Preface | p. xxiii |
Introduction to Psychology | p. 2 |
An Introduction to The World of Psychology | p. 5 |
Studying Psychology: Some Tricks of the Trade | p. 6 |
Psychology: Science or Common Sense! | p. 7 |
The Goals of Psychology | p. 8 |
Exploring Psychology's Roots | p. 9 |
Structuralism | p. 10 |
Functionalism | p. 10 |
The Changing Face of Psychology | p. 11 |
Schools of Thought in Psychology | p. 13 |
Behaviorism | p. 13 |
Psychoanalysis | p. 14 |
Humanistic Psychology | p. 14 |
Cognitive Psychology | p. 14 |
Thinking about Theories and Research | p. 16 |
Evaluating Theories | p. 16 |
Evaluating Research | p. 17 |
Descriptive Research Methods | p. 18 |
Naturalistic and Laboratory Observation | p. 18 |
The Case Study | p. 19 |
Survey Research | p. 19 |
The Correlational Method | p. 21 |
The Experimental Method | p. 23 |
Experiments and Hypothesis Testing | p. 23 |
Independent and Dependent Variables | p. 24 |
Experimental and Control Groups | p. 25 |
Sources of Bias in Experimental Research | p. 25 |
Limitations of the Experimental Method | p. 26 |
Participants in Psychological Research | p. 28 |
Participant-Related Bias in Psychological Research | p. 28 |
Protecting Research Participants' Rights | p. 29 |
The Use of Animals in Research | p. 29 |
Current Trends in Psychology | p. 31 |
Evolutionary Psychology | p. 31 |
Biological (Physiological) Psychology | p. 31 |
The Sociocultural Approach | p. 32 |
Psychological Perspectives and Eclecticism | p. 33 |
Psychologists at Work | p. 34 |
Specialties in Psychology | p. 34 |
Majoring in Psychology | p. 35 |
Biology and Behavior | p. 40 |
The Neurons and the Neurotransmitters | p. 43 |
The Structure of the Neuron | p. 44 |
Communication between Neurons | p. 44 |
Neurotransmitters: The Neuron's Messengers | p. 46 |
The Variety of Neurotransmitters | p. 48 |
The Human Nervous System | p. 49 |
The Spinal Cord | p. 50 |
The Hindbrain | p. 51 |
The Midbrain | p. 52 |
The Forebrain | p. 53 |
The Peripheral Nervous System | p. 54 |
Discovering the Brain's Mysteries | p. 56 |
The EEC and the Microelectrode | p. 56 |
The CT Scan and Magnetic Resonance Imaging | p. 57 |
The PET Scan, fMRI, and Other Imaging Techniques | p. 57 |
A Closer Look at the Brain | p. 58 |
Components of the Cerebrum | p. 58 |
The Cerebral Hemispheres | p. 59 |
The Frontal Lobes | p. 63 |
The Parietal Lobes | p. 66 |
The Occipital Lobes | p. 67 |
The Temporal Lobes | p. 67 |
The Brain across the Life Span | p. 68 |
Gender Differences in the Adult Brain | p. 69 |
The Endocrine System | p. 70 |
Genes and Behavioral Genetics | p. 72 |
The Mechanisms of Heredity | p. 73 |
Behavioral Genetics | p. 74 |
Sensation and Perception | p. 80 |
The Process of Sensation | p. 83 |
The Absolute and Difference Thresholds | p. 84 |
Transduction and Adaptation | p. 84 |
Vision | p. 86 |
The Eye | p. 86 |
Vision and the Brain | p. 88 |
Color Vision | p. 90 |
Theories of Color Vision | p. 90 |
Color Blindness | p. 91 |
Hearing | p. 92 |
Sound | p. 92 |
The Ear | p. 93 |
Theories of Hearing | p. 94 |
Hearing Loss | p. 95 |
The Other Senses: Smell, Taste, Touch, and Balance | p. 96 |
Smell | p. 96 |
Taste | p. 99 |
Touch | p. 100 |
Pain | p. 101 |
Balance and Movement | p. 103 |
Principles of Perception | p. 104 |
Perceptual Organization | p. 104 |
Depth Perception | p. 106 |
Motion Perception | p. 107 |
Puzzling Perceptions | p. 109 |
Influences on Perception | p. 111 |
Prior Knowledge | p. 112 |
Attention | p. 113 |
Social Perception | p. 114 |
Unusual Perceptual Experiences | p. 115 |
States of Consciousness | p. 120 |
