Adult Development and Aging (with InfoTrac)

by Cavanaugh, John C.; Blanchard-Fields, Fredda

• ISBN13: 9780534507619
• ISBN10: 0534507611
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-06-12
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

This revision of Cavanaugh's best-selling text is written within a biopsychosocial framework and covers the specific age-stages of adult development and aging. The book's currency of research and theories cited and the connections developed between research and application contribute to its excellent reputation. The book's focus on the gains and losses people experience across adulthood distinguishes it from its competitors. The new edition features a complete reworking of its organization and a thorough updating of citations, including hundreds from 1997 through the present. A new separate chapter on Social Cognition, Chapter 9 (the research area of the new co-author, Fredda Blanchard-Fields), offers expanded coverage of this exciting area.

Table of Contents

Studying Adult Development and Aging	1	(29)
Perspectives on Adult Development and Aging	2	(1)
The Life-Span Perspective	2	(1)
Descovering Development: Myths and Stereotypes About Aging	3	(3)
The Demographics of Aging	4	(2)
Issues in Studying Adult Development and Aging	6	(3)
The Forces of Development	7	(2)
Forces in Action: Culture, Ethnicity, and Aging	9	(2)
Controversies in Development	9	(2)
Current Controversies: Does Personality in Young Adulthood Determine Personality in Old Age?	11	(3)
The Meaning of Age	12	(2)
Research Methods	14	(8)
Measurement in Adult Development and Aging Research	14	(1)
General Designs for Research	15	(2)
Designs for Studying Development	17	(4)
Conducting Research Ethically	21	(1)
How Do We Know? Conflicts Between Cross-Sectional and Lognitudinal Data	22	(2)
Putting It All Together	24	(1)
Summary	24	(2)
Review Questions	26	(1)
Integrating Concepts in Development	27	(1)
Key Terms	27	(2)
Resources	29	(1)
Physical Changes	30	(38)
Why Do We Age? Biological Theories of Aging	32	(1)
Rate-of-Living Theories	32	(1)
Cellular Theories	32	(1)
Discovering Development: Why Do Most People Think We Age?	33	(1)
Programmed Cell Death Theories	34	(1)
Implications of the Developmental Forces	34	(1)
Appearance and Mobility	34	(6)
Changes in Skin, Hair, and Voice	35	(1)
Changes in Body Build	36	(1)
Changes in Mobility	36	(3)
Psychological Implications	39	(1)
Sensory Systems	40	(7)
Vision	40	(2)
Hearing	42	(1)
Somethesia and Balance	43	(3)
Taste and Smell	46	(1)
How Do We Know? Improving Balance Through Tai Chi	47	(1)
Vital Functions	48	(4)
Cardiovascular System	49	(3)
Forces in Action: Take a Deep Breath	52	(1)
Respiratory System	52	(1)
The Reproductive System	53	(2)
Female Reproductive System	53	(2)
Current Controversies: hormone Replacement Therapy	55	(2)
Male Reproductive System	56	(1)
Psychological Implications	56	(1)
The Nervous System	57	(4)
Central Nervous System	57	(3)
Autonomic Nervous System	60	(1)
Psychological Implications	61	(1)
Putting It All Together	61	(1)
Summary	62	(2)
Review Questions	64	(1)
Integrating Concepts in Development	65	(1)
Key Terms	65	(1)
Resources	66	(2)
Longevity, Health, and Functioning	68	(38)
How Long Will We Live?	70	(1)
Average and Maximum Longevity	70	(1)
Discovering Development: Take The Longevity Test	71	(4)
Genetic and Environmental Factors in Average Longevity	72	(1)
Ethnic Differences in Average Longevity	73	(1)
Gender Differences in Average Longevity	74	(1)
Health and Illness	75	(8)
Defining Health and Illness	75	(1)
Quality of Life	76	(1)
Changes in the Immune System	76	(2)
Chronic and Acute Diseases	78	(1)
The Role of Stress	79	(4)
How Do We Know? Dealing with Stress in Key Life Roles	83	(1)
Common Chronic Conditions and Their Management	84	(6)
General Issues in Chronic Conditions	84	(1)
Common Chronic Conditions	85	(5)
Current Controversies: The Prostate Cancer Dilemma	90	(2)
Managing Pain	91	(1)
Pharmacology and Medication Adherence	92	(3)
Patterns of Medication Use	92	(1)
Developmental Changes in How Medications Work	93	(1)
Medication Side Effects and Interactions	94	(1)
Adherence to Medication Regimens	94	(1)
Functional Health and Disability	95	(5)
