Advances in Energy Transfer Processes : Proceedings of the 16th Course of the International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy: Erice, Sicily, Italy, 17 June-1 July, 1999

by Di Bartolo, Baldassare; Chen, Xuesheng

• ISBN13: 9789810247287
• ISBN10: 9810247281
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-09-01
• Publisher: WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUB CO INC

Summary

Proceedings of the 16th Course of the Intl School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, held June 17-July 1, 1999, in Erice, Sicily, Italy. Describes advances in both experimental and theoretical treatments in the field of energy transfer processes.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
LECTURES
Fundamental Interactions Leading to Energy Transfer	1	(72)
Baldassare Di Bartolo
Abstract	1	(1)
Quantum-Mechanical Treatment of the Interactions among Atoms	1	(18)
Two-Atom System	1	(4)
Static Effects of Interaction	5	(1)
Dynamical Effects of Interaction	6	(7)
The Relevant Energy Transfer Hamiltonian	13	(2)
Interaction between Two Atoms in Solids	15	(4)
Different Types of Interactions	19	(11)
Multipolar Electric Interactions	19	(4)
Multipolar Magnetic Interactions	23	(3)
Exchange Interactions	26	(2)
Phonon -Assisted Energy Transfer	28	(2)
Modes of Excitation and Transfer	30	(5)
Setting of the Problem	30	(1)
Pulsed Excitation	31	(2)
Continuous Excitation	33	(2)
Energy Transfer with No Migration of Excitation among Donors	35	(15)
Basic Equation	35	(2)
Simple Models	37	(2)
Multipolar Interactions	39	(7)
Exchange Interactions	46	(4)
Energy Transfer with Migration of Excitation among Donors	50	(23)
Migration as Diffusion Process	50	(8)
Migration as Random Walk (Hopping Model)	58	(9)
Comparison of Two Models	67	(1)
Regimes of Migration among Donors	68	(2)
References	70	(3)
Theory of Energy Transfer Processes in Solids: Modes, Coherent- and non-Markovian Properties	73	(50)
Ralph v. Baltz
Abstract	73	(1)
Introduction	73	(2)
Conservation and Flow of Energy	75	(1)
Density, Current, and Modes of Energy Transfer	76	(20)
Scalar Waves	77	(3)
Diffusion	80	(1)
Electromagnetic Field	81	(1)
Electromagnetic Field in Matter	82	(2)
Energy Transport Velocity and ``Superluminal'' Pulses	84	(2)
Quantum Mechanics	86	(1)
Collective Excitations in Solids	87	(9)
Description of Energy Transfer Processes	96	(16)
States, Processes, and Reversible Dynamics	96	(2)
Coherence and Correlation	98	(3)
Irreversible Dynamics	101	(3)
Examples	104	(8)
Memory Functions and Non-Markovian Behavior	112	(7)
Memory Function Concept	112	(4)
Stochastic Processes and Non-Markovian Behavior	116	(3)
Final Remarks	119	(4)
References	120	(3)
Energy Transfer Processes in Atoms and Molecules	123	(24)
W. Demtroder
M. Keil
T. Platz
H. Wenz
Abstract	123	(1)
Introduction	123	(1)
Energy Transfer in Doubly Excited Atoms	124	(1)
Vibrational Energy Redistribution in Molecules	124	(4)
Overtone Spectroscopy	128	(6)
Frequency Modulated Absorption Spectroscopy	128	(4)
Optothermal Spectroscopy	132	(2)
Intramolecular Transitions in Electronically Excited Molecules	134	(4)
Lifetime Measurements	138	(2)
Measurements of Collisional Energy Transfer Among Excited States	140	(1)
Collisional Transfer in Ground States of Molecules	141	(3)
Conclusion	144	(3)
References	144	(3)
Advances in the Techniques for the Study of Energy Transfer	147	(18)
Daniele Hulin
Introduction	147	(1)
Pump-probe Spectroscopy: Absorption	147	(8)
Experimental Methods	147	(4)
Induced Absorption	151	(1)
Induced Transparency	152	(2)
Stimulated Emission	154	(1)
Pump-probe Spectroscopy: Refractive Index	155	(3)
Reflectivity at the Brwester Angle	155	(1)
Thin Film: Shift of the Fabry-Perod Fringes	156	(1)
Refractive Index Gratings	156	(1)
Scan	157	(1)