What Is Consciousness? | p. 123 |
Circadian Rhythms | p. 124 |
The Influence of Circadian Rhythms | p. 124 |
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus | p. 125 |
Disruptions in Circadian Rhythms | p. 125 |
Circadian Timing and Neurological Disorders | p. 127 |
Sleep | p. 128 |
Why Do We Sleep? | p. 128 |
Types of Sleep | p. 128 |
Sleep Cycles | p. 129 |
REM Sleep and Memory | p. 130 |
Variations in Sleep | p. 131 |
Sleep Deprivation | p. 131 |
Dreams | p. 133 |
Interpreting Dreams | p. 134 |
Sleep Disorders | p. 135 |
Meditation and Hypnosis | p. 136 |
Meditation | p. 137 |
Hypnosis | p. 138 |
Culture and Altered States of Consciousness | p. 140 |
Psychoactive Drugs | p. 141 |
How Drugs Affect the Brain | p. 141 |
Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Abuse | p. 142 |
Drug Addiction | p. 144 |
The Behavioral Effects of Psychoactive Drugs | p. 146 |
Herbal Remedies and Supplements | p. 151 |
Learning | p. 156 |
Classical Conditioning: The Original View | p. 159 |
Pavlov and Classical Conditioning | p. 160 |
The Process of Classical Conditioning | p. 161 |
Changing Conditioned Responses | p. 162 |
John Watson and Emotional Conditioning | p. 165 |
Classical Conditioning: The Contemporary View | p. 166 |
The Cognitive Perspective | p. 167 |
Biological Predispositions | p. 167 |
Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life | p. 168 |
Factors Influencing Classical Conditioning | p. 170 |
Operant Conditioning | p. 170 |
Thorndike and the Law of Effect | p. 171 |
The Process of Operant Conditioning | p. 171 |
Reinforcement | p. 173 |
Schedules of Reinforcement | p. 174 |
Factors Influencing Operant Conditioning | p. 177 |
Punishment | p. 177 |
Escape and Avoidance Learning | p. 180 |
Applications of Operant Conditioning | p. 181 |
Cognitive Learning | p. 183 |
Learning by Insight | p. 183 |
Latent Learning and Cognitive Maps | p. 184 |
Observational Learning | p. 184 |
Learning from Media | p. 187 |
Memory | p. 194 |
The Structure of Human Memory | p. 197 |
The Information-Processing Approach | p. 197 |
Sensory Memory | p. 198 |
Short-Term Memory | p. 199 |
Long-Term Memory | p. 201 |
The Nature of Remembering | p. 203 |
Three Types of Memory Tasks | p. 203 |
The Serial Position Effect | p. 204 |
Context and Memory | p. 205 |
Memory as Reconstruction | p. 206 |
Memory in Everyday Life | p. 208 |
Flashbulb and Photographic Memories | p. 208 |
Memory and Culture | p. 209 |
Eyewitness Testimony | p. 210 |
The Repressed Memory Controversy | p. 211 |
Biology and Memory | p. 213 |
The Hippocampus and Hippocampal Region | p. 213 |
Neuronal Changes and Memory | p. 214 |
Hormones and Memory | p. 215 |
Forgetting | p. 216 |
Ebbinghaus and the First Experimental Studies on Forgetting | p. 216 |
The Causes of Forgetting | p. 217 |
Improving Memory | p. 221 |
Cognition, Language, and Intelligence | p. 228 |
Cognition | p. 231 |
Reasoning | p. 231 |
Imagery | p. 232 |
Concepts | p. 233 |
Decision Making | p. 234 |
Problem Solving | p. 237 |
Artificial Intelligence | p. 239 |
Language | p. 240 |
The Structure of Language | p. 240 |
Language and Thinking | p. 242 |
Learning a Second Language | p. 242 |
Animal Communication | p. 244 |
Intelligence | p. 246 |
The Nature of Intelligence | p. 246 |
Measuring Intelligence | p. 249 |
Requirements of Good Tests | p. 251 |
The Bell Curve | p. 252 |
Giftedness | p. 253 |
Mental Retardation | p. 254 |
Explaining Differences in Cognitive Abilities | p. 255 |
The Heritability of Intelligence | p. 255 |
Intelligence: Fixed or Changeable? | p. 257 |