A Model of Disability in Late Life	95	(2)
Determining Functional Health Status	97	(1)
What Causes Functional Limitations and Disability in Older Adults?	98	(2)
Forces in Action: Why Are Some People More at Risk for Disability?	100	(1)
Putting It All Together	101	(1)
Summary	101	(2)
Review Questions	103	(1)
Intergrating Concepts in Development	104	(1)
Key Terms	104	(1)
Resources	105	(1)
Clinical Assessment, Mental Health, and Mental Disoders	106	(40)
Mental Health and the Adult Life Course	108	(3)
Defining Mental Health and Psychopathology	108	(1)
A Multidimensional Life-Span Approach to Psychopathology	109	(1)
Ethnicity, Aging, and Mental Health	110	(1)
Developmental Issues in Assessment and Therapy	111	(3)
Areas of Multidimensional Assessment	112	(1)
Factors Influencing Assessment	112	(2)
Forces in Action: Clinical Assessment and the Adult Life Course	114	(2)
Assessment Methods	114	(1)
Developmental Issues in Therapy	115	(1)
The Big Three: Depression, Deligium, and Dementia	116	(15)
Depression	116	(7)
Delirium	123	(1)
Dementia	123	(8)
Current Controversies: Genetic Tests for Dementia: Difficult Choices	131	(3)
How Do We Know? What's My Name? Memory Intervention in Alzheimer's Disease	134	(2)
Other Mental Disorders and Concerns	136	(4)
Anxiety Disorders	137	(1)
Psychotic Disorders	138	(1)
Substance Abuse	139	(1)
Putting It All Together	140	(1)
Discovering Development: What Substance Abuse Treatment Options Are Available in Your Area?	141	(1)
Summary	141	(2)
Review Questions	143	(1)
Integrating Concepts in Development	144	(1)
Key Terms	144	(1)
Resources	144	(2)
Person-Environment Interactions and Optimal Aging	146	(30)
Describing Person--Environment Interactions	148	(3)
Competence and Environmental Press	148	(2)
The Congruence Model	150	(1)
Discovering Development: What's Your Adaptation Level?	151	(2)
Stress and Coping Framework	151	(1)
The Loss Continuum Concept	152	(1)
Common Theoretical Themes and Everyday Competence	152	(1)
Living in Long-Term Care Facilities	153	(3)
Types of Long-Term Care Facilities	154	(1)
Who Is Likely to Live in Nursing Homes?	155	(1)
Current Controversies: Financing Long-Term Care	156	(7)
Characteristics of Nursing Homes	157	(2)
Can a Nursing Home Be a Home?	159	(1)
Communicating with Residents	160	(2)
Decision-Making Capacity and Individual Choices	162	(1)
How Do We Know? How Do People Respond to Pathronizing Speech?	163	(1)
Optimal Aging	164	(3)
A Framework for Maintaining and Enhancing Competence	165	(1)
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention	166	(1)
Forces in Action: Designing Health Promotion Programs That Work	167	(4)
Lifestyle Factors	169	(2)
Putting It All Together	171	(1)
Summary	171	(2)
Review Questions	173	(1)
Integrating Concepts in Development	174	(1)
Key Terms	174	(1)
Resources	175	(1)
Attention and Perceptual Processing	176	(32)
The Information-Processing Model	178	(2)
Overview of the Model	179	(1)
Sensory Memory	179	(1)
Forces in Action: The Information Processing Model	180	(1)
Attentional Processes	180	(1)
Attention	180	(7)
Selective Attention	182	(3)
Divided Attention	185	(1)
Sustained Attention	186	(1)
Discovering Development: How Good Are Your Notes?	187	(2)
Attentional Resources	187	(2)
Speed of Processing	189	(2)
Basic Psychomotor Speed: Reaction Time Tasks	189	(1)
Processing Speed	190	(1)
Current Controversies: Decline in Processing Speed: General Slowing or Process-Specific Slowing?	191	(3)
What Causes Age-Related Slowing?	191	(2)
Slowing Down How Much We Slow Down	193	(1)
Driving and Accident Prevention	194	(4)
Driving and Highway Safety as Information Processing	195	(3)
How Do We Know? Evaluating the Driving Ability of Older Adults	198	(2)
Home Safety and Accident Prevention	199	(1)
Language Processing	200	(3)
Language Comprehension and Sensory Systems	201	(1)
Language Comprehension and Information Processing	202	(1)
Putting It All Together	203	(1)
Summary	204	(1)
Review Questions	205	(1)
Integrating Concepts in Development	206	(1)
Key Terms	206	(1)
Resources	206	(2)
Memory	208	(44)
Information Processing Revisited	210	(8)
Working Memory	211	(2)
Long-Term Memory	213	(2)
Remote Memory, or Autobiographical Memory	215	(2)
Implicit Memory	217	(1)
