Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics

by Bejan, Adrian

• ISBN13: 9781119052098
• ISBN10: 1119052092
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2016-09-19
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

An advanced, practical approach to the first and second laws of thermodynamics

Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics bridges the gap between engineering applications and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Going beyond the basic coverage offered by most textbooks, this authoritative treatment delves into the advanced topics of energy and work as they relate to various engineering fields. This practical approach describes real-world applications of thermodynamics concepts, including solar energy, refrigeration, air conditioning, thermofluid design, chemical design, constructal design, and more. This new fourth edition has been updated and expanded to include current developments in energy storage, distributed energy systems, entropy minimization, and industrial applications, linking new technologies in sustainability to fundamental thermodynamics concepts. Worked problems have been added to help students follow the thought processes behind various applications, and additional homework problems give them the opportunity to gauge their knowledge.

The growing demand for sustainability and energy efficiency has shined a spotlight on the real-world applications of thermodynamics. This book helps future engineers make the fundamental connections, and develop a clear understanding of this complex subject.

• Delve deeper into the engineering applications of thermodynamics
• Work problems directly applicable to engineering fields
• Integrate thermodynamics concepts into sustainability design and policy
• Understand the thermodynamics of emerging energy technologies

Condensed introductory chapters allow students to quickly review the fundamentals before diving right into practical applications. Designed expressly for engineering students, this book offers a clear, targeted treatment of thermodynamics topics with detailed discussion and authoritative guidance toward even the most complex concepts. Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics is the definitive modern treatment of energy and work for today's newest engineers.

Author Biography

ADRIAN BEJAN is the J.A. Jones Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Duke University, and an internationally-recognized authority on thermodynamics. The father of the field of design in nature or constructal law, which accounts for the universal natural tendency of all flow systems to evolve freely toward easier flow access, his research covers a broad range of topics in thermodynamics, heat transfer, fluid mechanics, convection, and porous media. Professor Bejan has been awarded eighteen honorary doctorates by universities in eleven countries, and is the recipient of numerous awards including the Max Jacob Memorial Award (ASME & AIChE), the Worcester Reed Warner Medal (ASME), and the Ralph Coats Roe Award (ASEE). The author of over 630 journal articles, he is considered one of the 100 most-cited engineering researchers of all disciplines, in all countries.

