Abnormal Psychology

by Butcher, James N.; Mineka, Susan; Hooley, Jill M.

• ISBN13: 9780205459421
• ISBN10: 0205459420
• Edition: 13th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

This distinguished book is considered the most comprehensive in its field, and the author team includes the most preeminent and respected researchers in abnormal psychology today. The new 13th edition introduces a striking new design, new topics, fresh insights, streamlined writing, and a sharper focus on research in psychopathology have emerged.

Table of Contents

Abnormal Psychology: An Overview	p. 1
What do we Mean by Abnormal Behavior?	p. 3
Why Do We Need to Classify Mental Disorders?	p. 6
What Are the Disadvantages of Classification?	p. 8
The DSM-IV Definition of Mental Disorder	p. 9
How Does Culture Affect What Is Considered Abnormal?	p. 10
Culture-Specific Disorders	p. 11
How Common Are Mental Disorders?	p. 12
Prevalence and Incidence	p. 12
Prevalence Estimates for Mental Disorders	p. 13
Treatment	p. 14
The Mental Health "Team"	p. 14
Research Approaches in Abnormal Psychology	p. 15
Sources of Information	p. 16
Forming Hypotheses about Behavior	p. 17
Sampling and Generalization	p. 18
Criterion and Comparison Groups	p. 18
Studying the World As It Is: Observational Research Designs	p. 19
Retrospective versus Prospective Strategies	p. 19
Manipulating Variables: The Experimental Method in Abnormal Psychology	p. 20
Studying the Efficacy of Therapy	p. 20
Single-Case Experimental Designs	p. 21
Animal Research	p. 23
The Focus of This Book	p. 24
Summary	p. 25
Key Terms	p. 26
Historical and Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior	p. 27
Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior	p. 28
Demonology, Gods, and Magic	p. 28
Hippocrates' Early Medical Concepts	p. 28
Early Philosophical Conceptions of Consciousness and Mental Discovery	p. 29
Later Greek and Roman Thought	p. 30
Abnormality during the Middle Ages	p. 31
Toward Humanitarian Approaches	p. 35
The Resurgence of Scientific Questioning in Europe	p. 35
The Establishment of Early Asylums and Shrines	p. 36
Humanitarian Reform	p. 37
Nineteenth-Century Views of the Causes and Treatment of Mental Disorders	p. 40
Changing Attitudes toward Mental Health in the Early Twentieth Century	p. 41
Mental Hospital Care in the Twentieth Century	p. 41
Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior	p. 44
Biological Discoveries: Establishing the Link between the Brain and Mental Disorder	p. 45
The Development of a Classification System	p. 46
Causation Views: Establishing the Psychological Basis of Mental Disorder	p. 46
The Evolution of the Psychological Research Tradition: Experimental Psychology	p. 49
Summary	p. 54
Key Terms	p. 55
Causal Factors and Viewpoints	p. 57
Causes and Risk Factors for Abnormal Behavior	p. 58
Necessary, Sufficient, and Contributory Causes	p. 58
Feedback and Circularity in Abnormal Behavior	p. 60
Diathesis-Stress Models	p. 60
Viewpoints for Understanding the Causes of Abnormal Behavior	p. 63
The Biological Viewpoint and Biological Causal Factors	p. 63
Neurotransmitter and Hormonal Imbalances	p. 64
Genetic Vulnerabilities	p. 66
Temperament	p. 71
Brain Dysfunction and Neural Plasticity	p. 72
The Impact of the Biological Viewpoint	p. 73
The Psychosocial Viewpoints	p. 74
The Psychodynamic Perspectives	p. 74
The Behavioral Perspective	p. 80
The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective	p. 83
What the Adoption of a Perspective Does and Does Not Do	p. 87
Psychosocial Causal Factors	p. 88
Early Deprivation or Trauma	p. 89
Inadequate Parenting Styles	p. 91
Marital Discord and Divorce	p. 94
Maladaptive Peer Relationships	p. 95
The Sociocultural Viewpoint	p. 97
Uncovering Sociocultural Factors through Cross-Cultural Studies	p. 97
Sociocultural Causal Factors	p. 101