Mach-Zender Interferometer	158	(1)
Time-Resolved Luminescence	158	(3)
Synchronized Streak Camera	158	(1)
Optical-Kerr Effect Gate	159	(1)
Parametric Amplification Sampling Specroscopy (PASS)	160	(1)
Time-Resolved Luminescence by Up-conversion	161	(1)
Fourier Transform Spectroscopy	161	(4)
References	163	(2)
Light Propagation in Matter: from Polaritons to Photonic Crystals	165	(50)
C. Klingshirn
Abstract	165	(1)
Introduction	165	(13)
Some General Aspects	165	(1)
The Model of Lorentz Oscillators	166	(8)
The Dispersion of Light in Matter and the Polariton Concept	174	(4)
Application of the Polariton Concept to Three-Dimensional Matter	178	(12)
Polaritons in Crystalline Solids	179	(9)
Polaritons in Disordered Matter	188	(2)
Polaritons in Systems of Reduced Dimensionality	190	(10)
Quantum Wells and Wires	191	(4)
Surface Polaritons	195	(1)
Cavity Polaritons	196	(4)
Photonic Crystals	200	(8)
Introduction of the Basic Concept	200	(4)
Examples	204	(4)
Conclusion and Outlook	208	(7)
References	210	(5)
Non-Markovian Scattering Processes in Semiconductors	215	(46)
Martin Wegener
Abstract	215	(1)
Introduction	215	(5)
Theory	220	(6)
Material Parameters	222	(1)
The Phonon-Assisted Optical Bloch-Equations	222	(4)
Experimental Techniques	226	(7)
Two-Pulse Experiments	228	(2)
Coherent Control	230	(2)
Three-Pulse Experiments	232	(1)
The Up-Conversion Technique	232	(1)
Experimental Results I: Electron-Phonon Scattering	233	(14)
Two-Pulse Experiments on Bulk GaAs	233	(2)
Two-Pulse Experiments on Bulk ZnSe	235	(2)
Coherent Control on Bulk GaAs	237	(4)
Coherent Control on GaAs Quantum Wells	241	(2)
Quantum Kinetics Versus Coherent Phonons	243	(2)
Coherent Control on Bulk ZnSe	245	(2)
Experimental Results II: Electron-Electron Scattering	247	(8)
The Low Carrier Density Limit: Bulk GaAs	249	(3)
Large Carrier Densities: Bulk GaAs	252	(3)
Summary	255	(6)
References	258	(3)
Upconversion Phenomena with Laser Applications	261	(12)
Xuesheng Chen
Abstract	261	(1)
Introduction	261	(1)
Upconversion Phenomena	261	(2)
Upconversion Processes	263	(9)
Excited States Absorption (ESA)	263	(2)
Energy Transfer Upconversion (ETU)	265	(2)
Photon Avalanche Upconversion (PAU)	267	(5)
Conclusions	272	(1)
Recent Advances in Solid State Lasers at NASA Langley Research Center	273	(8)
James C. Barnes
Abstract	273	(1)
Introduction	273	(1)
UV Transmitter for Ozone DIAL	274	(1)
2-μm, Ho:Tm: YLF Laser System for Wind Velocity Measurements	275	(1)
Composition Tuned Neodymium Gamet	276	(5)
References	278	(3)
Industrial Applications of Energy Transfer Processes in Inorganic Compounds	281	(18)
Denis Huguenin
Abstract	281	(1)
Introduction	281	(2)
Transfer from the Host Lattice to a Dopant	283	(6)
Role of Dopant	283	(2)
Defect versus Preparation Mode and Stoechiometry	285	(2)
Defect versus Chemical Composition	287	(2)
External Control of the Energy Transfer Process	289	(4)
Transfer via Surface States	293	(3)
Transfer between a Dopant and a Defect	296	(1)
Conclusion	296	(3)
References	297	(2)
Dyes and Materials for Sensitized Electrochemical Photovoltaics	299	(8)
M. Amirnasr
K. G. Brooks
A. J. McEvoy
M. K. Nazeeruddin
P. Pechy
K. R. Thampim
M. Gratzel
Abstract	299	(1)
Introduction	299	(2)
Dye Development and Stability	301	(2)
Semiconductor Layer Characteristics	303	(2)
Conclusion	305	(2)
References	305	(2)
New Applications of Ultrafast Spectroscopy	307	(22)
Jørn M. Hvam
Abstract	307	(1)
Introduction	307	(3)
Basic Concepts	307	(1)
Transient Four-Wave Mixing	308	(2)
Secondary Emission: Rayleigh Scattering versus Luminescence	310	(1)
Semiconductor Nano/Quantum Structures	310	(2)
Coherence and Dephasing in Quantum Wells	312	(5)
Coherence and Dephasing in Quantum Wires	317	(4)
Coherence and Dephasing in Quantum Dots	321	(4)
Conclusions	325	(4)