Race and IQ | p. 259 |
Culture, IQ, and Achievement | p. 260 |
Beyond Intelligence | p. 262 |
Emotional Intelligence | p. 262 |
Creativity | p. 263 |
Savant Syndrome | p. 265 |
Child Development | p. 270 |
Developmental Psychology: Basic Issues and Methodology | p. 273 |
Controversial Issues in Developmental Psychology | p. 273 |
Approaches to Studying Developmental Change | p. 274 |
Prenatal Development | p. 276 |
Stages of Prenatal Development | p. 276 |
Fetal Behavior | p. 277 |
Negative Influences on Prenatal Development | p. 278 |
Infancy | p. 280 |
Reflexes and Motor Development | p. 280 |
Sensory and Perceptual Development | p. 282 |
Learning | p. 282 |
Temperament | p. 283 |
Attachment | p. 284 |
The Father-Child Relationship | p. 286 |
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development | p. 288 |
Schemes: The Foundation of Cognitive Development | p. 288 |
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development | p. 289 |
An Evaluation of Piaget's Contribution | p. 294 |
Other Approaches to Cognitive Development | p. 296 |
Vygotsky's Sociocultural View | p. 296 |
The Information-Processing Approach | p. 296 |
Language Development | p. 298 |
The Sequence of Language Development | p. 298 |
Theories of Language Development | p. 299 |
Learning to Read | p. 300 |
Social Development | p. 301 |
The Parents' Role in the Socialization Process | p. 301 |
Peer Relationships | p. 303 |
Television as a Socializing Agent | p. 304 |
Culture and Child Development | p. 305 |
Adolescence and Adulthood | p. 312 |
The Lifespan Perspective | p. 315 |
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory | p. 315 |
The Identity Crisis | p. 316 |
Generativity | p. 317 |
Adolescence | p. 319 |
Puberty | p. 319 |
Cognitive Development | p. 321 |
Moral Development | p. 322 |
Parental Relationships | p. 325 |
The Peer Group | p. 326 |
Emerging Adulthood | p. 326 |
Early and Middle Adulthood | p. 328 |
Physical Changes | p. 328 |
Intellectual Abilities | p. 329 |
The Impact of College Attendance | p. 330 |
Lifestyle Patterns in Adulthood | p. 333 |
Later Adulthood | p. 336 |
Physical Changes in Later Adulthood | p. 336 |
Cognitive Changes in Later Adulthood | p. 338 |
Alzheimer's Disease-the Most Common Dementia | p. 338 |
Social Development and Adjustment in Later Adulthood | p. 339 |
Cultural Differences in Care for the Elderly | p. 341 |
Death and Dying | p. 342 |
Motivation and Emotion | p. 348 |
Explaining Motivation | p. 352 |
The Components of Motivation | p. 352 |
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation | p. 352 |
Biological Approaches to Motivation | p. 353 |
Two Primary Drives: Hunger and Thirst | p. 355 |
Thirst | p. 356 |
Internal and External Hunger Cues | p. 356 |
Explaining Variations in Body Weight | p. 357 |
Weight Loss Strategies | p. 360 |
Eating Disorders | p. 361 |
Social Motives | p. 363 |
Achievement Motivation | p. 364 |
Work Motivation | p. 365 |
Understanding Emotion | p. 366 |
Explaining the Components of Emotions | p. 366 |
Theories of Emotion | p. 367 |
Emotion and the Brain | p. 369 |
Expressing Emotion | p. 370 |
The Range of Emotion | p. 370 |
The Development of Facial Expressions | p. 371 |
The Universality of Facial Expressions | p. 371 |
Cultural Rules for Displaying Emotion | p. 372 |
Emotion as a Form of Communication | p. 373 |
The Art and Science of Lie Detection | p. 374 |
Experiencing Emotion | p. 375 |
The Facial-Feedback Hypothesis | p. 376 |
Gender Differences in Experiencing Emotion | p. 376 |
Emotion and Cognition | p. 377 |