The Sociocultural Environment	p. 101
Pathogenic Societal Influences	p. 101
Impact of the Sociocultural Viewpoint	p. 103
Summary	p. 105
Key Terms	p. 106
Clinical Assessment	p. 107
The Basic Elements in Assessment	p. 108
The Relationship between Assessment and Diagnosis	p. 108
Taking a Social or Behavioral History	p. 109
The Influence of Professional Orientation	p. 110
Trust and Rapport between the Clinician and the Client	p. 110
Assessment of the Physical Organism	p. 111
The General Physical Examination	p. 111
The Neurological Examination	p. 111
The Neuropsychological Examination	p. 113
Psychosocial Assessment	p. 114
Assessment Interviews	p. 114
The Clinical Observation of Behavior	p. 116
Psychological Tests	p. 117
Advantages and Limitations of Objective Personality Tests	p. 127
A Psychological Case Study: Esteban	p. 127
The Integration of Assessment Data	p. 130
Ethical Issues in Assessment	p. 130
Classifying Abnormal Behavior	p. 131
Reliability and Validity	p. 132
Differing Models of Classification	p. 133
Formal Diagnostic Classification of Mental Disorders	p. 133
Summary	p. 140
Key Terms	p. 141
Stress and Adjustment Disorders	p. 143
What is Stress?	p. 144
Categories of Stressors	p. 145
Factors Predisposing a Person to Stress	p. 146
Coping with Stress	p. 149
The Effects of Severe Stress	p. 151
Biological Effects of Stress	p. 151
Psychological Effects of Long-Term Stress	p. 154
Adjustment Disorder: Reactions to Common Life Stressors	p. 154
Adjustment Disorder Caused by Unemployment	p. 155
Adjustment Disorder Caused by Bereavement	p. 155
Adjustment Disorder Caused by Divorce or Separation	p. 156
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Reactions to Catastrophic Events	p. 157
Prevalence of PTSD in the General Population	p. 157
Distinguishing between Acute Stress Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress	p. 157
The Trauma of Rape	p. 160
The Trauma of Military Combat	p. 162
Severe Threats to Personal Safety and Security	p. 166
Causal Factors in Post-Traumatic Stress	p. 169
Long-Term Effects of Post-Traumatic Stress	p. 171
Prevention and Treatment of Stress Disorders	p. 171
Prevention of Stress Disorders	p. 171
Treatment for Stress Disorders	p. 172
Challenges in Studying Crisis Victims	p. 174
What We Are Learning about Crisis Intervention	p. 174
Summary	p. 177
Key Terms	p. 177
Panic, Anxiety, and Their Disorders	p. 179
The Fear and Anxiety Response Patterns	p. 181
Overview of the Anxiety Disorders and Their Commonalities	p. 182
Specific Phobias	p. 183
Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia	p. 185
Age of Onset and Gender Differences in Specific Phobias	p. 185
Psychosocial Causal Factors	p. 185
Genetic and Temperamental Causal Factors	p. 188
Treating Specific Phobias	p. 188
Social Phobias	p. 190
Interaction of Psychosocial and Biological Causal Factors	p. 191
Treating Social Phobias	p. 193
Panic Disorder With and Without Agoraphobia	p. 194
Panic Disorder	p. 194
Agoraphobia	p. 195
Prevalence, Gender, and Age of Onset of Panic Disorder with and without Agoraphobia	p. 197
Comorbidity with Other Disorders	p. 197
The Timing of a First Panic Attack	p. 198
Biological Causal Factors	p. 198
Behavioral and Cognitive Causal Factors	p. 200
Treating Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia	p. 203
Generalized Anxiety Disorder	p. 205
General Characteristics	p. 205
Prevalence and Age of Onset	p. 207
Comorbidity with Other Disorders	p. 207
Psychosocial Causal Factors	p. 207
Biological Causal Factors	p. 209
Treating Generalized Anxiety Disorder	p. 210
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder	p. 211
Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Comorbidity	p. 212
Characteristics of OCD	p. 213
Psychosocial Causal Factors	p. 215
Biological Causal Factors	p. 216
Treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder	p. 218
Sociocultural Causal Factors for All Anxiety Disorders	p. 220
Cultural Differences in Sources of Worry	p. 221
Taijin Kyofusho	p. 221
Summary	p. 222
Key Terms	p. 223
Mood Disorders and Suicide	p. 225
What are Mood Disorders?	p. 226
The Prevalence of Mood Disorders	p. 227
Unipolar Mood Disorders	p. 228
Depressions That Are Not Mood Disorders	p. 228
Dysthymic Disorder	p. 230
Major Depressive Disorder	p. 231
Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders	p. 235
Biological Causal Factors	p. 235
Psychosocial Causal Factors	p. 240
Bipolar Disorders	p. 253
Cyclothymic Disorder	p. 253
Bipolar Disorders (I and II)	p. 254
Causal Factors in Bipolar Disorder	p. 257
Biological Causal Factors	p. 257
Psychosocial Causal Factors	p. 258
Sociocultural Factors Affecting Unipolar and Bipolar Disorders	p. 260
Cross-Cultural Differences in Depressive Symptoms	p. 260
Cross-Cultural Differences in Prevalence	p. 261
Demographic Differences in the United States	p. 261
Treatments and Outcomes	p. 263
Pharmacotherapy	p. 263
Alternative Biological Treatments	p. 265
Psychotherapy	p. 265
Suicide	p. 268
The Clinical Picture and the Causal Pattern	p. 269
Suicidal Ambivalence	p. 273
Suicide Prevention and Intervention	p. 274
Summary	p. 277
Key Terms	p. 278
Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders	p. 279
Somatoform Disorders	p. 280
Hypochondriasis	p. 281
Somatization Disorder	p. 283
Pain Disorder	p. 285
Conversion Disorder	p. 286
Body Dysmorphic Disorder	p. 290
Dissociative Disorders	p. 295
Depersonalization Disorder	p. 295
Dissociative Amnesia and Fugue	p. 296
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)	p. 298
General Sociocultural Causal Factors in Dissociative Disorders	p. 306
Treatment and Outcomes in Dissociative Disorders	p. 307
Summary	p. 310
Key Terms	p. 310
Eating Disorders and Obesity	p. 311
Clinical Aspects of Eating Disorders	p. 313
Anorexia Nervosa	p. 313
Bulimia Nervosa	p. 315
Age of Onset and Gender Differences	p. 318
Medical Complications of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa	p. 319
Other Forms of Eating Disorders	p. 319
Distinguishing among Diagnoses	p. 320
Association of Eating Disorders with Other Forms of Psychopathology	p. 321
Prevalence of Eating Disorders	p. 321
Eating Disorders across Cultures	p. 321
Course and Outcome	p. 322
Risk and Causal Factors in Eating Disorders	p. 323
Biological Factors	p. 323
Sociocultural Factors	p. 324
Family Influences	p. 326
Individual Risk Factors	p. 326
Treating Eating Disorders	p. 330
Treating Anorexia Nervosa	p. 330
Treating Bulimia Nervosa	p. 332
Treating Binge-Eating Disorder	p. 332
Obesity	p. 333
Risk and Causal Factors in Obesity	p. 334
The Role of Genes	p. 334
Hormones Involved in Appetite and Weight Regulation	p. 335
Sociocultural Influences	p. 335
Family Influences	p. 335
Stress and "Comfort Food"	p. 336
Pathways to Obesity	p. 337
Treatment of Obesity	p. 337
The Importance of Prevention	p. 339
Summary	p. 340
Key Terms	p. 341
Health Problems and Behavior	p. 343
Psychological Factors in Health and Disease	p. 346
Stress and the Stress Response	p. 346
Biological Costs of Stress	p. 347
Stress and the Immune System	p. 348
Psychoneuroimmunology	p. 350
Lifestyle Factors in Health and Illness	p. 351
Health, Attitudes, and Coping Resources	p. 352
Cardiovascular Disease	p. 354
Hypertension	p. 355
Coronary Heart Disease	p. 356
What Psychological Factors Are Implicated in Cardiovascular Disease?	p. 356
General Causal Factors in Physical Illness and Disease	p. 360
Genetic Factors	p. 360
Psychosocial Factors	p. 362
Sociocultural Factors	p. 364
Treatments and Outcomes	p. 364
Biological Interventions	p. 365
Psychological Interventions	p. 365
Sociocultural Approaches	p. 366
Summary	p. 369
Key Terms	p. 369
Personality Disorders	p. 371
