Top
Free Shipping On Orders Over $35!
Get Rewarded for Ordering Your Textbooks! Enroll Now
Customer Reviews Read Reviews
Write a Review
The market-leading guide to arguments, Writing Arguments ,9/e has proven highly successful in teaching readers to read arguments critically and to produce effective arguments of their own.
0133873706 / 9780133873702 Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings with MyWritingLab with eText -- Access Card Package
Package consists of:
020517163X / 9780205171637 Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings
0205870147 / 9780205870141 MyWritingLab with Pearson eText -- Valuepack Access Card
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part One Overview of Argument
1 Argument: An Introduction
What Do We Mean by Argument?
Argument Is Not a Fight or a Quarrel
Argument Is Not Pro-Con Debate
Arguments Can Be Explicit or Implicit
Louis W. Sullivan, M.D., “Let the Facts Decide, Not Fear: Ban AB 1108”
The Defining Features of Argument
Argument Requires Justification of Its Claims
Argument Is Both a Process and a Product
Argument Combines Truth Seeking and Persuasion
Argument and the Problem of Truth
A Successful Process of Argumentation: The Well-Functioning Committee
Gordon Adams (student), “Petition to Waive the University Mathematics Requirement”
Conclusion
2 Argument as Inquiry: Reading and Exploring
Finding Issues to Explore
Do Some Initial Brainstorming
Be Open to the Issues All around You
Explore Ideas by Freewriting
Explore Ideas by Idea Mapping
Explore Ideas by Playing the Believing and Doubting Game
Placing Texts in a Rhetorical Context
Genres of Argument
Cultural Contexts: Who Writes Arguments and Why?
Analyzing Rhetorical Context and Genre
Reading to Believe an Argument’s Claims
John Kavanaugh, “Amnesty?”
Summary Writing as a Way of Reading to Believe
Practicing Believing: Willing Your Own Belief in the Writer’s Views
Reading to Doubt
Thinking Dialectically
Questions to Stimulate Dialectic Thinking
Fred Reed, “Why Blame Mexico?”
Three Ways to Foster Dialectic Thinking
Conclusion
Writing Assignment: An Argument Summary or a Formal Exploratory Essay
Michael Banks (student), “Should the United States Grant Legal Status to Undocumented Immigrant Workers?”
Part Two Writing an Argument
3 The Core of an Argument: A Claim with Reasons
The Classical Structure of Argument
Classical Appeals and the Rhetorical Triangle
Issue Questions as the Origins of Argument
Difference between an Issue Question and an Information Question
How to Identify an Issue Question
Difference between a Genuine Argument and a Pseudo-Argument
Pseudo-Arguments: Fanatical Believers and Fanatical Skeptics
Another Source of Pseudo-Arguments: Lack of Shared Assumptions
Frame of an Argument: A Claim Supported by Reasons
What Is a Reason?
Expressing Reasons in Because Clauses
Conclusion
Writing Assignment: An Issue Question and Working Thesis Statements
4 The Logical Structure of Arguments
An Overview of Logos: What Do We Mean by the “Logical Structure” of an Argument?