References	328	(1)
Efficient Solid State Lasers	329	(12)
Norman P. Barnes
Abstract	329	(1)
Introduction	329	(2)
Physics of Energy Transfer	331	(3)
Laser Physics	334	(2)
Experiments	336	(3)
Comments and Summary	339	(2)
References	340	(1)
Semiconductor Quantum Size Particles and Rare Earths Ions (Eu+3, Tb+3) in Amorphous Sol-Gel Films	341	(18)
R. Reisfeld
Abstract	341	(1)
Introduction	341	(4)
Quantum Size Effects	341	(2)
Sol-gel Process	343	(1)
Rare Earth Spectroscopy	344	(1)
Experimental	345	(8)
Preparation of Sol-gel Matrices	345	(3)
Preparation of the Doped Sol-get Films	348	(3)
Preparation of References	351	(2)
Results and Discussion	353	(6)
References	357	(2)
Emission Efficiency and Energy Transfer in Color Centers at High Concentrations	359	(18)
G. Baldacchini
Abstract	359	(1)
Introduction	359	(4)
Quenching of the F-Center Luminescence	363	(2)
Quenching of the FA-Center Luminescence	365	(3)
Quenching of the F2- and F3+-Center Luminescence	368	(5)
Conclusions	373	(4)
References	375	(2)
Energy Transfer Processes and Their Applications in Luminescent Materials	377	(34)
Cees Ronda
Abstract	377	(1)
Introduction	377	(1)
Luminescent Materials	378	(6)
Energy Transfer Mechanisms between Optical Centres	384	(9)
Excitation with High Energy Particles	393	(2)
Electroluminescence	395	(4)
Energy Transfer in Action I: the Emission Spectrum of Y2O3:Eu	399	(1)
Energy Transfer in Action II: Blue and Green Emission from the Tb3+ Ion	399	(1)
Energy Transfer in Action III: the Luminescence Properties of (La,Gd)OBr:Ce,Tb	400	(3)
Energy Transfer in Action IV: Luminescence Materials Showing a Quantum Efficiency Larger than Unity	403	(2)
Energy Transfer in Action V: Energy Transfer and Phosphor Degradation	405	(2)
Summary and Outlook	407	(4)
References	408	(3)
Four-Wave Mixing Studies of Energy Transfer Processes	411	(20)
Georges Boulon
Abstract	411	(1)
Theory and Experimental Technique of Four-Wave Mixing	412	(4)
Main Spectroscopic Properties and Transient Gratings in Cr3+ -Doped Laser Crystals	416	(11)
Spectroscopy and Dynamics of Cr3+ Centers in Gamet Crystals	416	(4)
Application of the Four-Wave Mixing Technique to Cr3+ Centers	420	(6)
Application of the Four-Wave Mixing Technique to Nd3+ Centers	426	(1)
Conclusion	427	(4)
References	429	(2)
Unconventional Light Emissions in Rare-Earth Doped Solids	431	(44)
F. Auzel
Abstract	431	(1)
Introduction	431	(1)
Super-radiance and Superfluorescence in Rare-Doped Solids	432	(10)
Super-Fluorescence versus Amplification by Stimulated Emission (ASE) in Powders	442	(9)
Anti-stokes Emission of Light or Up-conversion Processes in RE-doped Solids	451	(19)
Conclusion	470	(5)
References	470	(5)
SPECIAL LECTURE
Photonic Molecular and Supramolecular Devices	475	(2)
J. M. Lehn
Abstract	475	(2)
INTERDISPLINARY LECTURE
Reflections on the Theory of Everything	477	(8)
G. Costa
Abstract	477	(1)
Introduction	477	(2)
Highlights and Open Questions in Particle Physics and Cosmology	479	(4)
Outlook	483	(2)
References	484	(1)
Earthquakes, Measurements, and Mitigation of Seismic Risk	485	(2)
Rodolfo Console
Abstract	485	(2)
LONG SEMINARS
Site Selectivity of Defects in III-V Compounds by Local Mode Spectroscopy and Model Calculations	487	(36)
Devki N. Talwar
Abstract	487	(1)
Introduction	487	(4)
Localized Vibrational Mode Spectroscopy	491	(5)
Infrared Absorption	491	(1)
Impurity Modes of Isolated Defects	492	(2)
Complexes Involving Intrinsic Defects in Doped LT-GaAs	494	(1)
Raman Scattering	495	(1)
Theoretical	496	(7)
Greens Function Method	496	(2)
Bulk Phonons	498	(3)
Impurity Perturbation	501	(1)
Group-theoretical Simplifications	502	(1)
Numerical Computations and Results	503	(4)
Isolated Defects	503	(3)
Carbon Complexes in GaAs, AlAs, and AlxGa1-x As	506	(1)