Clinical Features of Personality Disorders	p. 372
Difficulties Doing Research on Personality Disorders	p. 374
Difficulties in Diagnosing Personality Disorders	p. 374
Difficulties in Studying the Causes of Personality Disorders	p. 375
Categories of Personality Disorders	p. 376
Paranoid Personality Disorder	p. 376
Schizoid Personality Disorder	p. 377
Schizotypal Personality Disorder	p. 379
Histrionic Personality Disorder	p. 380
Narcissistic Personality Disorder	p. 382
Antisocial Personality Disorder	p. 384
Borderline Personality Disorder	p. 385
Avoidant Personality Disorder	p. 388
Dependent Personality Disorder	p. 390
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder	p. 391
Provisional Categories of Personality Disorder in DSM-IV-TR	p. 392
General Sociocultural Causal Factors for Personality Disorders	p. 393
Treatments and Outcomes	p. 393
Adapting Therapeutic Techniques to Specific Personality Disorders	p. 394
Treating Borderline Personality Disorder	p. 394
Treating Other Personality Disorders	p. 395
Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy	p. 395
Psychopathy and ASPD	p. 395
The Clinical Picture in Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder	p. 398
Causal Factors in Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality	p. 399
A Developmental Perspective on Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality	p. 403
Treatments and Outcomes in Psychopathic and Antisocial Personality	p. 405
Summary	p. 409
Key Terms	p. 410
Addiction Disorders	p. 411
Alcohol Abuse and Dependence	p. 413
The Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Demographics of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence	p. 413
The Clinical Picture of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence	p. 414
Biological Factors in the Abuse of and Dependence on Alcohol and Other Substances	p. 419
Psychosocial Causal Factors in Alcohol Abuse and Dependence	p. 421
Sociocultural Factors	p. 425
Treatment of Alcohol Abuse Disorders	p. 426
Drug Abuse and Dependence	p. 431
Opium and Its Derivatives (Narcotics)	p. 433
Cocaine and Amphetamines (Stimulants)	p. 437
Barbiturates (Sedatives)	p. 439
LSD and Related Drugs (Hallucinogens)	p. 441
Ecstasy	p. 442
Marijuana	p. 443
Summary	p. 447
Key Terms	p. 448
Sexual Variants, Abuse, and Dysfunctions	p. 449
Sociocultural Influences on Sexual Practices and Standards	p. 451
Degeneracy and Abstinence Theory	p. 451
Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia	p. 452
Homosexuality and American Psychiatry	p. 453
Sexual and Gender Variants	p. 456
The Paraphilias	p. 456
Causal Factors and Treatments for Paraphilias	p. 462
Gender Identity Disorders	p. 463
Sexual Abuse	p. 467
Childhood Sexual Abuse	p. 467
Pedophilia	p. 470
Incest	p. 471
Rape	p. 472
Treatment and Recidivism of Sex Offenders	p. 475
Sexual Dysfunctions	p. 478
Dysfunctions of Sexual Desire	p. 479
Dysfunctions of Sexual Arousal	p. 481
Orgasmic Disorders	p. 483
Dysfunctions Involving Sexual Pain	p. 484
Summary	p. 486
Key Terms	p. 487
Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders	p. 489
Schizophrenia	p. 490
The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia	p. 490
Origins of the Schizophrenia Construct	p. 492
The Clinical Picture in Schizophrenia	p. 492
Delusions	p. 493
Hallucinations	p. 493
Disorganized Speech	p. 494
Disorganized and Catatonic Behavior	p. 494
Negative Symptoms	p. 494
Subtypes of Schizophrenia	p. 496
Paranoid Type	p. 496
Disorganized Type	p. 497
Catatonic Type	p. 497
Undifferentiated Type	p. 498
Residual Type	p. 498
Other Psychotic Disorders	p. 499
What Causes Schizophrenia?	p. 500
Genetic Aspects	p. 501
Prenatal Exposures	p. 507
Genes and Environment in Schizophrenia: A Synthesis	p. 508
A Neurodevelopmental Perspective	p. 509
Biological Aspects	p. 511
Neurocognition	p. 516
