Advances in Flow Injection Analysis and Related Techniques

by Kolev; McKelvie

• ISBN13: 9780444530943
• ISBN10: 0444530940
• eBook ISBN(s): 9780080932125, 9780444530943
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-12-03
• Publisher: Elsevier Science
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

The concept of flow injection analysis (FIA) was first proposed in 1975 by Ruzicka and Hansen, and this initiated a field of research that would, over more than three decades, involve thousands of researchers, and which has to date resulted in close to 20,000 publications in the international scientific literature. Since its introduction, a number of books, including some specialized monographs, have been published on this subject with the latest in 2000. However, in this decade there has been a number of significant advances in the flow analysis area, and in particular in sequential injection analysis (SIA) techniques, and more recently with the introduction of Lab on a Valve (LOV) and bead injection flow systems. This book aims to cover the most important advances in these new areas, as well as in classical FIA, which still remains the most popular flow analysis technique used in analytical practice. Topics covered in the 23 chapters include the fundamental and underlying principles of flow analysis and associated equipment, the fluid-dynamic theory of FIA, an extensive coverage of detection methods (e.g. atomic and molecular spectrometry, electroanalytical methods). In addition, there are several chapters on on-line separation (e.g. filtration, gas diffusion, dialysis, pervaporation, solvent and membrane extraction, and chromatography), as well as on other sample pretreatment techniques, such as digestion. The book also incorporates several chapters on major areas of application of flow analysis in industrial process monitoring (e.g food and beverages, drugs and pharmaceuticals), environmental and agricultural analysis and life sciences. The contributing authors, who include the founders of flow injection analysis, are all leading experts in flow analytical techniques, and their chapters not only provide a critical review of the current state of this area, but also suggest future trends. - Provides a critical review of the current state of and future trends in flow analytical techniques - Offers a comprehensive elucidation of the principles and theoretical basis of flow analysis - Presents important applications in all major areas of chemical analysis, from food products to environmental concerns