Formal Logic versus Real-World Logic
The Role of Assumptions
The Core of an Argument: The Enthymeme
Adopting a Language for Describing Arguments: The Toulmin System
Using Toulmin’s Schema to Determine a Strategy of Support
The Power of Audience-Based Reasons
Difference between Writer-Based and Audience-Based Reasons
Conclusion
Writing Assignment: Plan of an Argument’s Details
5 Using Evidence Effectively
The Persuasive Use of Evidence
Apply the STAR Criteria to Evidence
Use Sources That Your Reader Trusts
Rhetorical Understanding of Evidence
Kinds of Evidence
Angle of Vision and the Selection and Framing of Evidence
Examining Visual Arguments: Angle of Vision
Rhetorical Strategies for Framing Evidence
Special Strategies for Framing Statistical Evidence
Gathering Evidence
Creating a Plan for Gathering Evidence
Gathering Data from Interviews
Gathering Data from Surveys or Questionnaires
Conclusion
Writing Assignment: A Microtheme or a Supporting-Reasons Argument
Carmen Tieu (student), “Why Violent Video Games Are Good for Girls”
6 Moving Your Audience: Ethos, Pathos, and Kairos
Ethos and Pathos as Persuasive Appeals: An Overview
How to Create an Effective Ethos: The Appeal to Credibility
How to Create Pathos: The Appeal to Beliefs and Emotions
Use Concrete Language
Use Specific Examples and Illustrations
Use Narratives
Use Words, Metaphors, and Analogies with Appropriate Connotations
Use Images for Emotional Appeal
Kairos: The Timeliness and Fitness of Arguments
Examining Visual Arguments: Logos, Ethos, Pathos, and Kairos
How Audience-Based Reasons Enhance Logos, Ethos, and Pathos
Conclusion
Writing Assignment: Revising a Draft for Ethos, Pathos, and Audience-Based Reasons
7 Responding to Objections and Alternative Views
One-Sided, Multisided, and Dialogic Arguments
Determining Your Audience’s Resistance to Your Views
Appealing to a Supportive Audience: One-Sided Argument
Appealing to a Neutral or Undecided Audience: Classical Argument
Summarizing Opposing Views
Refuting Opposing Views
Strategies for Rebutting Evidence
Conceding to Opposing Views
Example of a Student Essay Using Refutation Strategy
Marybeth Hamilton (student), From “First Place: A Healing School for Homeless Children”
Appealing to a Resistant Audience: Dialogic Argument
Delayed-Thesis Argument as Both Exploration and Persuasion
*Ross Douthat, “Islam in Two Americas”
Writing a Delayed Thesis Argument
A More Open Ended Approach: Rogerian Argument
Rogerian Argument as Growth for the Writer
Rogerian Argument as Collaborative Negotiation
Writing a Rogerian Argument
*Colleen Fontana, “An Open Letter to Robert Levy in Response to His Article ‘They Never Learn’”
Conclusion
Writing Assignment: A Classical Argument or a Rogerian Letter
David Langley (student), “‘Half-Criminals’ or Urban Athletes? A Plea for Fair Treatment of Skateboarders” (A Classical Argument)
Rebekah Taylor (student), “A Letter to Jim” (A Rogerian Argument)
Part Three Analyzing Arguments
8 Analyzing Arguments Rhetorically
Thinking Rhetorically about a Text
Questions for Rhetorical Analysis
An Illustration of Rhetorical Analysis
Kathryn Jean Lopez, “Egg Heads”
A Rhetorical Analysis of “Egg Heads”
Conclusion
Writing Assignment: A Rhetorical Analysis
Generating Ideas for Your Rhetorical Analysis
Organizing Your Rhetorical Analysis
Ellen Goodman, “Womb for Rent—For a Price”
Zachary Stumps (student), “A Rhetorical Analysis of Ellen Goodman’s ‘Womb For Rent—For a Price’”
9 Analyzing Visual Arguments
Understanding Design Elements in Visual Argument
Use of Type
Use of Space or Layout
An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using Type and Spatial Elements
Use of Color
Use of Images and Graphics
An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using All the Design Components
The Compositional Features of Photographs and Drawings
An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using Images
The Genres of Visual Argument
Posters and Fliers
Public Affairs Advocacy Advertisements
Cartoons
Web Pages
Constructing Your Own Visual Argument
Using Information Graphics in Arguments
How Tables Contain a Variety of Stories
Using a Graph to Tell a Story
Incorporating Graphics into Your Argument
Conclusion
Writing Assignment: A Visual Argument Rhetorical Analysis, a Visual Argument, or a Microtheme Using Quantitative Data
Part Four Arguments in Depth: Types of Claims
10 An Introduction to the Types of Claims
An Overview of the Types of Claims
Using Claim Types to Focus an Argument and Generate Ideas: An Example
Making the LASIK Argument to Parents
Making the LASIK Argument to Insurance Companies
Hybrid Arguments: How Claim Types Work Together in Arguments
Some Examples of Hybrid Arguments
An Extended Example of a Hybrid Argument
Aaron Friedman, “All That Noise for Nothing”
11 Definitional and Resemblance Arguments
An Overview of Definition or Resemblance Arguments
Consequences of Categorical Claims
The Rule of Justice: Things in the Same Category Should Be Treated the Same Way
Types of Definitional Arguments
Simple Categorical Arguments
Definitional Arguments
Examining Visual Arguments: A Definitional Claim
The Criteria—Match Structure of Definitional Arguments
Developing the Criteria-Match Structure for a Definitional Argument
Toulmin Framework for a Definitional Argument
Kinds of Definitions
Aristotelian Definitions
Operational Definitions
Conducting the Criteria Part of a Definitional Argument
Approach 1: Research How Others Have Defined the Term
Approach 2: Create Your Own Extended Definition
Conducting the Match Part of a Definitional Argument
Types of Resemblance Arguments
Toulmin Framework for a Resemblance Argument
Arguments by Analogy
Arguments by Precedent
Writing Assignment: A Definitional Argument
Exploring Ideas
Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake
Organizing a Definitional Argument
Questioning and Critiquing a Definitional Argument
*Arthur Knopf (Student), “Is Milk a Health Food?”