Psychosocial and Cultural Aspects	p. 517
Treatment and Clinical Outcome	p. 522
Pharmacological Approaches	p. 523
Psychosocial Approaches	p. 524
Summary	p. 528
Key Terms	p. 529
Cognitive Disorders	p. 531
Brain Impairment in Adults	p. 533
Diagnostic Issues	p. 533
Clinical Signs of Brain Damage	p. 533
Diffuse versus Focal Damage	p. 534
The Neuropsychology/Psychopathology Interaction	p. 537
Delirium	p. 538
Clinical Presentation	p. 538
Treatment and Outcome	p. 538
Dementia	p. 539
Alzheimer's Disease	p. 541
Dementia from HIV-1 Infection	p. 548
Vascular Dementia	p. 549
Amnestic Syndrome	p. 549
Disorders Involving Head Injury	p. 550
The Clinical Picture	p. 551
Treatments and Outcomes	p. 553
Summary	p. 556
Key Terms	p. 556
Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence	p. 557
Maladaptive Behavior in Different Life Periods	p. 558
Varying Clinical Pictures	p. 558
Special Vulnerabilities of Young Children	p. 559
The Classification of Childhood and Adolescent Disorders	p. 559
Common Disorders of Childhood	p. 560
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	p. 560
Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder	p. 563
Anxiety Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence	p. 566
Childhood Depression	p. 569
Symptom Disorders: Enuresis, Encopresis, Sleepwalking, and Tics	p. 572
Pervasive Developmental Disorders	p. 575
Autism	p. 575
Learning Disabilities and Mental Retardation	p. 580
Learning Disabilities	p. 580
Causal Factors in Learning Disabilities	p. 581
Treatments and Outcomes	p. 581
Mental Retardation	p. 582
Brain Defects in Mental Retardation	p. 583
Organic Retardation Syndromes	p. 584
Treatments, Outcomes, and Prevention	p. 588
Planning Better Programs to Help Children and Adolescents	p. 589
Special Factors Associated with Treatment for Children and Adolescents	p. 589
Child Advocacy Programs	p. 593
Summary	p. 596
Key Terms	p. 597
Therapy	p. 599
An Overview of Treatment	p. 600
Why Do People Seek Therapy?	p. 600
Who Provides Psychotherapeutic Services?	p. 601
The Therapeutic Relationship	p. 602
Measuring Success in Psychotherapy	p. 603
Objectifying and Quantifying Change	p. 604
Would Change Occur Anyway?	p. 604
Can Therapy Be Harmful?	p. 606
What Therapeutic Approaches Should be Used?	p. 606
Evidence-Based Treatments	p. 606
Medication or Psychotherapy?	p. 607
Combined Treatments	p. 607
Pharmacological Approaches to Treatment	p. 609
Antipsychotic Drugs	p. 609
Antidepressant Drugs	p. 611
Antianxiety Drugs	p. 615
Lithium and Other Mood-Stabilizing Drugs	p. 616
Electroconvulsive Therapy	p. 618
Neurosurgery	p. 620
Psychological Approaches to Treatment	p. 622
Behavior Therapy	p. 622
Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy	p. 625
Humanistic-Experiential Therapies	p. 627
Psychodynamic Therapies	p. 630
Marital and Family Therapy	p. 633
Eclecticism and Integration	p. 634
Psychotherapy and Society	p. 634
Social Values and Psychotherapy	p. 635
Psychotherapy and Cultural Diversity	p. 635
Summary	p. 637
Key Terms	p. 639
Contemporary and Legal Issues in Abnormal Psychology	p. 641
Perspectives on Prevention	p. 642
Universal Interventions	p. 642
Selective Interventions	p. 644
Indicated Interventions	p. 648
The Mental Hospital as a Therapeutic Community	p. 648
Deinstitutionalization	p. 650
Controversial Legal Issues and the Mentally Disordered	p. 652
The Commitment Process	p. 652
Assessment of "Dangerousness"	p. 655
The Insanity Defense	p. 657
Organized Efforts for Mental Health	p. 661
U.S. Efforts for Mental Health	p. 662
International Efforts for Mental Health	p. 663
Challenges for the Future	p. 664
The Need for Planning	p. 664
The Individual's Contribution	p. 665
Summary	p. 667
Key Terms	p. 668
Glossary	p. 1
References	p. 1
Credits	p. 1
Name Index	p. 1
Subject Index	p. 1
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