Love | p. 378 |
Human Sexuality and Gender | p. 384 |
Sex, Gender, and Gender Roles | p. 387 |
Biological Sex | p. 387 |
Psychological Gender | p. 388 |
Early Theories of Gender Role Development | p. 389 |
The Multi-Dimensional Approach to Gender Roles | p. 391 |
Gender Schema Theory | p. 393 |
Evolutionary Theory | p. 393 |
Gender Differences | p. 395 |
Thinking about Gender Differences | p. 396 |
Cognitive Abilities | p. 397 |
Gender Differences in Social Behavior and Personality | p. 400 |
Sexual Attitudes and Behavior | p. 401 |
Gender and Cultural Differences | p. 402 |
Sexual Desire and Arousal | p. 404 |
Sexual Orientation | p. 406 |
Determinants of Sexual Orientation | p. 406 |
Social Attitudes toward Gays and Lesbians | p. 408 |
Gay and Lesbian Relationships | p. 409 |
Sexual Dysfunctions | p. 410 |
Sexual Desire Disorders | p. 410 |
Sexual Arousal Disorders | p. 410 |
Orgasmic and Sexual Pain Disorders | p. 411 |
Sexually Transmitted Diseases | p. 412 |
Bacterial STDs | p. 413 |
Viral STDs | p. 414 |
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | p. 414 |
Health and Stress | p. 422 |
Sources of Stress | p. 425 |
Life Events: Big and Small | p. 425 |
Daily Hassles and Uplifts | p. 427 |
Conflicts and Controllability | p. 428 |
Stress in the Workplace | p. 429 |
Catastrophic Events | p. 430 |
Racism and Stress | p. 430 |
Socioeconomic Status and Stress | p. 431 |
Responding to Stress | p. 433 |
Selye and the General Adaptation Syndrome | p. 433 |
Lazarus's Cognitive Theory of Stress | p. 434 |
Coping Strategies | p. 434 |
Health and Illness | p. 436 |
Two Approaches to Health and Illness | p. 436 |
Coronary Heart Disease | p. 436 |
Cancer | p. 438 |
The Immune System and Stress | p. 439 |
Personal Factors Reducing the Impact of Stress and Illness | p. 440 |
Gender and Health | p. 442 |
Race and Health | p. 442 |
Lifestyle and Health | p. 444 |
Smoking and Health | p. 445 |
Alcohol Abuse | p. 446 |
Diet | p. 447 |
Exercise | p. 448 |
Alternative Medicine | p. 448 |
Personality Theory and Assessment | p. 454 |
Psychoanalytic Theories | p. 457 |
The Conscious, the Preconscious, and the Unconscious | p. 457 |
The Id, the Ego, and the Superego | p. 458 |
The Psychosexual Stages of Development | p. 460 |
Evaluating Freud's Contribution | p. 462 |
The Neo-Freudians | p. 463 |
Humanistic Theories | p. 465 |
Two Humanistic Theories | p. 465 |
Self-Esteem | p. 466 |
Trait Theories | p. 467 |
Early Trait Theories | p. 467 |
The Five-Factor Model | p. 469 |
Origins and Stability of the Five Factors | p. 471 |
Culture and Personality Traits | p. 471 |
Social-Cognitive Theories | p. 473 |
The Situation-Trait Debate | p. 473 |
Reciprocal Determinism | p. 474 |
Self-Efficacy and Locus of Control | p. 475 |
Personality Assessment | p. 477 |
Observation, Interviews, and Rating Scales | p. 477 |
Personality Inventories | p. 478 |
Projective Tests | p. 480 |
Psychological Disorders | p. 486 |
Defining Psychological Disorders | p. 489 |
What Is Abnormal? | p. 489 |
Classifying Psychological Disorders | p. 491 |
Explaining Psychological Disorders | p. 492 |
Prevalence of Psychological Disorders | p. 493 |
Anxiety Disorders | p. 494 |
Panic Attacks and Agoraphobia | p. 495 |
Common Anxiety Disorders | p. 496 |
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | p. 498 |
Mood Disorders | p. 499 |
Major Depressive Disorder | p. 499 |
Culture, Gender, and Depression | p. 500 |
Bipolar Disorder | p. 500 |
Explaining Mood Disorders | p. 502 |
Suicide and Race, Gender, and Age | p. 502 |
Schizophrenia | p. 504 |