Kathy Sullivan (student), “Oncore, Obscenity, and the Liquor Control Board”
Clay Bennett, “Just Emancipated” (editorial cartoon)
Beth Reis, “Toon Offensive”
12 Causal Arguments
An Overview of Causal Arguments
Kinds of Causal Arguments
Toulmin Framework for a Causal Argument
Two Methods for Arguing That One Event Causes Another
First Method: Explain the Causal Mechanism Directly
Examining Visual Arguments: A Causal Claim
Second Method: Infer Causal Links Using Inductive Reasoning
Glossary of Terms Encountered in Causal Arguments
Writing Assignment: A Causal Argument
Exploring Ideas
Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake
Organizing a Causal Argument
Questioning and Critiquing a Causal Argument
Julee Christianson (student), “Why Lawrence Summers Was Wrong: Culture Rather Than Biology Explains the Underrepresentation of Women in Science and Mathematics” (APA-format research paper)
Olivia Judson, “Different but (Probably) Equal”
Carlos Macias (Student), “‘The Credit Card Company Made Me Do It!’—The Credit Card Industry’s Role in Causing Student Debt”
13 Evaluation and Ethical Arguments
An Overview of Evaluation Arguments
Criteria-Match Structure of Categorical Evaluations
Toulmin Framework for an Evaluation Argument
Constructing a Categorical Evaluation Argument
Developing Your Criteria
Making Your Match Argument
Examining Visual Arguments: An Evaluation Claim
An Overview of Ethical Arguments
Major Ethical Systems
Consequences as the Base of Ethics
Principles as the Base of Ethics
Constructing an Ethical Argument
Constructing a Principles-Based Argument
Constructing a Consequences-Based Argument
Common Problems in Making Evaluation Arguments
Writing Assignment: An Evaluation or Ethical Argument
Exploring Ideas
Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake
Organizing an Evaluation Argument
Questioning and Critiquing a Categorical Evaluation Argument
Critiquing an Ethical Argument
Sam Isaacson (student), “Would Legalization of Gay Marriage Be Good for the Gay Community?”
*Christopher Moore (student), “Information Plus Satire”
*Adey Bryant, “Well, It Bloody Wasn’t There Last Year!” (editorial cartoon)
*Christian Longo, “Giving Life after Death Row”
*Kenneth Prager, “A Death Row Donation of Organs?”