Table of Contents

Preface to the First Edition xvii

Preface to the Second Edition xxi

Preface to The Third Edition xxv

Preface xxix

Acknowledgments xxxvii

1 The First Law 1

1.1 Terminology 1

1.2 Closed Systems 4

1.3 Work Transfer 7

1.4 Heat Transfer 12

1.5 Energy Change 16

1.6 Open Systems 18

1.7 History 23

References 31

Problems 33

2 The Second Law 39

2.1 Closed Systems 39

2.1.1 Cycle in Contact with One Temperature Reservoir 39

2.1.2 Cycle in Contact with Two Temperature Reservoirs 41

2.1.3 Cycle in Contact with Any Number of Temperature Reservoirs 49

2.1.4 Process in Contact with Any Number of Temperature Reservoirs 51

2.2 Open Systems 54

2.3 Local Equilibrium 56

2.4 Entropy Maximum and Energy Minimum 57

2.5 Carathéodory’s Two Axioms 62

2.6 A Heat Transfer Man’s Two Axioms 71

2.7 History 77

References 78

Problems 80

3 Entropy Generation, Or Exergy Destruction 95

3.1 Lost Available Work 96

3.2 Cycles 102

3.2.1 Heat Engine Cycles 103

3.2.2 Refrigeration Cycles 104

3.2.3 Heat Pump Cycles 107

3.3 Nonflow Processes 109

3.4 Steady-Flow Processes 113

3.5 Mechanisms of Entropy Generation 119

3.5.1 Heat Transfer across a Temperature Difference 119

3.5.2 Flow with Friction 122

3.5.3 Mixing 124

3.6 Entropy Generation Minimization 126

3.6.1 The Method 126

3.6.2 Tree-Shaped Fluid Flow 127

3.6.3 Entropy Generation Number 130

References 132

Problems 133

4 Single-Phase Systems 140

4.1 Simple System 140

4.2 Equilibrium Conditions 141

4.3 The Fundamental Relation 146

4.3.1 Energy Representation 147

4.3.2 Entropy Representation 148

4.3.3 Extensive Properties versus Intensive Properties 149

4.3.4 The Euler Equation 150

4.3.5 The Gibbs–Duhem Relation 151

4.4 Legendre Transforms 154

4.5 Relations between Thermodynamic Properties 163

4.5.1 Maxwell’s Relations 163

4.5.2 Relations Measured during Special Processes 166

4.5.3 Bridgman’s Table 173

4.5.4 Jacobians in Thermodynamics 176

4.6 Partial Molal Properties 179

4.7 Ideal Gas Mixtures 183

4.8 Real Gas Mixtures 186

References 189

Problems 190

5 Exergy Analysis 195

5.1 Nonflow Systems 195

5.2 Flow Systems 198

5.3 Generalized Exergy Analysis 201

5.4 Air Conditioning 203

5.4.1 Mixtures of Air and Water Vapor 203

5.4.2 Total Flow Exergy of Humid Air 205

5.4.3 Total Flow Exergy of Liquid Water 207

5.4.4 Evaporative Cooling 208

References 210

Problems 210

6 Multiphase Systems 213

6.1 The Energy Minimum Principle 213

6.1.1 The Energy Minimum 214

6.1.2 The Enthalpy Minimum 215

6.1.3 The Helmholtz Free-Energy Minimum 216

6.1.4 The Gibbs Free-Energy Minimum 217

6.1.5 The Star Diagram 217

6.2 The Stability of a Simple System 219

6.2.1 Thermal Stability 219

6.2.2 Mechanical Stability 221

6.2.3 Chemical Stability 222

6.3 The Continuity of the Vapor and Liquid States 224

6.3.1 The Andrews Diagram and J. Thomson’s Theory 224

6.3.2 The van der Waals Equation of State 226

6.3.3 Maxwell’s Equal-Area Rule 233

6.3.4 The Clapeyron Relation 235

6.4 Phase Diagrams 236

6.4.1 The Gibbs Phase Rule 236

6.4.2 Single-Component Substances 237

6.4.3 Two-Component Mixtures 239

6.5 Corresponding States 247

6.5.1 Compressibility Factor 247

6.5.2 Analytical P(v, T) Equations of State 253

6.5.3 Calculation of Properties Based on P(v, T) and Specific Heat 257

6.5.4 Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States 259

6.5.5 Metastable States 261

References 264

Problems 266

7 Chemically Reactive Systems 271

7.1 Equilibrium 271

7.1.1 Chemical Reactions 271

7.1.2 Affinity 274

7.1.3 Le Chatelier–Braun Principle 277

7.1.4 Ideal Gas Mixtures 280

7.2 Irreversible Reactions 287

7.3 Steady-Flow Combustion 295

7.3.1 Combustion Stoichiometry 295

7.3.2 The First Law 297

7.3.3 The Second Law 303

7.3.4 Maximum Power Output 306

7.4 The Chemical Exergy of Fuels 316

7.5 Combustion at Constant Volume 320

7.5.1 The First Law 320

7.5.2 The Second Law 322

7.5.3 Maximum Work Output 323

References 324

Problems 325

8 Power Generation 328

8.1 Maximum Power Subject to Size Constraint 328

8.2 Maximum Power from a Hot Stream 332

8.3 External Irreversibilities 338

8.4 Internal Irreversibilities 344

8.4.1 Heater 344

8.4.2 Expander 346

8.4.3 Cooler 346

8.4.4 Pump 348

8.4.5 Relative Importance of Internal Irreversibilities 348

8.5 Advanced Steam Turbine Power Plants 352

8.5.1 Superheater, Reheater, and Partial Condenser Vacuum 352

8.5.2 Regenerative Feed Heating 355

8.5.3 Combined Feed Heating and Reheating 362

8.6 Advanced Gas Turbine Power Plants 366

8.6.1 External and Internal Irreversibilities 366

8.6.2 Regenerative Heat Exchanger, Reheaters, and Intercoolers 371

8.6.3 Cooled Turbines 374

8.7 Combined Steam Turbine and Gas Turbine Power Plants 376

References 379

Problems 381

9 Solar Power 394

9.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Thermal Radiation 394

9.1.1 Photons 395

9.1.2 Temperature 396

9.1.3 Energy 397

9.1.4 Pressure 399

9.1.5 Entropy 400

9.2 Reversible Processes 403

9.2.1 Reversible and Adiabatic Expansion or Compression 403

9.2.2 Reversible and Isothermal Expansion or Compression 403

9.2.3 Carnot Cycle 404

9.3 Irreversible Processes 404