Table of Contents

Contributors to Volume 54	p. xv
Volumes in the Series	p. xix
Preface	p. xxiii
Series Editor's Preface	p. xxv
Foreword	p. xxvii
Introduction to Flow Analysis
Flow Injection Analysis: Its Origins and Progress	p. 3
The Conception of FIA	p. 3
The Infancy of FIA	p. 7
Placing FIA into Context	p. 9
The Early Years of FIA	p. 11
The Dissemination of FIA: The Human Factor	p. 15
Miniaturisation of FIA	p. 15
Concluding Remarks	p. 18
References	p. 21
From Beaker to Programmable Microfluidics	p. 23
Introduction	p. 23
Sequential Injection and Programmable Flow	p. 26
Miniaturization	p. 28
Mixing and Dispersion	p. 28
Mixing by Diffusion and Reynolds Number	p. 35
[mu]SI and Lab-on-Valve Design	p. 36
Methods	p. 37
Conclusions	p. 43
Acknowledgment	p. 44
References	p. 44
Theoretical Basis of Flow Injection Analysis	p. 47
Introduction	p. 47
Mass Transfer in FIA Systems	p. 48
Chemical Kinetic Phenomena	p. 66
Sensing Mechanism	p. 71
Abbreviations and Nomenclature	p. 74
References	p. 75
Principles of Flow Injection Analysis	p. 81
Introduction	p. 81
Sample Dispersion in Flow Injection and Sequential Injection Analysis Systems	p. 84
Components of Flow Injection and Sequential Injection Analysis Systems	p. 87
Operational Modes of FIA and Related Techniques	p. 98
Conclusion	p. 105
Abbreviations	p. 105
References	p. 106
Bibliometrics	p. 111
Introduction	p. 111
Analytes	p. 112
Application Areas	p. 114
Detection Techniques	p. 118
Other Interesting Statistics	p. 121
Future Trends	p. 121
Abbreviations	p. 124
References	p. 125
On-Line Sample Manipulation
On-Line Sample Pretreatment: Dissolution and Digestion	p. 129
Introduction	p. 129
Dissolution	p. 130
Digestion	p. 135
Abbreviations and Definitions	p. 154
References	p. 155
On-Line Sample Pretreatment: Extraction and Preconcentration	p. 159
Introduction	p. 159
Liquid-Liquid Extraction (Solvent Extraction, SE) without Membrane	p. 160
Liquid-Solid Extraction (Solid Phase Extraction, SPE) of Organic and Inorganic Substances	p. 171
Gas-Liquid Extraction Based on Mass Transfer	p. 188
On-Line Pretreatment System, Including Computer-Controlled Automated Systems	p. 196
Abbreviations	p. 198
References	p. 199
Membrane-Based Separation Techniques: Dialysis, Gas Diffusion and Pervaporation	p. 203
Introduction	p. 204
The General Membrane-Based Separation Module	p. 204
The Continuous Manifold	p. 207
Detectors	p. 211
Chemical Reactions Involved	p. 211
Dialysis	p. 212
Microdialysis	p. 218
Gas Diffusion	p. 223
Analytical Pervaporation	p. 226
Abbreviations	p. 231
References	p. 232
Membrane-Based Separation Techniques: Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Filtration	p. 235
Introduction	p. 235
Membrane-Based Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction	p. 236
Continuous Filtration	p. 254
Abbreviations	p. 261
References	p. 262
Chromatographic Separations	p. 265
Introduction	p. 265
Separation Columns Used in Flow Analysis	p. 267
Pharmaceutical Applications of Sequential Injection Chromatography	p. 277
Comparison of Sequential Injection Chromatography and High Performance Liquid Chromatography	p. 278
Other Chromatographic Approaches	p. 280
Future Trends	p. 281
Abbreviations	p. 284
References	p. 284
Flow Injection Analysis-Capillary Electrophoresis	p. 287
Introduction	p. 287
Fundamentals of Capillary Electrophoresis	p. 288
On-Line Coupling of FIA and CE	p. 291
Electrokinetically Pumped Flow Analysis	p. 302
Conclusions	p. 305
Abbreviations	p. 305
Acknowledgments	p. 306
References	p. 306
Detection
Photometry	p. 311
Introduction	p. 311
Fundamentals of Spectrophotometric Measurements	p. 314
Instrumental Aspects of Flow-Through Spectrophotometry	p. 317
Background Absorbance Correction	p. 332
Refractive Index (Schlieren) Effects	p. 334
Conclusions and Outlook	p. 338
Abbreviations	p. 340
References	p. 340
Luminescence	p. 343
Introduction	p. 343
Photoluminescence	p. 344
Chemiluminescence	p. 349
Electrochemiluminescence	p. 358
Future Directions	p. 367
Abbreviations	p. 369
References	p. 370
Atomic Spectroscopic Detection	p. 375
Introduction	p. 375
Interfacing the Flow Network with Detection Devices	p. 378
Flow Systems as Front-End Vehicles for On-Line Processing of Aqueous Samples	p. 379
Flow Systems as Front-End Vehicles for On-Line Processing of Solid Samples	p. 397
Hyphenation with Atomic Spectroscopic Detectors	p. 401
Abbreviations	p. 402
References	p. 403
Vibrational Spectrometry	p. 407
A Short Note on the Evolution of Flow Injection Analysis in Recent Years	p. 407
Vibrational Techniques as Detectors in Flow Injection Analysis	p. 408
Scientometric Evolution of Vibrational Spectrometry in Flow Injection Analysis	p. 408
Objectives	p. 409
Infrared Spectrometry	p. 410
Raman Spectrometry	p. 430
Concluding Remarks and Outlook	p. 435
Abbreviations	p. 435
Acknowledgments	p. 436
References	p. 436
Electrochemical Detection	p. 441
Introduction	p. 441
Detector Design	p. 444
Conductometric Measurements	p. 444
Potentiometric Measurements	p. 447
Voltammetric and Amperometric Measurements	p. 450
Coulometric Measurements	p. 455
Conclusions	p. 457
Acknowledgments	p. 457
References	p. 458
Miscellaneous Detection Systems	p. 461
Introduction	p. 461
Conductometric Detectors	p. 463
Miscellaneous Non-Spectrophotometric, Optical Detection Systems	p. 464
Radiometric Detection	p. 474
Thermometric and Enthalpimetric Detection	p. 476
Dynamic Surface Tension Detector	p. 477
Mass Spectrometry	p. 479
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)	p. 480
Piezoelectric Detection	p. 481
X-Ray Fluorescence	p. 485
Conclusion	p. 505
Abbreviations	p. 505
References	p. 506
Applications of Flow Injection Analysis
Food, Beverages and Agricultural Applications	p. 513
Introduction	p. 513
Applications: Beverages	p. 514
Applications: Plants and Vegetables	p. 545
Applications: Milk and Dairy Products	p. 546
Applications: Meat and Fish Products	p. 547
Miscellaneous Food Products	p. 548
Abbreviations	p. 548
References	p. 549
Life Sciences Applications	p. 559
Introduction	p. 559
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Assays	p. 560
Assays of Proteins, Peptides and Amino Acids	p. 566
Immunoassays	p. 575
Enzymatic Assays	p. 581
Cellular Analysis	p. 585
Perspectives	p. 586
Abbreviations	p. 587
References	p. 588
Pharmaceutical Applications	p. 591
Introduction	p. 591
Automated Analytical Flow Methods in Pharmaceutical Research	p. 594
Automated Analytical Flow Methods in Pharmaceutical Production and Drug Quality Control	p. 599
Abbreviations	p. 613
References	p. 613
Industrial and Process Analysis Applications	p. 617
Introduction	p. 617
The Advantages and Weakness of Flow Analysis Applied to Industry	p. 619
Process Analysers Based on Flow Systems	p. 627
Selected Applications of Flow Analysis to Industrial and Process Analysis	p. 629
Conclusion	p. 635
Abbreviations	p. 636
References	p. 637
Environmental Applications: Atmospheric Trace Gas Analyses	p. 639
Introduction	p. 640
Collection of Trace Gases	p. 640
Integration of a Gas Collector into a Flow Analysis System	p. 650
Flow System Miniaturization for Atmospheric Analysis	p. 656
Illustrative Examples	p. 661
Applications to Breath Analysis	p. 673
Ancillary Systems for Field Monitoring	p. 675
Conclusions	p. 680
Acknowledgments	p. 680
References	p. 681
Environmental Applications: Waters, Sediments and Soils	p. 685
Challenges of Environmental Analysis	p. 686
Instrumentation and Modes of Application	p. 692
Range of Sample Types	p. 698
Applications	p. 705
Future Trends	p. 751
Abbreviations and Definitions	p. 752
References	p. 754
Subject Index	p. 761
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