Sources of Age Differences in Memory	218	(4)
Age Differences in Encoding and Retrieval	219	(2)
The Emerging Role of Automatic Retricval	221	(1)
Forces in Action: Effects on Memory Performance	222	(1)
Misinformation and Memory	222	(1)
Current Controversies: How Do We Explain False Memories?	223	(1)
Discourse Memory	224	(3)
Text-Based Levels	225	(1)
Situation Models	225	(1)
Text Variables	226	(1)
How Do We Know? The Influence of Social Context on Memory Performance	227	(1)
Text Memory and Episodic Memory	228	(1)
Memory in Everyday Life	228	(5)
Spatial Memory	228	(2)
Memory of Activities	230	(1)
Prospective Memory	231	(1)
Memory of Pictures	232	(1)
Self-Evaluations of Memory Abilities	233	(2)
Aspects of Memory Self-Evaluations	233	(1)
Age Differences in Metamemory	233	(1)
The Role of Memory Self-Efficacy	234	(1)
Discovering Development: How's Your Memory?	235	(1)
Age Differences in Memory Monitoring	235	(1)
Clinical Issues and Memory Testing	236	(5)
Normal and Abnormal Memory Aging	237	(1)
Memory and Mental Health	238	(1)
Clinical Memory tests	238	(2)
Memory, Nutrition, and Drugs	240	(1)
Remediating Memory Problems	241	(5)
Training Memory Skills	241	(4)
Individual Difference Variables in Memory Training	245	(1)
Putting It All Together	246	(1)
Summary	246	(3)
Review Questions	249	(1)
Integrating Concepts in Development	250	(1)
Key Terms	250	(1)
Resources	251	(1)
Intelligence	252	(46)
Defining Intelligence	254	(3)
Intelligence in Everyday Life	254	(1)
The Big Picture: A Life-Span View	255	(1)
Research Approaches to Intelligence	256	(1)
Forces in Action: The Mechanics and Pragmatics of Intelligence	257	(1)
Discovering Development: How Do People Show Intelligence?	258	(1)
Developmental Trends in Psychometric Intelligence	258	(8)
Measuring Intelligence	259	(1)
Age-Related Changes in Primary Abilities	260	(1)
Secondary Mental Abilities	261	(4)
Moderators of Intellectual Change	265	(1)
Current Controversies: Problems in Detecting Lifestyle Effects on Intellectual Functioning	266	(8)
Modifying Primary Abilities	271	(3)
Qualitative Differences in Adults' Thinking	274	(9)
Piaget's Theory	274	(3)
Going Beyond Piaget: Postformal Thought	277	(6)
Everday Reasources and Problem Solving	283	(4)
Decision Making	284	(1)
Problem Solving	285	(2)
How Do We Know? The Role of Emotionality in Solving Real-Life Problems	287	(5)
Expertise	288	(1)
Wisdom	289	(3)
Putting It All Together	292	(1)
Summary	293	(2)
Review Questions	295	(1)
Integrating Concepts in Development	295	(1)
Key Terms	295	(1)
Resources	296	(2)
Social Cognition	298	(30)
Basic Cognitive Abilities and Social Cognition	300	(4)
Processing Capacity	300	(1)
Impression Formation	301	(2)
Knowledge Accessibility	303	(1)
Social Knowledge Structures and Social Beliefs	304	(6)
Stereotypes	305	(4)
Implicit Social Beliefs	309	(1)
Current Controversies: Are Stereotypes of Aging Associated with Lower Cognitive Performance?	310	(2)
Causal Attributions	312	(2)
How Do We Know? Age Differences in Adjusting Social Judgements	314	(1)
Motivation and Social Processing Goals	314	(3)
Emotion as a Processing Goal	315	(1)
Cognitive Style as a Processing Goal	316	(1)
Personal Control	317	(1)
Locus of Control	317	(1)
Multidimensionality of Personal Control	317	(1)
Discovering Development: How Much Control Do You Have Over Your Cognitive Functioning?	318	(2)
Control Strategies	318	(2)
Social Situations and Social Competence	320	(2)
Collaborative Cognition	320	(1)
Social Context and Memory	321	(1)
Forces in Action: Marriage Parteners and Collaborative Cognition	322	(1)
Putting It All Together	322	(1)
Summary	323	(2)
Review Questions	325	(1)
Integrating Concepts in Development	326	(1)
Key Terms	326	(1)
Resources	327	(1)
Personality	328	(38)
Levels of Analysis and Personality Research	330	(1)
Dispositional Traits Across Adulthood	330	(5)
The Case for Stability: The Five-Factor Model	331	(3)
Critiques of the Five-Factor Model	334	(1)
Additional Longitudinal Studies of Dispositional Traits	334	(1)
Current Controversies: Intraindividual Change and the Stability of Traits	335	(2)
Conclusions about Dispositional Traits	336	(1)
Personal Concerns and Qualitative Stages in Adulthood	337	(10)
What's Different about Personal Concerns?	338	(1)