9.3.1 Adiabatic Free Expansion 404

9.3.2 Transformation of Monochromatic Radiation into Blackbody Radiation 405

9.3.3 Scattering 407

9.3.4 Net Radiative Heat Transfer 408

9.3.5 Kirchhoff’s Law 412

9.4 The Ideal Conversion of Enclosed Blackbody Radiation 413

9.4.1 Petela’s Theory 413

9.4.2 Unifying Theory 416

9.5 Maximization of Power Output Per Unit Collector Area 424

9.5.1 Ideal Concentrators 424

9.5.2 Omnicolor Series of Ideal Concentrators 427

9.5.3 Unconcentrated Solar Radiation 428

9.6 Convectively Cooled Collectors 431

9.6.1 Linear Convective Heat Loss Model 432

9.6.2 Effect of Collector–Engine Heat Exchanger Irreversibility 433

9.6.3 Combined Convective and Radiative Heat Loss 434

9.7 Extraterrestrial Solar Power Plant 436

9.8 Climate 438

9.9 Self-Pumping and Atmospheric Circulation 449

References 453

Problems 455

10 Refrigeration 461

10.1 Joule–Thomson Expansion 461

10.2 Work-Producing Expansion 468

10.3 Brayton Cycle 471

10.4 Intermediate Cooling 477

10.4.1 Counterflow Heat Exchanger 477

10.4.2 Bioheat Transfer 479

10.4.3 Distribution of Expanders 480

10.4.4 Insulation 484

10.5 Liquefaction 492

10.5.1 Liquefiers versus Refrigerators 492

10.5.2 Heylandt Nitrogen Liquefier 494

10.5.3 Efficiency of Liquefiers and Refrigerators 498

10.6 Refrigerator Models with Internal Heat Leak 502

10.6.1 Heat Leak in Parallel with Reversible Compartment 502

10.6.2 Time-Dependent Operation 505

10.7 Magnetic Refrigeration 509

10.7.1 Fundamental Relations 509

10.7.2 Adiabatic Demagnetization 513

10.7.3 Paramagnetic Thermometry 514

10.7.4 The Third Law of Thermodynamics 517

References 518

Problems 521

11 Entropy Generation Minimization 531

11.1 Competing Irreversibilities 531

11.1.1 Internal Flow and Heat Transfer 531

11.1.2 Heat Transfer Augmentation 536

11.1.3 External Flow and Heat Transfer 538

11.1.4 Convective Heat Transfer in General 541

11.2 Balanced Counterflow Heat Exchangers 543

11.2.1 The Ideal Limit 545

11.2.2 Area Constraint 548

11.2.3 Volume Constraint 550

11.2.4 Combined Area and Volume Constraint 551

11.2.5 Negligible Pressure Drop Irreversibility 551

11.2.6 The Structure of Heat Exchanger Irreversibility 553

11.3 Storage Systems 555

11.3.1 Sensible-Heat Storage 555

11.3.2 Storage Time Interval 556

11.3.3 Heat Exchanger Size 558

11.3.4 Storage Followed by Removal of Exergy 561

11.3.5 Heating and Cooling Subject to Time Constraint 564

11.3.6 Latent-Heat Storage 567

11.4 Power Maximization or Entropy Generation Minimization 570

11.4.1 Heat Transfer Irreversible Power Plant Models 571

11.4.2 Minimum Entropy Generation Rate 573

11.4.3 Fluid Flow Systems 577

11.4.4 Electrical Machines 581

11.5 From Entropy Generation Minimization to Constructal Law 583

11.5.1 The Generation-of-Configuration Phenomenon 583

11.5.2 Organ Size 586

References 592

Problems 595

12 Irreversible Thermodynamics 601

12.1 Conjugate Fluxes and Forces 602

12.2 Linearized Relations 606

12.3 Reciprocity Relations 607

12.4 Thermoelectric Phenomena 610

12.4.1 Formulations 610

12.4.2 The Peltier Effect 613

12.4.3 The Seebeck Effect 615

12.4.4 The Thomson Effect 616

12.4.5 Power Generation 618

12.4.6 Refrigeration 623

12.5 Heat Conduction in Anisotropic Media 625

12.5.1 Formulation in Two Dimensions 626

12.5.2 Principal Directions and Conductivities 628

12.5.3 The Concentrated Heat Source Experiment 631

12.5.4 Three-Dimensional Conduction 633

12.6 Mass Diffusion 635

12.6.1 Nonisothermal Diffusion of a Single Component 635

12.6.2 Nonisothermal Binary Mixtures 637

12.6.3 Isothermal Diffusion 639

References 640

Problems 642

13 The Constructal Law 646

13.1 Evolution 646

13.2 Mathematical Formulation of the Constructal Law 649

13.2.1 Properties of Flow Systems with Configuration 649

13.2.2 Evolution by Increasing Global Performance 651

13.2.3 Evolution by Increasing Compactness 652

13.2.4 Evolution by Increasing Flow Territory 652

13.2.5 Freedom Is Good for Evolution and Survival (Persistence) 654

13.3 Inanimate Flow Systems 655

13.3.1 Duct Cross Sections 655

13.3.2 Open-Channel Cross Sections 657

13.3.3 Tree-Shaped Fluid Flow and River Basins 658

13.3.4 Turbulent Flow Structure 664

13.3.5 Coalescence of Flowing Solid Packets 668

13.3.6 Cracks, Splashes, and Splats 669

13.3.7 Dendritic Solidification 669

13.3.8 Global Circulation and Climate 671

13.4 Animate Flow Systems 673

13.4.1 Body Heat Loss 673

13.4.2 Branches, Diameters, and Lengths 678

13.4.3 Breathing and Heartbeating 680

13.4.4 Flying, Running, and Swimming 681

13.4.5 Life Span and Life Travel 687

13.4.6 Athletics Evolution 688

13.5 Size and Efficiency: Economies of Scale 689

13.6 Growth, Spreading, and Collecting 691

13.7 Asymmetry and Vascularization 693

13.8 Human Preferences for Shapes 697

13.9 The Arrow of Time 699

References 702

Problems 706

Appendix 725

Constants 725

Mathematical Formulas 726

Variational Calculus 727

Properties of Moderately Compressed Liquid States 728

Properties of Slightly Superheated Vapor States 729

Properties of Cold Water Near the Density Maximum 729

References 730

Symbols 731

Index 741