Intrinsic Impurity Centers in Doped LT-GaAs	506	(1)
Comparison with Experimental Results	507	(6)
Si Donors, C and Be Acceptors in AlAs	507	(2)
Ga Isotopic Fine Structure of LVMs	509	(1)
C-complexes in AlAs	510	(1)
Silicon Pairs in GaAs	510	(2)
SlGa-VGa and BeGa-AsGa Complexes in LT-GaAs	512	(1)
Discussion	513	(5)
Physical Significance of the Perturbation Parameters	513	(3)
Role of Silicon, Carbon in GaAs, AlAs and AlxGa1-x As	516	(1)
Carbon Pairs in AlAs	517	(1)
Summary	518	(5)
References	519	(4)
The General Non-Radiative Energy Transfer Master Equations for Crystalline Materials, the Exact Solution and Current Modeling	523	(52)
Luis A. Diaz-Torres
Oracio Barbosa-Garcia
M. Antonio Meneses-Nava
C. W. Struck
B. Di Bartolo
Abstract	523	(1)
Introduction	523	(2)
The General Energy Transfer Master Equations	525	(2)
GETME and Current Models	527	(17)
Direct Energy Transfer	528	(10)
Direct Energy Transfer with Migration of the Energy among Donors	538	(6)
Exact Solution to the GETME	544	(6)
Concluding Remarks	550	(3)
References	551	(2)
SHORT SEMINARS
Optical and Structural Properties of Alumina and Rare Earth Doped Alumina Planar Waveguides Elaborated By Sol-Gel Process and By Pulsed Laser Deposition	553	(1)
A. Pillonnet
Optical Amplification in Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers	553	(1)
L. Bigot
Charge Transfer Luminescence of Yb3+	554	(1)
L. van Pieterson
Pigmentation of CRT Phosphors	555	(1)
C. Feldmann
The Influence of the Penetration Depth on the Colour Point of (Y,Gd)BO3:Eu	556	(1)
T. Justel
Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Behaviour of Dendrimers Funtionalized with Nitroanilines	557	(1)
A. W. Gerbrandij
Sub-Picosecond Pulse Break-Up in an InGaAsP Optical Amplifier	557	(1)
F. Romstad
Quantum Dot Spectroscopy	558	(1)
K. Leosson
Doped Semiconductor Nanoparticles - A New Class of Luminescence Materials?	558	(1)
A. Bol
Direct Extraction of Potentials and Dynamics from Condensed-Phase Pump-Probe Spectroscopy	559	(1)
M. Bargheer
Selective Heat-Pulse Studies of Polymeric Electrolytes	560	(1)
J. E. Furneaux
Near-Infrared to Visible Upconversion in Er+3 Doped Cs3Lu2C19, Cs3Lu2Bry, and Cs3Y2I9 Excited at 1.54μm	560	(1)
S. R. Luthi
New VUV Phosphors Using Downconversion	561	(1)
K. D. Oskam
Lattice Dynamics of CdS/ZnSe Superlattice	562	(1)
A. Dinger
Exciton-Exciton Interaction in ZnSe/ZnMgSSe Multiple Quantum Wells	563	(1)
S. Wachter
Self Organized II-VI Semiconductor Quantum Islands	564	(1)
E. Kurtz
ZnS:Mn2+ Nanocrystals: Influence of S2- during Synthesis	565	(1)
F. Suyver
A Metal/Insulator Transition in a 2D Electronic System at B=0	566	(1)
J. Furneaux
Optical Microcavities Based on Color Centers in LiF	567	(1)
F. Menchini
Investigating Morphology and Phase-Behaviour of Polymers under Tensile Deformation Using Single Molecule Microscopy	567	(2)
W. Trabesinger
POSTERS
Energy Transfer and Frequency Upconversion in Pr3+ Doped Systems	569	(1)
R. Balda
Organic Molecular Beam Deposition of 1,3,5 (Tris (6,7-Dimethyl-3-Phenyl) Quinoxaline-2-yl) Benzene	569	(2)
S. Blumstengel
Energy Transfer Assisted By Localized Excitations in Amorphous Solids	571	(1)
J. Fernandez
Photoluminescence of Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Xerogels Doped with Eu3+	571	(1)
M. Ferreira
Photoluminescence of Doped GaN Films	572	(1)
C. Gaspar
The Influence of Chemical Variation on the Spectroscopic Properties of CsCdClxB3-x:Ni3+ (X=0.3)	573	(1)
S. R. Luthi
Linear Optical Properties and Stimulated Emission of ZnO Epitaxial Layers	573	(1)
M. Schmidt
Photoelectrochemical Behaviour of Chlorophyll a in Thin Films	574	(1)
L. Tugulea
First Roundtable Discussion	575	(1)
Second Roundtable Discussion	576	(2)
Summary of the Course (C. Klingshirn)	578	(3)
List of Participants	581	(10)
Index	591