The Hungry, the Homeless, and the Poor	433	(2)
Older Persons	435	(1)
The Chronically Mentally Ill	436	(2)
People with Disabilities	438	(1)
Multicultural Issues	439	(1)
Is All Counseling Multicultural?	439	(1)
Client-Counselor Match versus Cultural Competence	440	(1)
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues: Making Wise Ethical Decisions	440	(1)
The Counselor in Process: The Ongoing Process of Counseling the Culturally Different	441	(1)
Summary	441	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition and Other Information Resources (e.g., ERIC and PsycINFO)	442	(1)
SECTION VII Your Future in the Counseling Profession: Choosing a Specialty Area, Finding a Job, and Looking Ahead	443	(99)
School Counseling	445	(30)
What Is School Counseling?	446	(1)
A History of School Counseling	447	(5)
Early Developments	447	(2)
Modern Day School Counseling: Becoming a Profession	449	(1)
Recent History: Transforming School Counseling in the Twenty-First Century	450	(2)
Roles and Functions of School Counselors	452	(6)
Four Systems of the ASCA Model	453	(3)
The Themes of the ASCA Model	456	(1)
The Emergent Model	457	(1)
Theory and Process of School Counseling	458	(1)
Counseling Theory	458	(1)
Career Development Theory	458	(1)
Human Development Theory	458	(1)
Systems Theory	459	(1)
Settings Where You Find School Counselors	459	(5)
Elementary School Counselors	460	(1)
Middle School Counselors	461	(1)
Secondary School Counselors	462	(2)
Multicultural Issues	464	(4)
Creating a Multicultural School Environment	464	(3)
Assessing Multicultural Competence	467	(1)
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues	468	(4)
Select Ethical Issues: ASCA's Code of Ethics	468	(1)
Select Professional Issues in School Counseling	469	(1)
Select Legal Issues in School Counseling	470	(2)
The School Counselor in Process: Adapting to the Twenty-First Century	472	(1)
Summary	473	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition and Other Information Resources (e.g., ERIC and PsycINFO)	474	(1)
Community Agency and Mental Health Counseling	475	(28)
What Are Community Agency and Mental Health Counseling?	476	(1)
A History of Community Agency Counseling and Mental Health Counseling	477	(4)
The Beginning of the Mental Health Movement	477	(1)
Expansion of Mental Health Services	478	(1)
Recent Events	479	(2)
Roles and Functions of the Community Agency and Mental Health Counselor	481	(2)
Case Manager	481	(1)
Appraiser of Client Needs	481	(1)
Counselor	481	(1)
Consultant	481	(1)
Supervisor and Supervisee	481	(1)
A Professional Who Is Accountable	482	(1)
Other Roles	482	(1)
Theory and Process of Agency and Mental Health Counseling	483	(1)
Settings Where You Find Agency and Mental Health Counselors	484	(9)
Career and Employment Agencies	484	(1)
Community Mental Health Centers	484	(1)
Correctional Facilities	485	(1)
Family Service Agencies	485	(1)
Gerontological Settings	486	(1)
HMOs, PPOs, and EAPs	486	(1)
The Military and Government	487	(1)
Pastoral, Religious, and Spiritual Counseling Agencies	488	(1)
Private Practice Settings	488	(2)
Rehabilitation Agencies	490	(1)
Residential Treatment Centers	491	(1)
Substance Abuse Settings	492	(1)
Youth Services Agencies	493	(1)
Counselors in Other Settings	493	(1)
Multicultural Issues	493	(2)
Broad Issues Hindering Multicultural Counseling at Agencies	493	(1)
Assessment of Clients at Agencies	494	(1)
Limited Numbers of Minority Counselors	494	(1)
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues	495	(5)
Ethical Complaints Made against Licensed Professional Counselors	495	(1)
Professional Issues	495	(4)
Select Legal Issues	499	(1)
The Community Agency and Mental Health Counselor in Process: Growing, Changing, Accepting	500	(1)
Summary	501	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition and Other Information Resources (e.g., ERIC and PsycINFO)	502	(1)
Student Affairs Practice in Higher Education	503	(22)
What Is Student Affairs?	504	(1)
The History of Student Affairs	504	(2)
The Beginning	504	(1)
The Expansion of Student Affairs Practices	504	(1)
Modern-Day Advances	505	(1)
Current Practices	506	(1)
Roles and Functions of Student Affairs Specialists	506	(4)
The Counselor: Guiding, Supporting, Advising Students	506	(1)
The Educator: Fostering Intellectual and Personal Growth	507	(1)
The Campus Ecology Manager: Creating a Successful Student Development Climate	508	(1)
The Administrator: Designing and Managing Programs	509	(1)
Theories of Student Development	510	(2)
Developmental Theory	510	(1)
Chickering's Seven Vectors of Student Development	510	(1)
Perry's Scheme of Intellectual and Ethical Development	511	(1)
Settings Where You Find Student Affairs Specialists	512	(6)
Academic Support Services	512	(1)
Career Development Services	512	(1)
Counseling Centers	513	(1)
Disability Services	514	(1)
Health Services	514	(1)
Human Resources	514	(1)
Multicultural Student Services	514	(2)
Residence Life and Housing Services	516	(1)
Student Activities Services	516	(1)
Other Student Services Offices	517	(1)
Multicultural Issues	518	(1)
Applying Student Development Theory to Minority Students	518	(1)
Implementing a Cultural Environment Transitions Model	518	(1)
Becoming a Cultural Broker	519	(1)
Lessening the Barriers to Academic Excellence of Underrepresented Students	519	(1)
Creating a Social Justice Environment	519	(1)
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues	519	(3)
Ethical Concerns	519	(1)
Professional Issues	520	(1)
Legal Issue: Liability Concerns	521	(1)
The Counselor in Process: The Student Affairs Practitioner	522	(1)
Summary	522	(2)
InfoTrac College Edition and Other Information Resources (e.g., ERIC and PsycINFO)	524	(1)
A Look Toward the Future	525	(17)
Medical Breakthroughs	525	(3)
Genetic Research and Genetic Counseling	526	(1)
Psychotropic Medications	526	(1)
The Mind-Body Connection	527	(1)
HMOs, PPOs, Uh Oh, and the Changing Nature of Therapeutic Practice	528	(1)
Computers and the Information Superhighway	529	(2)
Your Future: Choosing a Counseling Program/Finding a Job	531	(3)
Some Select Items to Consider when Choosing a Program or Finding a Job	531	(1)
The Application Process	531	(1)
The Resume	531	(1)
The Portfolio	531	(1)
Locating a Graduate Program/Finding a Job	532	(2)
Being Chosen, Being Denied	534	(1)
Multicultural Issue: Increased Emphasis on Multicultural Counseling	534	(1)
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues: The Future?	535	(3)
Suicide as an Option for Terminally Ill Clients	535	(1)
Expansion of Accreditation	535	(1)
Proliferation of Credentials	535	(1)
Increased Emphasis on Standards of Care	536	(1)
After Changes upon Changes, We Are More or Less the Same	536	(1)
A Wellness Model for Counselors	537	(1)
The Counselor in Process: Falling Behind or Moving Forward?	538	(2)
Summary	540	(1)
InfoTrac College Edition and Other Information Resources (e.g., ERIC and PsycINFO)	541	(1)
Appendix A Web Sites of Professional Associations and Associated Ethical Codes	542	(3)
Appendix B Cross-Cultural Competencies and Objectives	545	(3)
References	548	(42)
Credits	590	(2)
Author Index	592	(9)
Subject Index	601