Age, Gender, and Schizophrenia | p. 504 |
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia | p. 505 |
Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia | p. 505 |
Types of Schizophrenia | p. 506 |
Explaining Schizophrenia | p. 506 |
Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders | p. 510 |
Somatoform Disorders | p. 510 |
Dissociative Disorders | p. 510 |
Personality Disorders | p. 512 |
Characteristics of Personality Disorders | p. 513 |
Types of Personality Disorders | p. 513 |
Disorders Diagnosed in Childhood | p. 516 |
Pervasive Developmental Disorders | p. 516 |
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder | p. 518 |
Therapies | p. 524 |
Insight Therapies | p. 527 |
Psychodynamic Therapies | p. 527 |
Interpersonal Therapy | p. 528 |
Humanistic Therapies | p. 529 |
Gestalt Therapy | p. 529 |
Relationship Therapies | p. 530 |
Couple Therapy | p. 530 |
Family Therapy | p. 530 |
Group Therapy | p. 531 |
Behavior Therapies | p. 532 |
Behavior Modification Techniques Based on Operant Conditioning | p. 532 |
Behavior Therapies Based on Other Learning Theories | p. 533 |
Cognitive Therapies | p. 536 |
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy | p. 536 |
Beck's Cognitive Therapy | p. 537 |
Biological Therapies | p. 538 |
Drug Therapy | p. 538 |
Psychiatric Drugs for Children and Adolescents | p. 542 |
Electroconvulsive Therapy | p. 543 |
Psychosurgery | p. 543 |
Evaluating the Therapies | p. 544 |
Culturally Sensitive and Gender-Sensitive Therapy | p. 547 |
Social Psychology | p. 552 |
Social Perception | p. 556 |
Impression Formation | p. 556 |
Attribution | p. 556 |
Attraction | p. 557 |
Factors Influencing Attraction | p. 557 |
Physical Attractiveness | p. 558 |
Romantic Attraction and Mating | p. 559 |
Conformity, Obedience, and Compliance | p. 560 |
Conformity | p. 560 |
Obedience | p. 562 |
Compliance | p. 562 |
Group Influence | p. 563 |
Social Facilitation | p. 564 |
Social Loafing | p. 564 |
Social Roles | p. 565 |
Attitudes and Attitude Change | p. 566 |
Attitudes | p. 566 |
Cognitive Dissonance | p. 567 |
Persuasion | p. 568 |
Prosocial Behavior | p. 569 |
Reasons for Helping | p. 570 |
The Bystander Effect | p. 570 |
Aggression | p. 572 |
Biological Factors in Aggression | p. 572 |
Other Influences on Aggression | p. 573 |
The Social Learning Theory of Aggression | p. 574 |
Sexual Aggression | p. 575 |
Prejudice and Discrimination | p. 577 |
The Roots of Prejudice and Discrimination | p. 577 |
Is Prejudice Decreasing? | p. 579 |
Unlearning Prejudice | p. 580 |
Psychology in the Workplace | p. 584 |
Personnel Psychology | p. 587 |
Hiring Workers | p. 587 |
Employee Training and Development | p. 589 |
Evaluating Workers | p. 590 |
Organizational Psychology | p. 591 |
Approaches to Management | p. 591 |
Leadership | p. 592 |
Organizational Culture and Climate | p. 595 |
Ethics in the Workplace | p. 596 |
Human Factors Psychology | p. 597 |
Workplace Design | p. 597 |
The Quality of Work-Life Movement | p. 598 |
Gender Issues at Work | p. 600 |
Women's Work Patterns | p. 600 |
Gender Differences in On-the-Job Coping Styles | p. 601 |
Gender Discrimination | p. 601 |
Sexual Harassment | p. 603 |
Human Diversity in the Workplace | p. 604 |
Race and Ethnicity in the Workplace | p. 604 |
Cultural Diversity in the Workplace | p. 605 |
Promoting Diversity | p. 606 |
Statistical Methods | p. A-1 |
References | p. R-1 |
Glossary | p. G-1 |
Name Index | p. I-1 |
Subject Index | p. I-14 |
Credits | p. C-1 |
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