14 Proposal Arguments
An Overview of Proposal Arguments
The Structure of Proposal Arguments
Toulmin Framework for a Proposal Argument
Special Concerns for Proposal Arguments
Developing a Proposal Argument
Convincing Your Readers That a Problem Exists
Showing the Specifics of Your Proposal
The Justification: Convincing Your Readers That Your Proposal Should Be Enacted
Proposal Arguments as Advocacy Posters or Advertisements
Using the Claim-Types Strategy to Develop a Proposal Argument
Using the “Stock Issues” Strategy to Develop a Proposal Argument
Examining Visual Arguments: A Proposal Claim
Writing Assignment: A Proposal Argument
Exploring Ideas
Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake
Organizing a Proposal Argument
Designing a One-Page Advocacy Advertisement
Designing PowerPoint Slides or Other Visual Aids for a Speech
Questioning and Critiquing a Proposal Argument
*Megan Johnson (student), “A Proposal to Eliminate Gender Bias in Meal Plans”
Juan Vazquez (student), “Why the United States Should Adopt Nuclear Power” (MLA-format research paper)
Center for Children’s Health and the Environment, “More Kids Are Getting Brain Cancer. Why?” (advocacy ad)
*Sandy Wainscott (student), “Why MacDonalds Should Sell Meat and Veggie Pies” (speech with PowerPoint slides)
*Marcel Dicke and Arnold Van Huis, “The Six-Legged Meat of the Future”
Part 5 The Researched Argument
15 Finding and Evaluating Sources
Formulating a Research Question instead of a “Topic”
Thinking Rhetorically about Kinds of Sources
Degree of Editorial Review
Degree of Stability
Degree of Advocacy
Degree of Authority
Searching Libraries, Databases, and Web Sites
Checking Your Library’s Home Page
Finding Articles in Magazines, News Sources, and Scholarly Journals: Searching a Licensed Database
Finding Cyberspace Sources: Searching the World Wide Web
Evaluating Your Sources by Reading Rhetorically
Reading with Your Own Goals in Mind
Reading with Rhetorical Awareness
Taking Purposeful Notes
Evaluating Sources
Conclusion
16 Incorporating Souces into Your Own Argument
Using Sources for Your Own Purposes
Writer 1: A Causal Argument Showing Alternative Approaches to Reducing Risk of Alcoholism
Writer 2: A Proposal Argument Advocating Vegetarianism
Writer 3: An Evaluation Argument Looking Skeptically at Vegetarianism
Using Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotation
Summarizing
Paraphrasing
Quoting
Quoting a Complete Sentence
Quoting Words and Phrases
Modifying a Quotation
Omitting Something from a Quoted Passage
Quoting Something that Contains a Quotation
Using a Block Quotation for a Long Passage
Creating Rhetorically Effective Attributive Tags
Attributive Tags versus Parenthetical Citations
Creating Attributive Tags to Shape Reader Response
Avoiding Plagiarism
Why Some Kinds of Plagiarism May Occur Unwittingly
Strategies for Avoiding Plagiarism
17 Citing and Documenting Sources
The Connection between In-text Citations and the End-of-Paper List of Cited Works
MLA Style
In-text Citations in MLA Style
When to Use Page Numbers in In-text Citations
Works Cited List in MLA Style
MLA Citation Models
MLA-Style Research Paper
APA Style
In-Text Citations in APA Style
References List in APA Style
APA Citation Models
APA-Style Research Paper
Conclusion
Appendix: Informal Fallacies
The Problem of Conclusiveness in an Argument
An Overview of Informal Fallacies
Fallacies of Pathos
Fallacies of Ethos
Fallacies of Logos
Part Six An Anthology of Arguments
An Overview of the Anthology
Guide Questions for the Analysis and Evaluation of Arguments
List 1: Questions for Analyzing and Evaluating a Conversation
List 2: Questions for Rhetorically Analyzing and Evaluating an Individual Argument
List 3: Questions for Responding to a Reading and Forming Your Own Views
Digital Literacies
*Nancy K. Herther, “Digital Natives and Immigrants: What Brain Research Tells Us”
*Sherry Turkle, “Is Technology Making Us Lonelier?”
*Alison Gopnik, “Diagnosing the Digital Revolution: Why It’s So Hard to Tell If Technology is Changing Us”
*Mike Keefe, “Social Networking, Then and Now” (editorial cartoon)
*Mizuko Ito, et al., “Living and Learning with New Media: Summary of Findings from the Digital Youth Project”
*Cathy Davidson, “Designing Learning from ‘End-to-End’”
Dana L Fleming, “Youthful Indiscretions: Should Colleges Protect Social Network Users from Themselves and Others?”