Jung's Theory	338	(1)
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development	339	(5)
Loevinger's Theory	344	(2)
Theories Based on Life Transitions	346	(1)
Forces in Action: The Personal Side of Stage Theories	347	(2)
Conclusions about Personal Concerns	349	(1)
Life Narratives, Identity, and the Self	349	(2)
McAdams's Life-Story Model	350	(1)
Discovering Development: Who Do You Want to Be When You Grow Up?	351	(7)
Whitbourne's Identity Theory	351	(2)
Self-Concept	353	(1)
Possible Selves	354	(3)
Religiosity and Spiritual Support	357	(1)
How Do We Know? Views of Life: Well-Being and Aging	358	(3)
Gender Role Identity	360	(1)
Conclusions about Narratives, Identity, and the Self	361	(1)
Putting It All Together	361	(1)
Summary	362	(2)
Review Questions	364	(1)
Integrating Concepts in Development	364	(1)
Key Terms	364	(1)
Resources	365	(1)
Relationships	366	(38)
Relationships Types and Issues	368	(6)
Friendships	368	(2)
Sibling Relationships	370	(1)
Love Relationships	370	(1)
Violence in Relationships	371	(3)
Current Controversies: What Causes Elder Abuse?	374	(1)
Lifestyles and Love Relationships	374	(4)
Singlehood	375	(1)
Gay Male and Lesbian Couples	375	(1)
Marriage	376	(2)
Discovering Development: What Keeps Married Couples Together?	378	(6)
Divorce and Remarriage	380	(2)
Widowhood	382	(2)
Family Dynamics and the Life Course	384	(2)
Family Life Cycle and Intergenerational Relationships	384	(1)
The Parental Role	385	(1)
Forces in Action: Influences on Parents	386	(2)
How Do We Know? How Do You Think Your Children Turned Out?	388	(10)
Becoming a Grandparent	390	(4)
Middle-Aged Adults and Their Aging Parents	394	(4)
Putting It All Together	398	(1)
Summary	399	(2)
Review Questions	401	(1)
Integrating Concepts in Development	401	(1)
Key Terms	402	(1)
Resources	402	(2)
Work, Leisure, and Retirement	404	(42)
Occupational Choice and Development	406	(9)
The Meaning of Work	406	(1)
The Changing Nature of Work	407	(1)
Occupational Choice	408	(2)
Occupational Development	410	(3)
Job Satisfaction	413	(2)
How Do We Know? Periodicity and Job Satisfaction	415	(1)
Gender, Ethnicity, Bias, and Discrimination	416	(7)
Gender Differences in Occupational Choice	416	(1)
Women and Occupational Development	417	(1)
Ethnicity and Occupational Development	418	(1)
Bias and Discrimination	419	(4)
Forces in Action: Occupational Success Is More Than Just Hard Work	423	(1)
Occupational Transitions	424	(2)
Retraining Workers	424	(1)
Occupational Insecurity and Job Loss	425	(1)
Dual-Earner Couples	426	(4)
The Dependent Care Dilemma	426	(2)
Juggling Multiple Roles	428	(2)
Current Controversies: Division of Labor and Role Conflict in Dual-Earner Couples	430	(1)
Leisure Activities	431	(2)
Types of Leisure Activities	431	(1)
Developmental Changes in Leisure	432	(1)
Consequences of Leisure Activities	432	(1)
Retirement	433	(2)
What Does Being Retired Mean?	433	(1)
Why Do People Retire?	434	(1)
Discovering Development: Are You Retired?	435	(4)
Planning for Retirement	436	(1)
Adjusting to Retirement	437	(1)
Interpersonal Ties	438	(1)
Putting It All Together	439	(1)
Summary	440	(2)
Review Questions	442	(1)
Integrating Concepts in Development	443	(1)
Key Terms	443	(1)
Resources	444	(2)
Dying and Bereavement	446
Definitions and Ethical Issues	448
Sociocultural Definitions of Death	448
Legal and Medical Definitions	450
Ethical Issues	450
Current Controversies: Dying with Dignity and Assisted Suicide	453
The Price of Life-Sustaining Care	453
Thinking About Death: Personal Aspects	454
A Life Course Approach to Dying	454
Discovering Development: How Do You Describe a Life?	455
Dealing with One's Own Death	455
Death Anxiety	457
End-of-Life Issues	459
Creating a Final Scenario	459
The Hospice Option	460
Forces in Action: Deciding How You Want to Die Survivors: The Grieving Process	463
A Life-Spain View of Loss Through Death	463
Experiencing Grief	464
How Do We Know? Family Stress and Adaptation Before and After Bereavement	468
Abnormal Grief Reactions	470
Types of Loss and Grief	470
Putting It All Together	473
Summary	473
Review Questions	475
Integrating Concepts in Development	475
Key Terms	476
Resources	476
References	R-1
Name Index	I-1
Glossary/Subject Index	I-13