Paul Noth, “I Can’t Wait” (editorial cartoon)
Video Games and Their Influence
*Craig A. Anderson,“Violent Video Games and Other Media Violence”
*4yourkids.org, “Just Do Nothing” (advocacy ad)
Henry Jenkins, “Reality Bytes: Eight Myths about Video Games Debunked”
*Darrin Bell, “Candorville” (editorial cartoon)
A syndicated cartoonist satirizes the rhetoric of blame.
*Leland Y. Yee, “Parents Should Be Able to Control What Kids Watch”
*Daniel Greenberg, “Why the Supreme Court Should Rule that Violent Video Games Are Free Speech”
*Congressional Digest Supreme Court Debates, “Before the Court: The Justices Weigh In During Oral Arguments”
William Lugo, “Violent Video Games Recruit American Youth”
*Jane McGonigal, “Be a Gamer, Save the World”
Millennials Entering Adulthood
*Kathryn Tyler, “The Tethered Generation”
*Bruce Tinsley, “I’ve Got Students Interviewing…” (editorial cartoon)
*Julie Hanus, “The Kid in the Corner Office”
*America, “Generation S”
*Kay S. Hymowitz, “Where Have the Good Men Gone?”
*Nathan Rabin, “Two Cheers for the Maligned Slacker Dude”
*Garry Trudeau, “Yo, Want to Meet Up and Chill?” (cartoon)
*Matthew C. Klein, “Educated, Unemployed, and Frustrated”
Immigration in the Twenty-First Century
Mitali Perkins, “A Note to Young Immigrants”
Scarf Ace, “Miss or Diss?”
Fatemeh Fakhraie, “Scarfing It Down”
*Anita Ortiz Maddali, “Sophia’s Choice: Problems Faced by Female Asylum-Seekers and Their U.S. Citizen Children”
*Kevin Clarke, “Born in the U.S.A.”
*The Washington Times, “Anchor Babies Away”
*Lee Judge, “Oh Great, an Anchor Baby” (editorial cartoon)
*Reyna Wences (student), “My Life in the Shadows”
*Mark Krikorian, “DREAM On”
The Value(s) of Higher Education
*Rebecca Mead, “Is College Worth the Money?”
*Mark Schneider, “How Much Is That Bachelor’s Degree Really Worth? The Million Dollar Misunderstanding”
*Jesse Springer, “Liberal Arts Diploma” (editorial cartoon)
*Ken Saxon, “What Do You Do With a B.A. in History?”
*Scott Adams, “How to Get a Higher Education”
*Erica Goldson (student), “Coxsackie-Athens Valedictorian Speech 2010: Here I Stand”
Women in Math and Science
Nature Neuroscience, “Separating Science from Stereotype”
Deborah Blum, “Solving for X”
Steven Pinker, “The Science of Difference: Sex Ed”
Ben A. Barres, “Does Gender Matter?”
*Amy E. Bell, Steven J. Spencer, Emma Iserman, And Christine E. R. Logel, “Stereotype Threat and Women’s Performance in Engineering”
Choices for a Sustainable World
Nicholas Kristof, “Our Gas Guzzlers, Their Lives“
*Daniel C. Esty and Michael E. Porter, “Pain at the Pump? We Need More”
Andrew C. Revkin, “Carbon-Neutral Is Hip, but Is It Green?”
Charles Krauthammer, “Save the Planet, Let Someone Else Drill”
David Tilman and Jason Hill, “Fuel for Thought: All Biofuels Are Not Created Equal”
*U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Energy Supply and Disposition by Type of Fuel, 196-2009”
*Jason Powers, “The Power Is in the Solution: Cultivating New Traditions Through Permaculture”
*Vandana Shiva, “The Soil vs. the Sensex”
Argument Classics
Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail”
Garrett Hardin, “Lifeboat Ethics: The Case against Aid That Does Harm”
Pablo Picasso, Guernica (painting)
Rachel Carson, “The Obligation to Endure”
Stanley Milgram, “The Perils of Obedience”
Credits
Index
*new readings
The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.
The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.
Need Help? Copyright © 1999-2024